Bsi bs en 00623 1 1995 (1999)

www bzfxw com BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 623 1 1995 Advanced technical ceramics — Monolithic ceramics General and textural properties — Part 1 Determination of the presence of defects by dye penetration t[.]

Advanced technical

ceramics —

Monolithic ceramics

General and textural

properties —

Part 1: Determination of the presence of

defects by dye penetration tests

The European Standard EN 623-1:1995 has the status of a

British Standard

BS EN 623-1:1995

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the

direction of the Sector Board for

Materials and Chemicals, was

published under the authority of

the Standards Board and

comes into effect on

15 August 1995

© BSI 07-1999

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this

standard:

Committee reference RPI/13

Draft for comment 92/45757 DC

ISBN 0 580 24518 7

Committees responsible for this British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee RPI/13, Advanced technical ceramics, upon which the following bodies were represented:

AEA Technology Aluminium Federation British Ceramic Research Ltd

British Industrial Ceramic Manufacturers’ Association Department of Trade and Industry (National Physical Laboratory) Flat Glass Manufacturers’ Association

GAMBICA (BEAMA Ltd.) Institute of Refractories Engineers Ministry of Defence

Refractories Association of Great Britain Society of British Aerospace Companies Limited University of Manchester

Amendments issued since publication

© BSI 07-1999 i

Contents

Page

BS EN 623-1:1995

National foreword

This Part of BS EN 623 has been prepared by Technical Committee RPI/13 and

is the English language version of EN 623-1:1995, Advanced technical

ceramics — Monolithic ceramics — General and textural properties — Part 1 : Determination of the presence of defects by dye penetration tests, published

by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) This standard supersedes BS 7134-1.1:1989 which is withdrawn

EN 623-1 was produced as a result of international discussions in which the UK took an active part

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

Cross-reference Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard

ENV 1006:1993 DD ENV 1006:1994 Advanced technical ceramics.

Methods of testing monolithic ceramics Guidance on the sampling and selection of test pieces

Summary of pages

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN title page, pages 2 to 4, an inside back cover and a back cover

This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover

ICS 81.060.20

Descriptors: Ceramics, quality, liquid penetrant tests, determination, defects, visual examination

English version

Advanced technical ceramics — Monolithic ceramics —

General and textural properties — Part 1: Determination of the presence of defects by dye

penetration tests

Céramiques techniques avancées —

Céramiques monolithiques — Propriétés

générales et texturales —

Partie 1: Détermination de la présence de

défauts à l’aide d’essai de ressuage

Hochleistungskeramik — Monolithische Keramik — Allgemeine und strukturelle Eigenschaften

Teil 1: Prüfung auf Anwesenheit von Oberflächenfehlern durch

Farbstoffeindringtests

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1995-01-04 CEN members

are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which

stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a

national standard without any alteration

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national

standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any

CEN member

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,

German) A version in any other language made by translation under the

responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the

Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and

United Kingdom

CEN

European Committee for Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Europäisches Komitee für Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© 1995 Copyright reserved to CEN members

Ref No EN 623-1:1995 E

EN 623-1:1995

© BSI 07-1999

2

Foreword

This European Standard has been prepared by the

Technical Committee CEN/TC 184, Advanced

technical ceramics, the secretariat of which is held

by BSI

This European Standard shall be given the status of

a national standard, either by publication of an

identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by

July 1995, and conflicting national standards shall

be withdrawn at the latest by July 1995

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal

Regulations, the following countries are bound to

implement this European Standard: Austria,

Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,

Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

United Kingdom

EN 623 consists of four Parts

— Part 1: Determination of the presence of defects

by dye penetration tests;

— Part 2: Determination of density and porosity;

— Part 3: Determination of grain size (ENV);

— Part 4: Determination of surface roughness

(ENV).

Contents

Page

Annex A (informative)

1 Scope

This Part of EN 623 describes qualitative methods

for determination of the presence of defects in

advanced monolithic technical ceramics by dye

penetration tests The results are reported as visual

observations of dye penetration

Three methods are described

— Method A: A fuchsine dye test (see 5.1) which

is suitable for white or pale coloured ceramic

products, performed using an evacuation

technique

— Method B: A fluorescent dye test (see 5.2)

which is suitable particularly for those products

where the purple fuchsine has insufficient visual

contrast with the ceramic, performed using a

proprietary test kit

— Method C: A fuchsine dye test (see 5.3) which

is performed by simple immersion in or spraying

with a dye solution, suitable for routine testing

for major defects

NOTE 1 It is important to note that these methods allow only

certain types of defects to be detected Defects which are not

revealed by these methods, but which may influence properties

and performance include cracks or pores not connected to the

surface, inclusions, certain types of grinding damage, and

residual stresses.

NOTE 2 Interpretation of results may become more difficult

with increasing porosity of the test pieces.

NOTE 3 General principles of dye penetration tests may be

found in EN 571-1 A test suitable for high-voltage insulators

using high-pressure dye penetration is cited in IEC 672 This test

is more searching for open porosity than any of the above

methods.

2 Normative reference

This European Standard incorporates by dated or

undated reference, provisions from other

publications These normative references are cited

at the appropriate places in the text and the

publications are listed hereafter For dated

references, subsequent amendments to or revisions

of any of these publications apply to this European

Standard only when incorporated in it by

amendment or revision For undated references, the

latest edition of the publication referred to applies

ENV 1006, Advanced technical ceramics — Methods

of testing monolithic ceramics — Guidance on the

sampling and selection of test pieces

3 Apparatus

3.1 For method A, evacuating equipment, capable of

reducing the pressure to a value not greater

than 2 500 Pa, having a means of measuring the

pressure used

3.2 Drying oven, capable of maintaining a

temperature of 110 °C ± 5 °C

3.3 Open mesh container, fabricated from ceramic or

other non-metallic material, and of size appropriate

to the test pieces (see clause 4).

3.4 For method B, a source of ultraviolet light.

3.5 For method A, an airtight vessel.

3.6 Low power microscope 3.7 Appropriate dye solutions

4 Test pieces

Materials for testing should be sampled in accordance with the guidance given in ENV 1006

Test pieces should be whole items, or, where this is not possible, fragments of ceramic products in which broken surfaces are exposed

Where required, test pieces should be conditioned to remove absorbed organic material, such as grinding coolant This may be done by firing in an oxidizing atmosphere to 600 °C ± 50 °C, maintaining this temperature for 2 h If this treatment leads to annealing or oxidation of the surface of the test piece, use an alternative treatment, e.g 2 h at 400 °C ± 50 °C in a vacuum oven

5 Procedure

5.1 Method A: Fuchsine dye test using evacuation

Place the dry test pieces in the container (3.3) and

immerse the container in a solution of fuchsine dye

in industrial methylated spirits [(ethanol) concentration 16 g/l] contained in an airtight vessel

NOTE 1 The choice of solvent for the dye may be important in tests on non-oxide materials Normally, for oxides, industrial methylated spirits (ethanol) is adequate, but if problems of wetting arise it is necessary to experiment with different solvents Necessary precautions in handling solvents should be taken.

Seal the vessel and reduce the pressure using the

evacuating equipment (3.1), until the solution boils

Maintain this reduced pressure for 5 min

Allow the contents of the vessel to return to atmospheric pressure, and remove the test pieces from the solution Thoroughly wash the test pieces with a warm solution of soap or detergent to remove surface dye

NOTE 2 Mechanical brushing may be used.

Rinse the test pieces in water, and dry them in air

at 110 °C ± 5 °C

Examine the test pieces under good illumination, by eye or with a low power microscope, according to the size of the features expected

EN 623-1:1995

5.2 Method B: Fluorescent dye test

Place the dry test pieces in the container (3.3) and

immerse the container in a solution of fluorescent

penetration fluid, obtained from a dye penetration

kit

NOTE 1 This test is carried out at ambient temperature and

pressure.

After 15 min, remove the excess fluid in accordance

with the instruction for the dye kit Should the

instructions specify a developer, follow the

procedure given so that all surfaces of the test pieces

are evenly coated Examine the test pieces under

ultraviolet light

NOTE 2 Ultraviolet lamps should be operated in accordance

with the manufacturer’s safety instructions.

5.3 Method C: Fuchsine dye test using

immersion or spraying

For the immersion test, place the dry test pieces in

the container (3.3) and immerse the container in a

solution of fuchsine dye in industrial methylated

spirits (ethanol) (concentration 16 g/l) See 5.1,

note 1 Alternatively, a fuchsine dye testing kit may

be used Agitate the container for at least 30 s and

remove from the solution

For the spraying test, spray the test-pieces with

fuchsine dye solution prepared as above until all

surfaces are well covered Allow to stand for at

least 30 s

Thoroughly wash the test-pieces with warm

solution of soap or detergent to remove surface dye

NOTE 1 Mechanical brushing may be used.

Rinse the test pieces in water and dry them in air

at 110 °C ± 5 °C If appropriate, apply the dye

testing kit developer

Examine the test pieces under good illumination, by

eye or with a low power microscope according to the

size of the features expected

NOTE 2 This procedure is not as rigorous as method A, but is

generally adequate for inspection of significant cracking or

porosity.

6 Examination

The presence of dye colouration after any of the tests

is an indication of penetration via cracks or other

defects The report shall include details of

observations as follows:

a) clearly defined localized or linear penetration

showing the presence of discrete surface defects

or cracks;

NOTE 1 The presence of dye may be confirmed by breaking

the test pieces to observe a cross section.

NOTE 2 The determination of the presence of small

defects (< 50 µm) is uncertain and depends on the techniques

employed.

b) general surface absorption;

NOTE 3 Strong surface absorption of dye, especially

fuchsine dye (see 5.1) is indicative either of surface porosity

in unmachined ceramics only, or of surface damage and micro-cracking in machined and unmachined ceramics, or both.

c) no effect

NOTE 4 If no effect is observed when testing a material for the first time, a check on the ability of the solvent to wet the ceramic is recommended The solvent should be changed and the test repeated if there is any doubt.

7 Test report

The test report shall include the following information:

a) the name of the testing establishment;

b) the date of the test, unique identification of the report and each page, customer name and address, and signatory;

c) a reference to this European Standard, i.e “Determined in accordance with EN 623-1”;

d) the description of the test material (material type, manufacturing code, batch number, date of receipt);

e) the shape and surface condition of the test pieces, including whether or not they were broken

and the presence of any glaze (see clause 4);

f) any conditioning treatment (see clause 4);

g) the method used (A, B or C, see clause 5)

including any changes made to the choice of solvent;

h) for method A, the pressure to which the vacuum chamber was reduced, where

appropriate (see 5.1);

i) means used to examine the test pieces, including the degree of any magnification;

j) for each test piece, one of the three conditions

described in clause 6, including whether or not

the test piece was broken after testing;

k) comments about the test or test results

© BSI 07-1999

Annex A (informative)

References

EN 571-1, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles for the examination.

IEC 672, Ceramic and glass insulating products.

BS EN

623-1:1995

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