Iec 60695 1 12 2015

In ad ition to purely p rf orman e-b sed reg lation , man cou tries are also u in FSE to s p lement pres riptive reg lation by a plyin FSE prin iples to sp cific desig asp cts, where red

Fire haz rd t est ing –

Part 1- 12: Guidance for assessing t he fire haz rd of elect rot echnical product s –

Fire safety engineering

Essais relat ifs aux risques du feu –

Part ie 1- 12: Lignes direct rices pour l'évaluat ion des risques du feu des produit s

élect rot echniques – Ingénierie de la sécurit é incendie

BA SIC SAFETY PUBLICA TION

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d c me ts A v aia le for P , Ma OS, A ndroid Ta let s a d

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Fire haz rd t est ing –

Part 1- 12: Guidance for assessing t he fire haz rd of elect rot echnical product s –

Fire safety engineering

Essais relat ifs aux risques du feu –

Part ie 1- 12: Lignes direct rices pour l'évaluat ion des risques du feu des produit s

élect rot echniques – Ingénierie de la sécurit é incendie

BA SIC SAFETY PUBLICA TION

®

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FOREWORD 4

INTRODUCTION 6

1 Sco e 7

2 Normative Referen es 7

3 Terms an Definition 8

4 The fire safety en ine rin proces 14 4.1 General 14 4.2 Fire saf ety en ine rin calc lation 15 4.3 Val dity of method 15 5 Benef its of ire safety en ine rin 16 6 Objectives, req irements an p r orman e 17 6.1 Fire saf ety en ine rin o jectives 17 6.1.1 General 17 6.1.2 Saf ety of l fe 17 6.1.3 Con ervation of pro erty 17 6.1.4 Contin ity of o eration 17 6.1.5 Protection of the natural environment 18 6.1.6 Preservation of heritage 18 6 2 Fu ctional req irements 1

8 6.3 Per orman e criteria 18 6.3.1 General 18 6.3.2 Expl cit p rf orman e criteria 18 6.3.3 Implcit p rf orman e criteria 19 7 Desig fire s enarios an desig fires 19 7.1 Desig fire s enarios 19 7.2 Desig fires 2

8 Data for fire safety en ine rin 2

9 Tests on electrotec nical prod cts 21

9.1 General 21

9.2 Con ition f or evaluation in fire tests 21

9.3 Electrotec nical prod ct evaluation 21

9.3.1 As the source of ig ition of a f ire 21

9.3.2 As the victim of a fire 2

9.4 Test selection an /or develo ment 2

An ex A (informative) A pro a i stic f ire ris as es ment 2

A.1 The as es ment of a fire ris in ac ordan e with the Ru sian national stan ard GOST 12.1.0 4-91 [3 ] 2

A.1.1 Introd ction 2

A.1.2 Pro a i ty Q f c 2

A.1.3 Pro a i ty Q f v 2

A.1.4 Pro a i ty Q pf 2

A.1.5 Pro a i ty Q ig 2

A.2 Example 2

A.2.1 General 2

A.2.2 Test data 2

A.2.3 Calc lation 2

Biblogra h 2

Fig re 1 – Flowc art i u tratin an example of the f ire saf ety en ine rin proces as

a pl ed to a major project in the buit en ironment 16

Ta le 1 – Examples of desig fire s enarios 19

Ta le 2 – Common ig ition phenomena en ou tered in electrotec nical prod cts 2

Ta le A.1 – L n start-up mode: en los re (s el ) temp ratures in the most he ted u

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

1 Th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Commis io (IEC) is a worldwid org niz tio for sta d rdiz tio c mprisin

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International Stan ard IEC 6 6 5-1-12 Ed 1.0 has b en pre ared by IEC tec nical commit e

Ful inf ormation on the votin f or the a proval of this stan ard can b foun in the re ort on

votin in icated in the a ove ta le

This publ cation has b en drafted in ac ordan e with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

A l st of al the p rts in the 6 6 5 series, u der the general title Fire h z rd testing, can b

f ou d on the IEC we site

IEC 6 6 5-1 con ists of the fol owin p rts:

Part 1-10: Guidan e for as es in the fire hazard of electrotec nical prod cts – General

Part 1-3 : Guidan e f or as es in the fire hazard of electrotec nical prod cts –

Preselection testin proces – General g idel nes

Part 1-4 : Guidan e for as es in the f ire hazard of electrotec nical prod cts – In ulatin

l q id

This stan ard is to b u ed in conju ction with IEC 6 6 5-1-10 an IEC 6 6 5-1-1

The commit e has decided that the contents of this publ cation wi remain u c an ed u ti

the sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der "ht p:/ we store.iec.c " in the data

related to the sp cific publ cation At this date, the publ cation wi b

• recon rmed,

• with rawn,

• re laced by a revised edition, or

Fire saf ety engineering

Fire saf ety en ine rin con ern the a pl cation of en ine rin method b sed on s ientif i

prin iples to the develo ment or as es ment of desig s in the buit en ironment throu h the

analy is of specific fire s enarios or throu h the q antification of ris for a group of f ire

s enarios This is in order to ac ieve fire saf ety en ine rin o jectives, whic typical y are:

a) to protect l f e saf ety,

b) to protect pro erty,

c) to maintain the contin ity of o eration ,

d) to protect the natural en ironment, an

e) to preserve heritage

The analy is is b sed on calc lation that u e input data o tained prin ip l y fom

q antitative f ire tests

Fire safety en ine rin (FSE) is a dis ipl ne in re sin ly b in u ed in s p ort of

p rorman e-b sed national f ire saf ety reg lation in man cou tries an regional

juris iction throu hout the world The eig t p rts of ISO/TR 13 8 (se Clau e 2 an

[1] to [6]) an ISO 2 9 2 outl ne the f un amental methodologies an u es of FSE Further

detai ed asp cts of FSE are covered in ISO 16 3 [7] ISO/TS 16 3 [8] ISO/TS 16 3 ,

ISO 16 3 [9] ISO 16 3 [10] ISO 16 3 [1 ] ISO 16 3 [12] an ISO/TR 16 3

In ad ition to purely p rf orman e-b sed reg lation , man cou tries are also u in FSE to

s p lement pres riptive reg lation by a plyin FSE prin iples to sp cific desig asp cts,

where red ced costs, alternative practices, improved p rf orman e an improved safety are

the o jectives

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is u in FSE an the ISO stan ard mentioned

a ove to develo fire safety desig s f or s ips These are con idered to b an improvement on

desig s b sed on pres riptive fire safety req irements

Qual tativ and quantitativ f ire tests

Man stan ardised f ire test method give inf ormation on the p rf orman e of a material or en

prod ct as me s red in the test, whic may or may not b related to a re l f ire s enario or

re l in tal ation practices These q al tative fire test method res lt in a “p s ” or “f ai ” an /or

a prod ct or material ran in They play an imp rtant role in pres riptive reg lation , an the

res lts of a q al tative test can be u ed in irectly in f ire hazard as es ment of

electrotec nical prod cts, but they are not s ita le f or directly s p ortin p rorman e-b sed

desig

Most stan ardized test method develo ed by the IEC for electrotec nical prod cts are of the

q al tative typ It is agre d within ISO an the IEC that this typ of f ire test wi contin e to

b maintained an , where neces ary, develo ed It is recog ised that, even if the u e of

these stan ard is in pres riptive codes, prod ct data fom man of these stan ard may b

p tential y ada ta le for f ire saf ety en ine rin purp ses

In contrast, q antitative f ire tests are in re sin ly b in u ed an develo ed, an these do

provide data that can b input to f ire safety en ine rin calc lation

Variou q antitative f ire tests have b en develo ed by ISO, some of whic can b u ed to

as es the p rf orman e of electrotec nical prod cts (se 9.4)

FIRE HA ZARD TESTING –

• an explanation of the prin iples an u es of f ire saf ety en ine rin ;

• g idan e on the u e of fire safety en ine rin in the desig of electrotec nical prod cts;

• fire safety en ine rin terminolog , an con e ts;

• an in ication of pro erties, data an tests ne ded for input into f ire safety en ine rin

as es ments;

• inf ormative referen es

This international stan ard is not inten ed to b a detaied tec nical desig g ide, but is

inten ed to provide g idan e for prod ct commit e s on fire saf ety en ine rin method an

p rorman e b sed test information ne d f or u e in p rorman e b sed desig s an fire

hazard as es ments of electrotec nical materials, as embl es, prod cts an s stems More

detai ed information on f ire safety en ine rin is contained in the ISO/TR 13 8 series of

doc ments (se Clau e 2 an [1] to [6]) an in ISO 2 9 2

NOT Furth r d taie a p cts of F E are c v re in ISO 16 3 [7], ISO/T 16 3 [8], ISO/T 16 3 ,

ISO 16 3 [9], ISO 16 3 [10], ISO 16 3 [1 ], ISO 16 3 [12] a d ISO/TR 16 3

This b sic safety publ cation is inten ed for u e by tec nical commite s in the pre aration of

stan ard in ac ordan e with the prin iples laid down in IEC Guide 10 an

ISO/IEC Guide 51

One of the resp n ibi ties of a tec nical commite is, wherever a plca le, to make u e of

b sic saf ety publ cation in the pre aration of its publ cation The req irements, test

method or test con ition of this b sic saf ety publcation wi not a ply u les sp cif i al y

refer ed to or in lu ed in the relevant publ cation

The f ol owin doc ments, in whole or in p rt, are normatively ref eren ed in this doc ment an

are in isp n a le f or its a pl cation For dated ref eren es, only the edition cited a ples For

u dated referen es, the latest edition of the referen ed doc ment (in lu in an

amen ments) a pl es

IEC 6 6 5-1-10, Fire h z rd t esting – Part 1-10: Guid an e for as es ing the fire h z rd of

ele trot ec nic l prod ucts – Ge eral g id el ines

IEC 6 6 5-1-1 , Fire h z rd testing – Part 1-1 : Guid an e for as es ing t he fire h z rd of

ele trotec nic l prod ucts – Fire h z rd as es me t

IEC 6 6 5-4, Fire h z rd testing – Part 4: Termin lo y c n erning fire tests for

ele trotec nic l prod ucts

IEC Guide 10 , Th pre arat io of safety p blc tions a d t he use ofb sic safety p b c tions

a d gro p safety p blc t ions

ISO/IEC Guide 51, Safet y asp cts – Guid elines for incl usion in st and ards

ISO 13 4 :2 0 , Fire safety – Vo a ul ary

ISO/TR 13 8 -2: F ire safety e gin ering – Part 2: Design fire sc n rios a d d esign fires

ISO/TR 13 8 -8, Fire safety e gine ring – Part 8: Life safety: Oc u a t b h vio r, lo ation

a d c ndit io

ISO/TS 16 3 , F ire safety e gine ring – Sel ection of d esign fire sc n rios a d d esig fires

ISO/TR 16 3 , Fire safety e gin ering – Te h ical informat ion o methods for e al uat ing

b h vio r a d moveme t of p o le

ISO/TR 17 5 :2 0 , Fire tests – Ap l i a il ity of re ct io to fire tests to fire model l ing a d fire

safety e gin erin

ISO 2 9 2:2 0 , F ire safety e gin erin – Ge eral principles

f raction of the in ident radiation that is a sorb d by a s r ace on whic it fal s

Note 1 to e try: Ab orptivity is dime sio le s

3.2

a tiv f ire prote tion

action taken to red ce or prevent the spre d an eff ects of f ire in resp n e to the detection of

the fire

Note 1 to e try: Ex mple in lu e th a plc tio of a e ts (e.g h lo g s or water s ra ) to th fire, or th

c ntrol of v ntiatio

3.3

a ai able s fe e c pe time

ASET

time avai a le f or es a e

f or an in ivid al oc up nt, the calc lated time interval b twe n the time of ig i o an the

time at whic con ition b come s c that the oc up nt is estimated to b in a acitated, i.e

u a le to take eff ective action to es a e to a safe ref uge or place of saf ety

se also re uire s fe e c pe time (3.4 )

Note 1 to e try: Th time of ig itio c n b k own, e.g in th c s of a f ire mo el or a fire te t, or it ma b

a s me , e.g it ma b b s d u o a e timate workin b c f rom th time of d te tio Th b sis o whic th

time of ig itio is d termin d is alwa s state

Note 2 to e try: This d finitio e u te in a a itatio with faiure to e c p Oth r criteria f or AS T are p s ible

If a altern te criterio is s le te , it is n c s ary th t it b state

c ara teristic

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.2 ]

3.4

bui t e vironme t

bui din or other stru ture

EX MPLE ( ) Off -s ore platforms; (2) civi e gin erin work , s c a tu n ls, brid e a d min s; a d

(3) me n of tra s ortatio , s c a motor v hicle a d marin v s els

Note 1 to e try: ISO 6 0 - [13] c ntain a n mb r of terms a d d finitio s f or c n e ts relate to th b it

e viro me t

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.2 ]

3.5

maximum u iaxial compres ive stres exp rien ed by a material at its moment of rupture

q antitative des ription of as umed fire c aracteristic within the desig f ire s enario

Note 1 to e try: It is ty ic ly, a id als d d s riptio of th v riatio with time of imp rta t fire v ria le s c a

h at rele s rate, f l mes re d rate, smo e pro u tio rate, to ic g s yield , a d temp rature

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.6 ]

ratio of the radiation emit ed by a radiant source to the radiation that would b emited by a

blac b d radiant source at the same temp rature

Note 1 to e try: Emis ivity is dime sio le s

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.7 ]

3.12

f ire de a

stage of fire develo ment af ter a fire has re c ed its maximum inten ity an d rin whic the

he t rele se rate an the temp rature of the fire are decre sin

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.10 ]

a i ty of a test sp cimen to with tan f ire or give protection f rom it f or a p riod of time

Note 1 to e try: Ty ic l criteria u e to a s s f ire re ista c in a sta d rd f ire te t are f ire inte rity, f ire sta i ty,

a d th rmal in ulatio material

Note 2 to e try: "Fire re ista t" (a j) refers o ly to this a i ty

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.121]

3.19

f ire safety de ig

q antitative des ription of the con tru tion of a buit en ironment inten ed to me t fire saf ety

o jectives

f ire s fety e gine ring

a pl cation of en ine rin method b sed on a s ientific prin iples to the develo ment or

as es ment of desig s in the bui t en ironment throu h the analy is of sp cific f ire s enarios

or throu h the q antif i ation of ris f or a group of f ire s enarios

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.12 ]

3.21

f ire-s fety obje tive

desired outcome with resp ct to the pro a i ty of an u wanted f ire, relative to es ential

asp cts of the bui t en ironment

Note 1 to e try: Th e s ntial a p cts ty ic ly relate to th is u s of lf e s f ety, c n erv tio of pro erty,

c ntin ity of o eratio s, prote tio of th e viro me t a d pre erv tio of h rita e

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.12 ]

3.2

f ire sc nario

q al tative des ription of the course of a f ire with resp ct to time, identifyin key events that

c aracterize the stu ied fire an diff erentiate it f rom other p s ible fires

Note 1 to e try: It ty ic ly d fin s th ig itio a d fire growth pro e s s, th fuly d v lo e f ire sta e, th fire

d c y sta e, a d th e viro me t a d s stems th t imp ct o th c urs of th fire

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.12 ]

3.2

f ire te t

test that me s res b haviour of a fire or exp ses an item to the eff ects of a fire

Note 1 to e try: Th re ults of a f ire te t c n b u e to q a tif y fire severiy or d termin th fire resistanc or

re cto to fire of th test spe imen

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.13 ]

state of total in olvement of combu tible materials in a f ire

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.16 ]

3.2

he t of combustion

DEPRECAT D: calorif i p tential

DEPRECAT D: calorif i value

thermal energy prod ced by comb st o of u it mas of a given s bstan e

he t of ga ific tion

thermal energ req ired to c an e a u it mas of material fom the con en ed phase to the

va our phase at a given temp rature

DEPRECAT D: rate of burnin

rate of thermal energ prod ction generated by combu tion

Note 1 to e try: Th ty ic l u its are wats (W)

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.17 ]

3.3

ignition

<general> initiation of combu tion

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.18 ]

pa siv f ire prote tion

action taken to red ce or prevent the spre d an eff ects of f ire by me n not req irin an

action

EX MPLE ( ) Th divisio of a s a e into c mp rtme ts u in materials with in ere t f ire re ista c to

f abric te wals, f l ors, d ors a doth r b riers (2) Th u e of materials with g o f ire b h vio r

3.3

perf orma c criteria

q antitative criteria, whic have b en agre d with a bui din a proval authority, an whic

f orm an ac e ta le b sis for as es in the safety of a desig f or a bui t en ironment

3.3

perf orma c -ba e de ig

desig that is en ine red to ac ieve sp cified o jectives an p rorman e criteria

3.3

performa c -ba e re ulation

regulation in whic compl an e is sp cified in terms of p rf orman e criteria

th o eral o tc me to b a hie e rath r th n o c mp n nt h z rd

3.3

pre criptiv re ulation

reg lation in whic the me n an ap ro c f or compl an e are completely or mostly

sp cified

Note 1 to e try: Pre criptiv re ulatio is le s f l xible th n p rf orma c b s d re ulatio b c u e it fo u e o

c mp n nt h z rd rath r th n o th o eral o tc me to b a hie e

Note 2 to e try: Ma y f ire te ts were origin ly d v lo e to pro id in ut f or pre criptiv re ulatio Th y are

ofte b s d o simple p s /fai criteria a d are u u ly u a le to pro id d ta s ita le f or in ut to f ire s f ety

b) a test whic categorizes the b haviour of the test sp cimen by determinin its p sition in

a ran order of p rf orman e

[SOURCE: IEC 6 69 -4:2 12, definition 3.2.2 ]

3.3

qua titativ fire te t

f ire test whic takes into ac ou t the circ mstan es of prod ct u e in whic the test

con ition are b sed on, or are relata le to, the circ mstan es of u e of the test sp cimen,

an whic me s res a p rameter or p rameters, expres ed in wel defined terms an u in

rational s ientif i u its, whic can b u ed in the q antitative as es ment of f ire ris

time req ired for es a e

calc lated time interval req ired f or an in ivid al oc up nt to travel fom their location at the

time of ig ition to a safe ref uge or place of saf ety

p rameter related to the rate at whic he t flows throu h a material

Note 1 to e try: Th th rmal c n u tivity, k, is e u l to (Q⋅d )/(A⋅t⋅θ ) , wh re Q is th amo nt of h at th t flows in

time, t, thro g a material of thic n s , d, a d cro s-s ctio al are , A, a d whic h s a temp rature dif fere c , θ,

a ro s it, a d wh re n h at is e c a g d with th s ro n in s

Note 2 to e try: Th ty ic l u its are wats p r metre p r k lvin (W⋅m

–1

⋅K–1

)

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.3 2]

3.4

th rmal inertia

prod ct of thermal con u tivity, den ity an sp cific he t ca acity

EX MPLE ( ) Th th rmal in rtia of ste l is 2,3 × 10

8

J ⋅s–1

⋅m–

⋅K–

(2) Th th rmal in rtia of p ly tyre e fo m

is 1,4 × 10

3

J ⋅s–1

⋅m–

⋅K–

Note 1 to e try: Wh n a material is e p s d to a he t flu , th rate of in re s of s ra e temp rature d p n s

stro gly o th v lu of th th rmal in rtia of th material Th s ra e temp rature of a material with a low

th rmal in rtia ris s relativ ly q ic ly wh n it is h ate ,a d vic v rs

Note 2 to e try: Th ty ic l u its are jo le s u re p r s c n p r metre to th f ourth p wer p r k lvin s u re

(J ⋅s

–1

⋅m–

⋅K–

)

[SOURCE: ISO 13 4 :2 0 , definition 4.3 6]

3.4

tra s ers f le ural stre gth

maximum stres exp rien ed by a material at its moment of rupture when me s red u in a

thre -p int test tec niq e

3.4

ultimate te si e stre gth

maximum ten i e stres exp rien ed by a material d rin a u iaxial ten i e test

4 The f ire saf ety engineering proc ss

Fire saf ety en ine rin was develo ed an is contin in to develo to ena le the desig ,

implementation an maintenan e of o jects an stru tures in the bui t en ironment, u in

s ientif i prin iples, so that def i ed fire safety en ine rin o jectives can b met In order to

do this, q antitative f ire tests are u ed to provide input data for the neces ary calc lation

When a pl ed to a major project in the bui t en ironment, the fire en ine rin proces is b th

complex an comprehen ive A flow c art i u tratin s c a fire saf ety en ine rin proces is

s own in Fig re 1

The proces wi pro a ly en omp s man diff erent is ues, f or example; arc itectural desig ,

stru tural desig , venti ation, plumbin an electrical inf astru ture The fire saf ety of

electrotec nical prod cts is therefore only one asp ct of a mu h larger proces

Fire saf ety en ine rin s ould b u ed when safety o jectives can ot adeq ately b met by

pres riptive req irements, an can also b u ed in p ral el with pres riptive req irements e.g

to s p ort, f rom a s ientif i p int of view, that s c req irements are vald, or to f urther

improve the fire safety of the prod ct

4.2 Fire s fety e gine ring c lc lations

These calc lation can ran e f om the solution of simple eq ation to very complex computer

models For example, they could b u ed to calc late pip sizes for sprin ler s stems, or they

could b u ed to calc late the stru tural resp n e of a lo d b arin bui din element, s c as

a b am or a column, f om a k owled e of the material pro erties at elevated temp ratures,

the predicted temp ratures re c ed in the f ire, and the a pl ed lo d

At another level, req irin the u e of integrated computer programmes, these calc lation can

b a pl ed to the evaluation of the l fe saf ety con eq en es of a sp cified fire, whic would

in olve definition of the context, the prod ct desig s, the stru tures, the s enarios, an then

calc lation of the res ltin hazard

An electrotec nical example would b to as es the ris s as ociated with ca le f ires in the

bui t en ironment u in q antified data of fire growth, flame spre d, smoke an toxic gas

generation of electric ca les as wel as the prediction of p o le movement

NOT A stu y at L n Univ rsity [14] simulate th e c p p a e in a o c pie f urnis e b idin c n id rin

two diff ere t c ble in talatio s b t with v rio s fire s e ario a d me n of e a u tio Ca le with wid ly

diff erin material pro ertie were c o e , n t n c s ariy re re e tin a tu ly in tale c ble Th stu y aime

at i u tratin th p wer of mo el n to ls (simulatio a d F E a pro c ) rath r th n a pra tic l s le tio stu y

At a more strategic level, f ire saf ety en ine rin can b a pl ed by u in a p c age of tests

an me s res to a variety of dif ferent fire s enarios Computer f ire models have b en

develo ed with four dimen ional animation ( ime an sp ce) simulatin multiple fire

d namic over a ran e of f ire s enarios, an stru ture resp n es (se , for example [15])

4.3 Val dity of methods

The fire saf ety en ine rin proces s ould b b sed on sou d f ire s ien e an en ine rin

practice in orp ratin widely ac e ted method , empirical data, calc lation , cor elation, an

computer models as contained in en ine rin textb ok an tec nical l terature There are

n merou tec nical resources that may b of u e in a p rtic lar fire safety desig Therefore,

it is very imp rtant that fire safety engine rs an other memb rs of the desig te m determine

the ac e ta i ty of the sources an methodologies u ed f or the p rtic lar a plcation in

whic they are u ed

When determinin the val dity of a resource, it is helpf ul to k ow the proces throu h whic

the resource was develo ed, reviewed, an val dated For example, man codes an

profes ional societies, code-makin organisation , or governmental b dies Other tec nical

ref eren es are s bject to a p er review proces , s c as man of the tec nical an

en ine rin journals avaia le Also, en ine rin han b ok an textb ok provide widely

recog ised an tec nical y val d information an calc lation method

Some u ef ul referen es are lsted in the Biblogra h – ref eren es [14] to [2 ]

(Ad pte fom Fig re 1 in ISO 2 9 2:2 0 )

Figure 1 – Flowc art i ustrating a e ample of the fire s fety e gine ring

proc s a appl e to a major proje t in the bui t e vironme t

5 Benef its of f ire saf ety e gineering

The b nef its of f ire safety en ine ring in lu e the fol owin ; it may:

a) provide desig decision b sed on q antitative an s ientif i al y b sed prin iples, in order

to make saf er prod cts;

b) f orm an imp rtant element of the p r orman e b sed desig of major projects s c as

airp rt terminals, train station , tran p rtation vehicles, stadiums, con ention centres, tal

bui din s, brid es, p wer generation plants, an large atrium stru tures, whic are of s c

mag itu e an complexity that they can ot b o timal y desig ed u ing only the c r ently

avai a le pres riptive tests an tec nical g idan e;

c) dis ipl ne the desig er to fol ow a stru tured a pro c to f ire safety desig ;

d) determine how stru tures, bui din s, oc up n ies an en los res al ow a comp rison of

saf ety levels for a variety of desig s;

e) ena le draf ters of reg lation an codes to improve the con isten y of inf ormation, an

ju tify the removal of outdated me s res;

f ) ena le rules to b made f or con tru tion modification whic wi provide an eq ivalent

level of protection;

g) al ow c an es to b made in the b lan e of active fire protection an p s ive fire

protection whi e maintainin an eq ivalent level of saf ety;

h) provide data to s p ort desig decision that are b sed on pres riptive reg lation /codes;

i) f aci tate more cost-ef fective desig of complex stru tures whi e maintainin safety levels;

j) ena le in uran e u derwritin to b rationalsed;

IE C

Def i ition of th s c op of th fire saf ety rojec t

Identif ic ation of o jec tiv s, req irements

an p rformanc e c riteria

Identific ation of h zard

Des c ription of th fire-saf ety des ign plan

Selec tion of design fire sc enarios an

b h vioural sc enarios

Selec tion of engine ring meth d

Ev luation of th trial fire-saf ety des ign plan

Implementatio nof design plan

Final projec t re ort

k) identify to ic for f urther fire rese rc whic have a major b arin on lfe safety, an

pro erty or bu ines los ;

l) remove o stacles to in ovation for electrotec nical prod cts, con tru tion prod cts;

bui din desig s; tran p rtation s stems, bui din u es; an buidin contents;

m) ena le prof es ionals to ac uire an maintain le din -ed e exp rtise in fire-safe desig ;

n) as ist in the develo ment of new fire tests an new method of o tainin fire data;

o) as ist the management of c an e f rom pres riptive req irements an reg lation to

p rorman e-b sed req irements an reg lation ; an

p) as ist the management of f ire saf ety for stru tures, bui din s, oc up n ies an en los res

d ring their whole l fe c cle, in lu in the con tru tion phase, takin ac ou t of future

c an es in inten ed fu ction an u e

At a more detaied level, there are man b nef its of f ire saf ety en ine rin It can f or example

red ce the n mb r of fires an improve the ef ficac of evac ation if go d fire safety

management an trainin is implemented Again, active an p s ive fire protection me s res

can b identified whic have the gre test imp ct on lf e saf ety, fire los red ction an f un tion

contin ity, an these b nef its can b at ained together with cost b nef it as es ments

6 Objectives, re uirements a d perf ormance

6.1 Fire s fety e gine ring o je tiv s

6.1.1 Ge eral

It is neces ary to define the o jectives that are sp cific to f ire safety in terms u derstan a le

to al interested/aff ected p rties

Objectives typical y ad res one or more of the s bjects detai ed in 6.1.2 to 6.1.6

6.1.2 Saf ety of l fe

Life safety o jectives are typical y stated in terms of req irements to red ce or avoid a certain

level of harm for p o le or animals that mig t b af fected In the case of evac ation of p o le

f rom a f ire, lfe safety is general y estimated by the calc lation of the “avai a le saf e es a e

time, ASET” (3.3) an the “req ired saf e es a e time, RSET” (3.4 ) The ASET s ould b

greater than the RSET plu a saf ety margin

Objectives are typical y stated in terms of desig req irements an on req irements on

eq ipment or other prod cts to red ce an /or delay the lkel ho d of f ire oc ur en e an to

redu e an /or delay the eff ects of a fire if it do s oc ur

6.1.3 Cons rv tion of property

Pro erty con ervation o jectives typicaly se k to red ce or avoid b th damage to the buit

en ironment an damage to contents

6.1.4 Continuity of operations

Objectives that con ern the contin ity of o eration typical y se k to red ce the len th of time

that o eration are inter upted but can also b stated in terms of:

a) the fu ctional contin ity req ired for the safety of a sp cific proces ; an

b) the economic cost of s c inter uption , in lu in market s are an lost employment

o p rtu ities

6.1.5 Prote tion of the natural e vironme t

Objectives that con ern the protection of the natural en ironment typical y se k to red ce or

avoid the immediate an lon -term ef fects of a f ire on the q al ty of the natural en ironment

Fires that directly cau e seriou lon -term eff ects on the natural en ironment are rare, but

examples are an oi tan er or of fs ore f ire that cau es exten ive oce n p l ution, or a fire at

an electrical tran former s b-station, whic may in olve a large amou t of f ire eff l ent outflow,

b th gase u an l q id, f rom large p wer tran f ormers an their in ulation l q id More

common are the eff ects of p l uted water ru -of fom fire f i htin o eration

6.1.6 Pre erv tion of herita e

Heritage protection o jectives typical y se k to avoid the los or alteration of o jects for whic

the value at stake is not primari y economic These ir e lace ble o jects are general y b th

old an u iq e, havin c ltural or other s mb l c sig ifican e

6.2 Fu ctional re uireme ts

Eac fire saf ety en ine rin o jective s ould b as ociated with one or more fu ctional

req irements that are neces ary in order to satisfy that o jective

Some examples are:

• a defined resistan e to flame spre d b yon the comp rtment of origin;

• a defined control of smoke generation an the movement of smoke by venti ation s stems;

• a defined avaia le saf e es a e time (ASET);

• no los of electrical p wer b fore evac ation of oc up nts is complete by the sp cification

of f ire resistan e times for critical electrical circ its;

• maintenan e of publc safety commu ication services u ti evac ation of oc up nts is

complete

6.3 Performa c criteria

Perf orman e criteria are q antitative en ine rin me s rements that can b stated either

expl citly or implcitly They s ould ad res b th rel a i ty an ef fectivenes

6.3.2 Expl cit performa c criteria

Examples of expl cit p r orman e criteria in lu e s c me s rements as visibi ty, or

exp s re dose of an asph xiant toxic fire eff l ent gas, after exp s re to a defined fire f or a

defined p riod of time Another example would b whether an item of electrotec nical

eq ipment contin es to f un tion as desig ed after exp s re to a defined fire f or a defined

p riod of time

Quantitative fire tests are u ed to provide explcit p rf orman e criteria Quantitative fire tests

s ould have the f ol owin c aracteristic :

a) The test s ould take into ac ou t the circ mstan es of prod ct u e, i.e contemplated

en -u e con ition as wel as f orese a le a normal u e This is b cau e fire con ition

that may b hazardou u der one set of circ mstan es wi not neces ari y p se the same

thre t u der a dif ferent set

b) It s ould b p s ible to cor elate the test res lts with the harmful eff ects of f ire eff l ents

refer ed to a ove, i.e the thermal an airb rne threats to p o le an /or pro erty in the

relevant en -u e situation This avoid the cre tion of artificial, an sometimes distorted,

p rorman e s ales with no cle r relation hip to f ire saf ety

c) Recog izin that there are u ual y multiple contribution to the eff ects of re l fires, the

test res lts s ould b expres ed in wel def i ed terms an u in rational s ientif i u its,

so that the prod ct's contribution to the overal fire eff ects can b q antitatively as es ed

an comp red with that of other prod cts’ contribution

Guidan e on the a pro riate u e of q al tative an q antitative fire tests is given in

IEC 6 6 5-1-10

6.3.3 Impl cit performa c criteria

Impl cit p rf orman e criteria are b sed on pres riptive req irements an rely on statistic of

k own p rorman e or calc lated prediction extra olated fom k own p rorman e

7 Design f ire sc narios a d design f ires

7.1 De ign fire s e arios

Desig fire s enarios are f ormulated to determine if the req irements can b met Su h

s enarios typical y in olve the identification of hazard , a des ription of events initiatin a fire

that in olves the hazard , the ef fectivenes of protection me s res to prevent, control or l mit

the ef fects of the f ire, an ph sical con eq en es of the fire

A lst of examples of desig fire s enarios is given in ISO/TR 17 5 (se Ta le 1), an f urther

detais of desig fire s enarios are given in ISO/T 16 3 an ISO/TR 13 8 -2

Table 1 – Ex mple of de ign f ire s e arios

Ca ity fire (wal f aç d , ple um)

Fire in u d rgro n tra s ortatio s stem

Ars n (intern l a d e tern l)

In the p rtic lar case of electrical ca le f ires, the FIPEC rese rc programme [2 ] u ed fire

safety en ine rin prin iples to evaluate a wide ran e of ca les A review of Euro e n

practices was con u ted an it identified the major s enarios for stu y to be p wer plants,

vehicles ( rain , s ips an aircraf t), tu nels, an oc up n ies A n mb r of desig fire

s enarios were then identified to re resent major in tal ation s enarios These were divided

into horizontal an vertical con g ration an f urther s b-divided ac ordin to whether or not

there would b thermal f eed-b c f rom an adjacent s race (wal, flo r or cei n )

7.2 De ign fire

Fol owin identification of the desig fire s enario, it is neces ary to des rib the nature of

the f ire on whic calc lation wi b based These as umed fire c aracteristic are ref er ed to

as the “desig f ire”

The desig fire can b extremely simple s c as a defined p wer, e.g 3 kW, f or a defined

time, e.g 5 min, but it is l kely to b more complex Fire growth is of ten as umed to b of a

“ -s uared” f orm (i.e the he t rele se rate is pro ortional to the s uare of the ela sed time),

an it may b neces ary to model the ef fects of other fire stages s c as the f ul y develo ed

f ire stage an the fire decay stage

Detai s of desig fires are given in ISO/TS 16 3 an ISO/TR 13 8 -2

8 Data f or f ire saf ety engine ring

The fire s enario s ould b des rib d as ac urately as p s ible This des ription wi contain

al the information req ired a out the volume where the fire is s p osed to take place,

combu tibles (f uels) present, detection an s p res ion present, as wel as the action

exp cted in the case of a f ire

Havin o tained the data req ired to p rf orm the neces ary calc lation , they s ould b

reviewed to c ec that the level of precision, bias an con den e of the calc lation , an

con eq ently of the fire safety en ine rin stu y, wi me t the en o jectives

Some of these data directly con ern the s ien e of f ire in terms of:

• he ts of combu tion of al p tential f uels;

• re ction-to- ire pro erties;

• fire resistan e pro erties;

• interaction of fire-af fected prod cts with f ire detection s stems, f ire s p res ion s stems,

an venti ation s stems;

• fire ef fluent generation, tran p rt, de osition, an disp rsion;

• imp ct on safety eq ipment; stru tures; p o le; in lu in f irst resp n ers, f ire-f i hters an

on the en ironment

Some ph sico-c emical p rameters that are relevant to fire safety en ine rin can b

me s red u der non- ire con ition ac ordin to stan ard IEC an ISO proced res Some

imp rtant p rameters are lsted b low:

• Compres ive stren th

• Ultimate ten i e stren th

NOT Some p rameters are temp rature d p n e t; c n e u ntly, th v riatio of th p rameter with

temp rature wi ofte n e to b k own

Data con ernin h man b haviour are dis u sed in ISO/TR 16 3 an ISO/TR 13 8 -8

9 Tests on ele trotec nical products

An ph sical or c emical tests on electrotec nical prod cts, to b u ed in f ire safety

en ine rin , s ould provide data a pro riate to ena le ‘ n-u e’ electrotec nical prod ct

p rorman e to b as es ed throu h uti zation of predictive method

It fol ows that:

• electrotec nical prod ct p r orman e in a f ire test (or tests) mu t b provided in

q antitative terms f or k own, control ed an varied exp s re con ition over contin ou

intervals of time;

• exp s re con ition mu t b provided in q antitative f orm an mu t b re resentative of

the fire s enario, an actual in talation an u e practices;

• primary thermal, c emical an ph sical proces es in the test mu t b s f ficiently wel

u dersto d an pres rib d that they can b val dated an model ed the retical y; an

• p r orman e in the p rtic lar con ition of the test mu t then b tran lata le by predictive

method to design en ironments re resentative of ‘ n-u e’ b haviour

9.2 Conditions for e aluation in fire te ts

Exp s re con ition s ould b determined by referen e to desig f ire s enarios an desig

f ires A key fire saf ety en ine rin con e t is that it s ould b p s ible for al prod cts to b

evaluated in a con istent way again t the same desig f ire con ition an s enarios – alb it

at diff erent times d rin the evolution of the desig fire In contrast to sin le p int p s /f ai

criteria of ten u ed in pres riptive codes, the evaluation for fire saf ety en ine rin s ould

ide l y in olve contin ou or multi-p int resp n e-to-f ire data col ection on the

electrotec nical prod ct over the entire time d ration of the desig f ire

9.3 Ele trote hnic l product e aluations

9.3.1 As the sourc of ig ition of a f ire

With resp ct to ig ition of the relevant prod ct, data input to f ire safety en ine rin

calc lation wi b in the f orm of pro a i ties of ig ition b sed on the statistical analy is of

historical data, together with data con ernin the nature of s bseq ent initial f ire growth At

present no q antitative fire growth data have b en o tained f om fire s enarios that con ern

an electrotec nical prod ct as the source of ig ition The IEC en ourages prod ct commite s

to col ate an make avai a le s c data

There is a national stan ard [3 ] that contain an as es ment of the pro a i ty of a f ire

cau ed by an electrotec nical prod ct Further detais are given in An ex A

Ig ition of an electrotec nical prod ct can b cau ed by an electrical y energised comp nent

p rt, an the con ition whic can cau e ig ition are of four typ s: an a normal temp rature

rise, a s ort-circ it, ac idental arc or sp rk , or a hig tran ient p ak c r ent Ta le 2 lsts

p s ible origin of s c phenomena an also lsts the p s ible con eq ential ef fects

Subseq ent fire safety en ine rin calc lation can b con erned with the fire growth f rom an

electrotec nical material or prod ct as a comp nent within a larger prod ct, an also fire

growth f om an electrotec nical prod ct into the s r ou din en ironment, e.g a hou ehold or

off i e a pl an e s c as a computer, television set or was in mac ine, whic is u ed in an

area of oc up tion or ha itation

9.3.2 As the victim of a f ire

When an electrotec nical prod ct is con idered as the victim of an existin fire, the fire saf ety

en ine rin proces is the same as for an material or prod ct However, the imp ct of an

external fire may cau e an electrical fault that would cau e ad itional energ to b input to

the growin fire, an this p s ibi ty wi ne d to b taken into ac ou t

The evaluation may in olve electrotec nical prod cts con idered as comp nents of a bui din ,

a tran p rtation vehicle or s stem, a computer network, or other larger stru ture within the

bui t en ironment As an example, this could in olve electrical p wer or commu ication

ca l n in ca le tray , or in con e led sp ces in service void , or in telecommu ication

closets, data centres, tran former en los res, or in p wer ca le fu e p nels

9.4 Te t s le tion a d/or de elopme t

Man c r ent ISO an IEC fire tests were originaly develo ed to provide input for pres riptive

codes an stan ard an are q altative f ire tests Some may b ada ta le to provide data to

input to f ire saf ety en ine rin The f uture work of b th ISO an IEC wi b to contin al y

ada t existin tests, or develo new tests, to me t the data input ne d f or fire safety

en ine rin an p rf orman e b sed codes that f oc s largely on as es ments of fire growth,

f ire resistan e an time to es a e, rather than on predetermined sin le-p int p s /fai criteria

Input data-sets f or fire safety en ine rin are commonly contin ou or multi-p int, an tim

e-de en ent an are directly relata le to the selected desig fire s enarios

Variou q antitative f ire tests have b en develo ed by ISO

NOT 1 Ex mple of s c te ts are: ISO 5 5 [2 ], ISO 5 6 [2 ], ISO 9 3 [2 ], ISO 9 0 [2 ], ISO 1213 [2 ],

ISO 12 4 [3 ], ISO 14 9 [31], ISO/T 17 31 [3 ] a d ISO 2 4 3 [3 ]

Scenario b sed q antitative fire p rf orman e tests have also b en develo ed

NOT 2 Ex mple of s c te ts are ISO 13 8 [3 ], ISO 13 8 [3 ], ISO 2 6 2 [3 ] a dISO 2 2 9 [3 ]

NOT 3 Fo rte n ISO re ctio -to-f ire te ts are e alu te in ISO 17 5 in terms of th ir a plc bi ty to f ire

mo el n a d f ire s fety e gin erin

Ab ormal temp rature ris s

NOT 1 Some pro u ts dis ip teh at in n rmal

o eratio

Ov rc re t in a c n u tor

Def ectiv c nta ts

L a a e c re ts (in ulatio lo s a d h atin )

Faiure of a c mp n nt, a intern l p rt or a a s ciate

s stem (or e ample, v ntiatio )

Me h nic ldistortio s whic mo ify ele tric l c nta ts

or th in ulatio s stem

Seiz re of a motor s aft (lo k d rotor

Premature th rmal a ein

At start, prote tio d vic s

b

are n t a tiv te (e c pt in

s e ial prote tio c s s) Th y ma b a tiv te af ter a

v ria le le gth of time

Th temp rature ris s are gra u l a d at time v ry

slow.Th refore a sig if i a t a c mulatio of h at a d

A lo k d motor s af t (lo k d rotor c n c u e

smo ld rin or flamin d e to e c s iv h atin of th

win in s of th motor

p te tials (lo s nin of termin ls, dis n a e

c n u tors, in re s of c n u tin f oreig b die , etc.)

Ac id ntal s ark a d arc

NOT 2 Some pro u ts pro u e arc a d s ark in

n rmal o eratio

Ca s e tern l to th pro u t (o erv lta e of th s stem

n twork, a cid ntal me h nic l a tio e p sin lv

p rts or brin in th m to eth r, etc.)

Intern l c u e (o -of switc in with gra u l d gra atio

Po sible emis io of visible lg t, flamma le g s s a d

flame Su sta tial ris of ig itio in p te tialy e plo iv

The as es ment of a fire ris in ac ordan e with GOST 12.1.0 4-91 reflects a comprehen ive

a pro c , in lu in pro a i stic method , b sed on stoc astic ph sicoc emical phenomena

contributin to an ig ition, as wel as deterministic method b sed on direct me s rement,

an in olvin the comp rison of es lts o tained fom stan ard test method

whether to modify the electrotec nical prod ct or c an e its man er of in tal ation

Method of as es in an electrical fire ris cited in GOST 12.1.0 4-91 have u dergone a

lon -term, twenty-ye r evaluation an to date have b en a proved of ficial y for u e in thirte n

national stan ard of the Ru sian Federation an in more than twenty sp cif i ation for

variou electrotec nical prod cts in lu in electrical he ters, lamps an electrical b l s

is the pro a i ty (p r prod ct an p r ye r) of oc ur en e of an electrotec nical fault in

the prod ct comp nent (calc lated f rom statistic b sed on historical data)

Q

f v

is the pro a i ty that the c aracteristic electrotec nical f ault p rameter (e.g s ort

circ it, c r ent overlo d, or tran ient resistan e) l es in the ran e of f ire hazardou

is the pro a i ty that the combu tible material b comes a f ire hazard either by the

at ainment of a critical con ition or by ig ition (b sed on test p rorman e data)

If there are k distin t a normal fire modes that are c aracteristic f or the fu ction of the

electrotec nical prod ct, then:

i

iQQ

vQQ

Q

1

igpfffc1

1

f

(A.2)

NOT IEC pro u t c mmite s, f ire brig d s a d te h ic l c mmite memb rs are e c ura e to d v lo /s p ly

d ta for th impleme tatio of th statistic l c lc latio relate to th f ormula in A.1.1

A.1.2 Probabi ity Q

f c

The pro a i ty, Q

fc , is obtained f om the statistical analy is of historical data f rom

man f acturers’ testin la oratories an maintenan e services It can b det ermined in t erms of

t he fact ion of an overal faiure rate of t he pr od ct by mult iplyin t his faiure rat e by an a pro riat e

A.1.3 Probabi ity Q

f v

The pro a i ty, Q

f v, is f ou d as fol ows Characteristic f ire hazardou con ition of the

prod ct are determined by an a pro riate electrotec nical p rameter For example, a s ort

circ it can cau e a fire hazardou con ition, whie a s ort circ it c r ent provides a

c aracteristic elect r otec nical p r ameter The fire haz ar dou situation is p s ible only wit hin a

definit e ran e of s ort c irc it c rents

Fire hazardou ran es of a given p rameter are determined in the course of exp rimental

rese rc con ected with estimatin Q

p

= [X

h z(ma ) – X

h z(min)] /[X

o(ma ) – X

is the ran e of hazardou values of the c osen c aracteristic

electrotec nical p rameter (e.g electrical c r ent or tran ient

resistan e),

are the maximum an minimum hazardou values of the c osen

c aracteristic electrotec nical p rameter, an

If there is no protection to prevent f aiure, Q

is the pro a i ty that the combu tible material b comes a fire hazard, either by the

at ainment of a critical con ition or by ig ition (b sed on test p rorman e data)

De en in up n the typ of electrotec nical prod ct, the critical con ition may b def i ed in

dif ferent way , e.g the prod ction of a defined amou t of smoke or the at ainment of a critical

temp rature

A.1.5.2 Q

ig

c lc late f rom a dis rete fai ure criterion

When a dis rete in ex (e.g ig ition or level of smoke emis ion) is u ed as a fire hazardou

criterion, la oratory exp riments are car ied out in order to determine Q

ig

m = the n mb r of test that res lted in fai ure, and

n = the total n mb r of tests

A.1.5.3 Q

ig

c lc late in terms of a continuous function

In cases where the pro a i ty of fai ure is me s red in terms of a contin ou f un tion (e.g

temp rature) in te d of a p s /fai criterion, a pro a i ty distribution is as umed, an :

)(

h = the arg ment of the c osen pro a i ty den ity fu ction

For example, in the case of a temp rature criterion

N

TT

h

/

mc

?

=

=N

iiTT

N

1m

= the critical temp rature of the tested f lamma le material,

N = the total n mb r of tests, an

σ = the stan ard deviation of the exp rimental data;

11

2

)(

iN

i

NOT In a stu y of stru tural in ulatio materials, th critic l temp rature, T

c, wa ta e a 8 % of th

th rmo y amic v lu of th ig itio temp rature

A 2 Ex mple

The f ol owin example is an as es ment of the pro a i ty of a f ire in ca acitive electrical

control ge r (CECG) f or f l ores ent lamps (4 W an 2 0 V) in ac ordan e with the Ru sian

national stan ard, GOST 12.1.0 4-91

The pro a i ty that a f ault wi oc ur in a CECG an that a hazardou electrotec nical f ai ure

It is as umed that there are no protective s stems in u e an therefore Q

is calc lated as the pro a i ty of at ainin or ex e din a critical

temp rature, T

c

Q

ig

is the pro a i ty that the CECG s rf ace atain or ex e d the fire hazardou

temp rature in the most he ted are ( he f ire hazardou temp rature is eq al to the ig ition

p int (auto-ig ition temp rature) of the in ulatin material in the CECG It is o tained by

comp rison of a me s red average f aiure temp rature with an average me s red ‘hot sp t’

temp rature

A.2.2 Te t data

Thre distin t a normal o eratin modes, e c of whic could b a fire hazard, were

identified These were:

1) L n start-up mode

2) Short ca acitor mode

3) L n start-up mode with a s ort ca acitor

Ta le A.1 s ows temp rature data f om ten tests in olvin one of the a normal o eratin

an then to determine the pro a i ty that this temp rature would oc ur or b ex e ded

10

1

fs

iiTT

c

= 16 ,0 °C)

As umin a Stu ent t pro a i ty distribution, the p rameter h is calc lated as f ol ows:

mc

?

TT

h

−

= = (4 2,1 – 3 5) (3,13 / 3,16 ) = 6 ,8

There are 9 degre s of f e dom, (n–1), an the Stu ent t pro a i ty distribution gives an

ef f ective value of zero (8,3 × 10

–14

) for

)(h

Table A.2 – The e clos re temperature at th most he te point

wh n workin und r abnormal conditions

Fai ure data f or al thre modes of a normal o eration are s mmarised in Ta le A.3

Table A.3 – F i ure data f or abnormal o eration

Data b s d o statistic l a aly is of historic l d tafom ma uf acturers’la oratorie

The pro a i ty of f ire in the CECG device is theref ore calc lated as f ol ows:

an theref ore the pro a i ty of fire is regarded as not

admis ible A modif i ation of the device would therefore b recommen ed; f or example, the

in orp ration of a protection s stem

Bibl ogr aphy

[1] ISO/TR 13 8 -1, Fire safety e gine ring – P art 1: Ap l i ation of fire p rorma c

c n e ts to d esig o je tives

[2] ISO/TR 13 8 -3, Fire safety e gin ering – Part 3: As es me t a d verific tion of

mat hematic l fire models

[3] ISO/TR 13 8 -4, Fire safety e gin erin – Part 4: I nit iatio a d d ev l opme t of fire

a d g n ration of fire efl ue ts

[4] ISO/TR 13 8 -5, Fire safety e gin erin – Part 5: Moveme t offire efl ue ts

[5] ISO/TR 13 8 -6, Fire safety e gineering – Part 6: Stru tural resp nse a d fire spre d

b yond the e cl osure of origin

[6] ISO/TR 13 8 -7, F ire safety e gine ring – Part 7: Det ection, a t ivat ion a d

su pres io

[7] ISO 16 3 , F ire safety e gine ring – As es me t, verific t ion a d v lid at ion of

c lc lation met hods

[8] ISO 16 3 , Fire safety e gine ring – Fire risk as es me t

[9] ISO 16 3 : Fire safety e gine ring – Re uireme ts g v rning alge raic e u tions –

Fire pl umes

[10] ISO 16 3 , F ire safety e gine ring – Re uireme ts g verning al ge raic e u tions –

Smok e lay rs

[1 ] ISO 16 3 , Fire safety e gine ring – Re uireme ts g verning al ge raic e u t ions –

Ceil in jet fl ows

[12] ISO 16 3 , Fire safety e gine ring – Re uireme ts g verning alge raic e u t ions –

v nt flows

[13] ISO 6 0 -1, Building a d civil e gine ring – Vo a ulary – P art 1: Ge eral t erms

[14] Simul ation of crit ic l e a u tion c nd it ions for a fire sc n rio inv lving c bles a d

c mp riso of two d ifere t c bl es, Patric van He s, Daniel Ni s on an Emi

Berg ren, De artment of Fire Safety En ine rin an Sy tem Saf ety Lu d University,

Sweden, Re ort 314 , Lu d 2 10

[15] As es me t of th imp ct of c mp ted a d me sured fire e viro me ts o b il ding

e a u t ion using b n h a d re l sc l e test dat a, Ro in on J E, Hul T R, Stec A A,

Gale E R, Mahal n am A, Jia F, Patel M K, Pers on H & Journe u T, Interf lam Conf

Proc L n on 2 0

[16] Th SFP E Engine ring Guid e to P erorma c -Based Fire Prote t io An lysis a d

Design of Buil dings, 2

n

Edition, Society of Fire Protection En ine rs an National Fire

Protection As ociation, Boston, MA, 2 0

[17] SFPE H andb o ofF ire P rotect ion En in erin , 4

th

Edition, P J DiNen o, ed The

Society of Fire Protection En ine rs an National Fire Protection As ociation, Boston,

MA, 2 0

[18] Fire Prote tio Ha d bo k, 2 Edition, National Fire Protection As ociation, Quin y,

MA 2 0

[19] I ntrod uct ion to Perorma c -Based F ire Safety, Cu ter, R.L.P an Me c am, B.J

Society of Fire Protection En ine rs, USA, 199

[2 ] NFPA 5 0: Guide to t he Fire Safety Co c pts Tre , National Fire Protection

As ociation, 2 0

[21] An Introd uct ion to F ire Dy amics, 2n Edition, Dry dale, D 19 8

[2 ] Th Ig ition Ha d bo k : P rinciples a d Ap l i at ions to F ire Safety En ine ring, F ire

Invest igat ion, Risk Man g me t a d Fore sic Scien e, Ba rau kas, V Fire Scien e

Publs ers, Is aq ah WA, 2 0

[2 ] Fire b h viour of plastic p rts in electric l a plian es – stand ards versus re uired fire

safety o ject ives, Ba rau kas, V an Simon on, M Fire & Materials, 31, 8 -9 , 2 0

[2 ] Fire Perorma c ofElectric Ca les – n w t est met hods a d me sureme t te h iqu s

– F IP EC, F in l Re ort o the Euro e n Commis io SMT P ro ramme Sp nsored

Commu ication Ltd 2 0

[2 ] ISO 5 5 -1, -2 an -4, Re ct io t o fire t ests – Spre d of flame

[2 ] ISO 5 6 -1, -2 an -3, Re ction-to-fire tests – H eat rel ease, smok e prod uction a d

mas los rat e

[2 ] ISO 9 3 -1 an -2, Re ction to fire t ests for flo rings

[2 ] ISO 9 0 , Fire tests – Full-sc le ro m test for sura e prod ucts

[2 ] ISO 1213 , Re ction t o fire tests – Measureme t of mat erial pro ert ies usin a fire

pro a at io a p rat us

[3 ] ISO 12 4 , Standard test met hod for me suring the h at rele se rate of l ow

flamma ility mattres es a d matres sets

[31] ISO 14 9 , Re ction-t o-fire tests – Det ermination of fire a d th rmal p rameters of

mat erials, prod ucts a d as embl ies usin an int ermed iat e-sc le c l orimeter (ICAL)

[3 ] ISO/TS 17 31, F ire t ests – Redu ed-sc l e model b x t est

[3 ] ISO 2 4 3, Fire tests – Op n c l orimetry – Measureme t oft he rate of prod uct ion of

h at a d c mb stio produ ts for fires of u to 4 MW

[3 ] ISO 13 8 -1 an -2, Re ction-to-fire tests for sa dwic p n l b ild ing syst ems

[3 ] ISO 13 8 -1 an -2, Re ction-t o-fire tests for fa ades

[3 ] ISO 2 6 2, Re ctio -t o-fire t ests – Sma ro m test for pipe insulat ion prod ucts or

systems

[3 ] ISO 2 2 9, Re ction t o fire tests – F ire growt h – F ul-sc l e test for stairs a d stair

c v rings

[3 ] GOST 12.1.0 4-91, Oc u ation l safety st and ards system – F ire safety – Ge eral

re uireme ts, Euro-Asian Cou ci for Stan ardization, Metrolog an Certification

(EASC), 19 2

_ _

6.3.2 Critères de p rf orman es expl cites 5

6.3.3 Critères de p rf orman es impl cites 51

9.2 Con ition d’évaluation dan les es ais au feu 5

9.3 Evaluation des prod its électrotec niq es 5

9.3.1 En tant q e source d’al umage d’u in en ie 5

9.3.2 En tant q e victime d’u in en ie 5

9.4 Sélection etou dévelo p ment des es ais 5

An exe A (inf ormative) Une évaluation pro a i ste d'u ris ue d'n en ie 5

A.1 Evaluation d’u ris ue d’ n en ie selon la norme nationale ru se

GOST 12.1.0 4-91 [3 ] 5

A.1.1 Introd ction 5

f c 5

fv 5

pf 5

ig 5

A.2 Exemple 6

A.2.1 Général tés 6

A.2.2 Don é s d’es ai 6

A.2.3 Calc ls 6

Bibl ogra hie 6

Fig re 1 – Diagramme i u trant u exemple de proces u d’ n énierie de la séc rité

in en ie a pl q é à u projet imp rtant dan l en iron ement b ti 4

Ta le u 1 – Exemples de s énarios d’ n en ie de dimen ion ement 51

Ta le u 2 – Phénomènes d'al umage courants dan les prod its électrotec niq es 5

Ta le u A.1 – Mode de démar age lon : temp ratures de l en einte (coq e) au nive u

d p int le plu c au 6

Ta le u A.2 – Temp rature de l en einte au p int le plu c aud p ur u

f on tion ement en con ition anormales 61

Ta le u A.3 – Don é s de déf ai an e p ur fon tion ement anormal 6