Bsi bs en 01288 1 2000

/home/gencode/cen/w1288p1/128 1 1413 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[.]

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the

direction of the Sector

Committee for Building and Civil

Engineering, was published under

the authority of the Standards

Committee and comes into effect

on 15 August 2000

BS EN 1288-1:2000

Amendments issued since publication

Amd No Date Comments

National foreword

This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 1288-1:2000.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical CommitteeB/520, Glass and glazing in building, to Subcommittee B/520/4, Properties andglazing methods, which has the responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on theinterpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;

Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgatethem in the UK

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request

to its secretary

Cross-references

The British Standards which implement international or European publicationsreferred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under thesection entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using theªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGH[LVWVLQWKUHHRIILFLDOYHUVLRQV(QJOLVK)UHQFK*HUPDQ $YHUVLRQLQDQ\RWKHUODQJXDJHPDGHE\WUDQVODWLRQ XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RID&(1PHPEHULQWRLWVRZQODQJXDJHDQGQRWLILHGWRWKH&HQWUDO6HFUHWDULDWKDVWKHVDPHVWDWXVDVWKHRIILFLDO YHUVLRQV

&(1PHPEHUVDUHWKHQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVERGLHVRI$XVWULD%HOJLXP&]HFK5HSXEOLF'HQPDUN)LQODQG)UDQFH*HUPDQ\*UHHFH ,FHODQG,UHODQG,WDO\/X[HPERXUJ1HWKHUODQGV1RUZD\3RUWXJDO6SDLQ6ZHGHQ6ZLW]HUODQGDQG8QLWHG.LQJGRP

(8523($1 &200,77(( )25 67$1'$5',=$7,21

& 2 0 , 7 e  ( 8 5 2 3 e ( 1  ' (  1 2 5 0 $ / , 6 $ 7 , 2 1 ( 8 5 2 3 b , 6 & + ( 6  2 0 , 7 ( (  ) h 5  1 2 5 0 8 1 *

&HQWUDO6HFUHWDULDWUXHGH6WDVVDUW%%UXVVHOV

)RUHZRUG

7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGKDVEHHQSUHSDUHGE\7HFKQLFDO&RPPLWWHH&(17&*ODVVLQEXLOGLQJWKH6HFUHWDULDWRIZKLFKLVKHOGE\,%1

7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGVKDOOEHJLYHQWKHVWDWXVRIDQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGHLWKHUE\

SXEOLFDWLRQRIDQLGHQWLFDOWH[WRUE\HQGRUVHPHQWDWWKHODWHVWE\'HFHPEHUDQGFRQIOLFWLQJQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVVKDOOEHZLWKGUDZQDWWKHODWHVWE\'HFHPEHU

&(17&:*0HFKDQLFDO6WUHQJWKSUHSDUHGWKHGUDIW*ODVVLQEXLOGLQJ±

'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKRIJODVV±3DUW)XQGDPHQWDOVRIWHVWLQJJODVV7KHUHDUHIRXURWKHUSDUWVWRWKLVVWDQGDUG

&]HFK 5HSXEOLF 'HQPDUN )LQODQG )UDQFH *HUPDQ\ *UHHFH ,FHODQG ,UHODQG ,WDO\/X[HPERXUJ 1HWKHUODQGV 1RUZD\ 3RUWXJDO 6SDLQ 6ZHGHQ 6ZLW]HUODQG DQG WKH 8QLWHG.LQJGRP

7KH WHVW PHWKRGV VSHFLILHG LQ WKLV VWDQGDUG DUH LQWHQGHG WR SURYLGH ODUJH QXPEHUV RIEHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK YDOXHV WKDW FDQ EH XVHG DV WKH EDVLV IRU VWDWLVWLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ RI JODVVVWUHQJWK

 1RUPDWLYHUHIHUHQFHV

7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGLQFRUSRUDWHVE\GDWHGRUXQGDWHGUHIHUHQFHSURYLVLRQVIURPRWKHUSXEOLFDWLRQV7KHVHQRUPDWLYHUHIHUHQFHVDUHFLWHGDWWKHDSSURSULDWHSODFHVLQWKHWH[WDQGWKH SXEOLFDWLRQV DUH OLVWHG KHUHDIWHU )RU GDWHG UHIHUHQFHV VXEVHTXHQW DPHQGPHQWV WR RUUHYLVLRQV RI DQ\ RI WKHVH SXEOLFDWLRQV DSSO\ WR WKLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG RQO\ ZKHQLQFRUSRUDWHGLQLWE\DPHQGPHQWRUUHYLVLRQ)RUXQGDWHGUHIHUHQFHVWKHODWHVWHGLWLRQRIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQUHIHUUHGWRDSSOLHV

(1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ  'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI JODVV ±

3DUW &RD[LDO GRXEOH ULQJ WHVW RQ IODW VSHFLPHQV ZLWK ODUJH WHVWVXUIDFHDUHDV

(1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ  'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI JODVV ±

3DUW 7HVW ZLWK VSHFLPHQ VXSSRUWHG DW WZR SRLQWV IRXU SRLQWEHQGLQJ 

(1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ  'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI JODVV ±

3DUW7HVWLQJRIFKDQQHOVKDSHGJODVV

(1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ  'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI JODVV ±

3DUW &RD[LDO GRXEOH ULQJ WHVW RQ IODW VSHFLPHQV ZLWK VPDOO WHVWVXUIDFHDUHDV

(1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ  %DVLF VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV SURGXFWV  3DUW 

'HILQLWLRQVDQGJHQHUDOSK\VLFDODQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV

3DJH(1(1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ  %DVLF VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV SURGXFWV  3DUW 

 IODW JODVV DQ\ JODVV SURGXFW FRQIRUPLQJ WR (1  (1  (1 

(1 (1  (1  (1  RU DQ\ WUDQVIRUPHG JODVV PDGH IURP WKHVHSURGXFWVZLWKRXWGHOLEHUDWHO\LQGXFLQJSURILOHRUFXUYDWXUH

 EHQGLQJVWUHVVWKHWHQVLOHEHQGLQJVWUHVVLQGXFHGLQWKHVXUIDFHRIDVSHFLPHQ

127()RUWHVWLQJSXUSRVHVWKHEHQGLQJVWUHVVVKRXOGEHXQLIRUPRYHUDVSHFLILHGSDUWRIWKHVXUIDFH

7HQVLOHVWUHQJWKVRIDURXQG1PPFDQEHSUHGLFWHGIURPWKHPROHFXODUVWUXFWXUHEXWEXONJODVVQRUPDOO\IDLOVDWVWUHVVHVFRQVLGHUDEO\EHORZ1PP

7KH SUHVHQFH RI WKH LUUHJXODULWLHV DQG WKHLU PRGLILFDWLRQ E\ PRLVWXUH FRQWULEXWHV WR WKHSURSHUWLHVRIJODVVZKLFKQHHGFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQSHUIRUPLQJWHVWVRIVWUHQJWK

%HFDXVH RI WKH YHU\ KLJK FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK JODVV DOZD\V IDLOV XQGHU WHQVLOH VWUHVV6LQFHJODVVLQEXLOGLQJVLVYHU\UDUHO\XVHGLQGLUHFWWHQVLRQWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSURSHUW\IRUORDGUHVLVWDQFHLVWKHWHQVLOHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWK$OOWKHWHVWVGHVFULEHGLQWKLVVWDQGDUGDUHLQWHQGHGWRHYDOXDWHWKHWHQVLOHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKRIJODVV

(1

H DJHLHWLPHHODSVLQJVLQFHWKHODVWPHFKDQLFDOVXUIDFHWUHDWPHQWRUPRGLILFDWLRQWRVLPXODWHGDPDJHVHH 

I WHPSHUDWXUHVHH 

7KHLQIOXHQFHH[HUWHGE\IDFWRUVE WRI RQEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKKDVEHHQWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQWKLVVWDQGDUG

 (IIHFWRIVXUIDFHFRQGLWLRQ

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

+HQFH LW IROORZV WKDW WKH EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH PHWKRGV UHIHUUHG WR LQ WKLVVWDQGDUGLVUHODWHGODUJHO\WRWKHVXUIDFHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHVSHFLPHQWREHWHVWHG

7KLVVXUIDFHFRQGLWLRQLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHIROORZLQJPDLQIHDWXUHV

D   7KH VXUIDFH FRQGLWLRQ LPSDUWHG E\ D SDUWLFXODU PHWKRG RI WUHDWPHQW ZKLFKSURGXFHVDVSHFLILFGDPDJHVSHFWUXPDQGWKXVUHVXOWVLQDVWUHQJWKZKLFKLVVSHFLILFWRWKHILQLVKHGVXUIDFHFRQGLWLRQ

E LQVWDQWDQHRXVIDLOXUH7KHFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHVXEFULWLFDOFUDFNSURSDJDWLRQLVIRUH[DPSOHWKDW WKH UDWH RI ORDG LQFUHDVH DQGRU WKH GXUDWLRQ RI VWDWLF ORDGLQJ LQIOXHQFHV WKH EHQGLQJVWUHQJWK

)RUSUHVWUHVVHGJODVVWKLVWLPHGHSHQGHQFHGRHVQRWPDQLIHVWLWVHOIXQWLOWKHWHQVLOHVWUHVVLQGXFHGLQWKHVXUIDFHH[FHHGVWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHVVSHUPDQHQWO\SUHVHQWWKHUHVHH>@RIDQQH[$ 

 (IIHFWRIWHVWVXUIDFHDUHD

7KHGHFUHDVHLQEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKRIJODVVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJVL]HRIWKHWHVWDUHDH[SRVHGWRKLJKVWUHVVLVDOVRRILPSRUWDQFHVHH>@RIDQQH[$ 7KLVDUHDHIIHFWLVDFFRXQWHGIRUE\WKHVWDWLVWLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIVXUIDFHGHIHFWVYDU\LQJLQHIIHFWLYHQHVVWKHODUJHUWKHWHVWDUHD

3DJH(1WKH JUHDWHU LV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI LWV FRQWDLQLQJ D ODUJH VXUIDFH GHIHFW &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHDUHDHIIHFWLQFUHDVHVZLWKGHFUHDVLQJLQFLGHQFHRIGHIHFWVLQWKHVXUIDFHVRWKDW WKLV LQIOXHQFH LV PRUH SURQRXQFHG LQ WKH FDVH RI XQGDPDJHG HJ ILUHILQLVKHG JODVVVXUIDFHVVHH>@RIDQQH[$ 

'LIIHUHQFHV DUH OLNHO\ EHWZHHQ WKH PHDQ YDOXHV RI WKH EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK DV PHDVXUHG LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK(1PD[LPDOO\VWUHVVHGDUHDPP RUE\XVLQJGHYLFHV5 DQG 5 LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK (1  PD[LPDOO\ VWUHVVHG DUHDV  PP DQG

PP GXHWRWKHVL]HRIWKHVWUHVVHGDUHD'HSHQGLQJRQVXUIDFHGDPDJHWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGIURPWHVWLQJVPDOOHUVXUIDFHDUHDVPD\EHVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHUWKDQWKRVHREWDLQHGIURPWHVWLQJODUJHUVXUIDFHDUHDVDVVKRZQLQ7DEOH

 (IIHFWRIDPELHQWPHGLXP

7KHVXUURXQGLQJPHGLXPLQZKLFKWKHJODVVLVWHVWHGKDVDQLQIOXHQFHRQWKHVWUHQJWKRIWKHJODVV SDUWLFXODUO\ LI WKH PRLVWXUH OHYHO LV YHU\ ORZ :KHQ JODVV LV XVHG LQ EXLOGLQJV WKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\W\SLFDOO\UDQJHVIURPWR:LWKLQWKLVUDQJHWKHHIIHFWRQWKHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKDVWHVWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKLVVWDQGDUGLVQRWJUHDW+RZHYHUWHVWVRQJODVVIRUXVHLQEXLOGLQJVVKDOOEHXQGHUWDNHQLQWHVWFRQGLWLRQVZLWKUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\OHYHOVLQWKHUDQJHRIWRLQRUGHUWRHOLPLQDWHWKLVHIIHFWZKHQFRPSDULQJEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKUHVXOWV

 (IIHFWRIDJLQJ

,IWKHJODVVVXUIDFHLVPRGLILHGE\DEUDVLRQHWFKLQJHGJHZRUNLQJHWF EHIRUHWKHWHVWLQJLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRDOORZWKHIUHVKGDPDJHWRKHDOEHIRUHWKHWHVWLVXQGHUWDNHQ7KHFRQWLQXDOVXUIDFH PRGLILFDWLRQ E\ PRLVWXUH DIIHFWV WKH GDPDJH LQ D ZD\ WKDW FDQ UHGXFH DQ\ZHDNHQLQJ HIIHFW VHH >@ RI DQQH[ $  ,Q SUDFWLFH JODVV LV KLJKO\ XQOLNHO\ WR EH VWUHVVHGGLUHFWO\DIWHULWKDVEHHQWUHDWHGVRLWVKDOOEHFRQGLWLRQHGIRUDWOHDVWKEHIRUHWHVWLQJ

 (IIHFWRIWHPSHUDWXUH

7KH EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI JODVV LV DIIHFWHG E\ FKDQJHV LQ WHPSHUDWXUH :LWKLQ WKH QRUPDOUDQJHRIWHPSHUDWXUHVH[SHULHQFHGE\JODVVLQEXLOGLQJVWKLVHIIHFWLVQRWYHU\VLJQLILFDQWEXW WR DYRLG SRVVLEOH FRPSOLFDWLRQV LQ WKH FRPSDULVRQ RI EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK YDOXHV WHVWLQJVKDOOEHXQGHUWDNHQLQDUHVWULFWHGUDQJHRIWHPSHUDWXUHV

 (IIHFWLYHVWUHVV

:KHUH WKH VWUHVV YDULHV VLJQLILFDQWO\ RYHU WKH WHVW DUHD DV LV WKH FDVH LQ (1 VHH LWFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\DZHLJKWHGDYHUDJHVWUHVVFDOOHGWKHHIIHFWLYHEHQGLQJVWUHVVsEHII7KHZHLJKWLQJLVREWDLQHGE\VWDWLVWLFDOO\HYDOXDWLQJWKHSUREDELOLW\RIIUDFWXUHDWDQ\SRLQWLQWKHVWUHVVHGDUHD

 (TXLYDOHQWEHQGLQJVWUHQJWK

9DULDWLRQVLQKRPRJHQHLW\RUWKLFNQHVVRIWKHVSHFLPHQDIIHFWWKHVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQ+HQFHWKHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKsE%LVQHYHUHQWLUHO\DQDFFXUDWHYDOXHDQGLQVRPHLQVWDQFHVLWLVEHWWHUWHUPHGWKHHTXLYDOHQWEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKsEHT%

)RUVRPHRIWKHJODVVW\SHVWHVWHGIRUH[DPSOHIORDWJODVV VXFKYDULDWLRQVDUHYHU\VPDOODQGWKHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHWHVWVLVVXIILFLHQWO\FORVHWRWKHDFWXDOEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKIRUWKHGLIIHUHQFHWREHXQLPSRUWDQW

,Q WKH FDVH RI SDWWHUQHG JODVV KRZHYHU RQO\ WKH HTXLYDOHQW EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK FDQ EHGHWHUPLQHG

 3URILOHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWK

:KHQFKDQQHOVKDSHGJODVVLVWHVWHGDFFRUGLQJWR(1PRVWRIWKHVSHFLPHQVIDLOIURPIUDFWXUHVRULJLQDWLQJDWWKHFRUQHURIWKHSURILOHZKHUHWKHZHEDQGIODQJHPHHWDQGQRWDWWKHH[WUHPHRIWKHIODQJHRUVXUIDFHRIWKHZHE7KLVLVGXHWRVHFRQGDU\ VWUHVVHVJHQHUDWHGE\WKHVSUHDGLQJRIWKHIODQJHVZKHQWKHFKDQQHOVHFWLRQLVEHQW,QWKLVWHVWWKH

EHQGLQJVWUHQJWKLVEHWWHUH[SUHVVHGDVWKHSURILOHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWK3E%

 7\SHVRIJODVV

 *HQHUDO

7KHWHVWVVSHFLILHGLQ(1(1DQG(1DUHIRUWHVWLQJIODWJODVV7KLVLQFOXGHV IORDW JODVV GUDZQ VKHHW JODVV SDWWHUQHG JODVV SDWWHUQHG ZLUHG JODVV SROLVKHGZLUHG JODVV DQG SUHVWUHVVHG JODVV SURYLGHG WKHUH KDV EHHQ QR GHOLEHUDWHO\ LQGXFHGFXUYDWXUHRUSURILOHRWKHUWKDQWKHSDWWHUQHGVXUIDFHRISDWWHUQHGJODVV 

 3DWWHUQHGJODVV

7KH FRD[LDO GRXEOH ULQJ WHVW IRU ODUJH WHVW VXUIDFH DUHDV (1   FDQ EH XVHG WRGHWHUPLQH WKH HTXLYDOHQW EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI SDWWHUQHG JODVV SURYLGHG WKH PD[LPXP DQGPLQLPXPWKLFNQHVVHVGRQRWGHYLDWHE\PRUHWKDQRUPPZKLFKHYHULVWKHORZHUIURPWKHDYHUDJHWKLFNQHVV7KLVLVEHFDXVHRIGLIILFXOWLHVLQVHDOLQJWKHSUHVVXUHULQJWRDSDWWHUQHGVXUIDFH

 /DPLQDWHGJODVV

7KHWHVWLQJRIWKHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKRIODPLQDWHGJODVVVHH(1,62 LVH[FOXGHGIURPWKLVVWDQGDUG

,Q D EHQGLQJ WHVW DGGLWLRQDO VKHDU GHIRUPDWLRQ DULVHV LQ WKH HODVWLF RU SODVWLF LQWHUOD\HUVVOLGLQJ RI WKH KDUG JODVV SOLHV RQ WKH LQWHUOD\HU  7KLV HIIHFW PHDQV WKDW PHDVXULQJ WKHEHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI ODPLQDWHG JODVV LV OLNHO\ WR JLYH D VWUHQJWK YDOXH OHVV WKDQ WKH DFWXDOEHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI D PRQROLWKLF JODVV RI WKH VDPH WKLFNQHVV 7KLV VKHDU GHIRUPDWLRQ LVSDUWLFXODUO\VHQVLWLYHWRWKHHIIHFWVRIWHPSHUDWXUHDQGORDGLQJUDWH

/DPLQDWHG JODVV LV PDQXIDFWXUHG IURP PRQROLWKLF JODVV SURGXFWV WKDW FDQ EH WHVWHGLQGLYLGXDOO\E\WKHWHVWPHWKRGVGHVFULEHGLQ(1(1DQG(1

7KHSURFHVVRIPDQXIDFWXUHLVXQOLNHO\WRFDXVHVLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQWKHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKRI WKH FRPSRQHQW JODVVHV VR LW LV XQQHFHVVDU\ WR WHVW ODPLQDWHG JODVV ZKLFK FDQ EHDVVXPHGWRKDYHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKVDSSURSULDWHWRWKHLULQGLYLGXDOFRPSRQHQWV

7KHORDGUHVLVWDQFHRIODPLQDWHGJODVVGHSHQGVRQWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHFRPSRQHQWSDUWVRIWKHFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUHZKLFKLVEH\RQGWKHVFRSHRIWKLVVWDQGDUG

 2ULHQWDWLRQRIWKHVSHFLPHQV

0DQ\JODVVSURGXFWVODFNV\PPHWU\LQWKHLUSURGXFWLRQ7KLVPD\EHLPPHGLDWHO\REYLRXVVXFKDVDSDWWHUQHGJODVVZKLFKLVOLNHO\WRKDYHRQHVXUIDFHPXFKPRUHGHHSO\SDWWHUQHGWKDQ WKH RWKHU DQG SRVVLEO\ LQ ZKLFK WKH SDWWHUQ LV GLUHFWLRQDO RU LW PD\ EH OHVV REYLRXVVXFKDVWKHVLGHRQZKLFKWKHZKHHOFXWZDVPDGHVHH)LJXUHLQ(1 

:KHUHVXFKDV\PPHWU\LVSUHVHQWLWPD\EHQHFHVVDU\WRWHVWWKHJODVVLQVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWRULHQWDWLRQVLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWK6DPSOHVRIJODVVWREHWHVWHGVKDOOKDYHDOOWKHVSHFLPHQVQRPLQDOO\LGHQWLFDO

 1XPEHURIVSHFLPHQVLQDVDPSOH

7KH EHQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI JODVV GLVSOD\V D ODUJH YDULDWLRQ EHWZHHQ QRPLQDOO\ LGHQWLFDOVSHFLPHQV9HU\OLWWOHLQIRUPDWLRQFDQEHREWDLQHGE\WHVWLQJRQO\DIHZ VSHFLPHQV VLQFHWKHUHLVFRQVLGHUDEOHXQFHUWDLQW\DERXWZKHWKHUWKHUHVXOWVDUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYH

,QVWDWLVWLFDOWHUPVWKLVXQFHUWDLQW\FDQEHH[SUHVVHGDVFRQILGHQFHOLPLWVYDOXHVEHWZHHQZKLFKWKHUHLVDJLYHQSUREDELOLW\WKDWWKHWDUJHWEHLQJVRXJKWZLOOOLH

:KHUHWKHWDUJHWEHLQJVRXJKWLVLQWKHFHQWUDOSDUWRIWKHEHQGLQJVWUHQJWKGLVWULEXWLRQIRULQVWDQFHWKHPHDQYDOXH