Tiêu chuẩn iso ts 24620 1 2015

© ISO 2015 Language resource management — Controlled natural language (CNL) — Part 1 Basic concepts and principles Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Langage naturel contrôlé (CNL) — Partie 1 Noti[.]

Lang uag e resourc e manag ement —

Part 1:

G e stion des re ssour es ling istiques — L n a e n ture l co trôlé

(CNL) —

Partie 1: Notions de b se et principe s

Refer ence n mb r Fir t edition

2 1 -0 -1

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F reword i v

Introduction v

1 Sc ope 1

2 Terms an definitio s 1

3 General view of c ontroled natural lang uag e 4

3.1 Ove view 4

3.2 Pr ope ties of contr oled natural lang uag es 4

3.3 Contr oled natural lang uag es comp r ed with natur al lang uag es 5

3.4 Contr oled natural lang uag es comp r ed with spe ial-purpose lang uag es 5

3.5 Crite ia of adeq acy 5

4 Benefits and usag es of c ontrol ed natural lang uag e 6

4.1 A pplcationsof contr oled natural lang uag e 6

4.2 Use s ofcontroled natur al lang uag e 6

4.3 Benefit of contr oled natural lang uag e 6

5 Levels of restr icting c ontroled natural lang uag es 7

5.1 Ove view 7

5.2 Ling uistic levels 7

5.3 Ex tr a-l ng uis ic levels 7

5.4 Clas ification of contr oled natur al lang uag es 7

6 General pr inciples of c ontr oled natural lang uag e 7

6.1 T wo viewpoint of principles for contr oled natural lang uag e 7

6.2 Difer ent orientations for the principlesof controled natur al lang uag e 7

7 Co cluding remar ks 8

Biblog raphy 9

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ele trot ech ical s an ardization

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as es ment, as wel asinformation a out ISO’s ad e enc t o the WTO principles in the Te hnical Bar ie s

t o Trade (TBT) se the folowing URL: F or word - Sup lementary information

The committ ee r sponsible for this document isISO/TC 3 , Te min lo y a d othe la g a e a d c ontent

r s ourc es , Subcommitt ee SC 4, L n u ge r s ourc e ma a ement

ISO 246 0 consis s of the folowing p rt , u de the g ene al title L n u ge r s ourc e ma a ement —

Co troled n tural la g a e (CNL):

— Part 1: B as ic c onc epts a d princ iples

The long hist ory of the s u y of controled natural languag e (CNL) has pro ed it efe tivenes

espe ialy in t ech ical documentation, t echnical commu ication, an busines commu ication In time,

CNL has come t o be a pled in dife ent wa s in such fields as information manag ement, lbrarianship,

t erminolo y manag ement, an leg l document It comme cial imp ct wases a l shed in the 1 9 s d e

t o it efe tivenes in information an commu ication t ech olo y a plcationsl ke machine translation

an mo ie commu ication Mor o e , ‘t ext simpl f ication’ , a major task of CNL, promot es efficient

commu ication with r g rd t o al kin s of languag e use on the web An ex mple of thisis thesimplfied

Englsh W ikipedia

This p rt of ISO 246 0 aims b th t o define major conc pt r lat ed t o CNL an t o outlne the sco e of CNL

an it v rious a plcations in r lation t o languag e r sour e manag ement These inclu e the folowing:

a) thepr -editing of t ext for CNL in pr p ration for machine translation;

b) thedevelo ment of new or the r -use of exis ing controled voca ularies for CNL;

c) thes ructuring an harmonization of cont ent for cont ent manag emen

d) t ech ical writing inclu ing the formulation of s an ards;

e) faci itating communication with an for pe sons with disa i ities (PWD ), for ins anc , in ambient

as ist ed l ving (AAL) or augmentative an alt ernative commu ication (AAC)

In this conne tion, spe ial att ention is given t o aspe t of int ero e a i ity:from t echnical int ero e a i ty

through semantic int ero e a i ity t o cont ent int ero e a i ity As a Te h ical Spe if ication (TS), this

p rt of ISO 246 0 identif ies the folowing:

— theenvironment of CNL used for the purp ses an a plcations of al kin s (e.g comput er-as ist ed

t ech ical writing);

— ther lationshipst o languag e r sour e manag ement an r lat ed sy st ems;

— thep t ential for new a plcations (e.g in the proc s es, w hethe man al or aut omatic, of k ow ledg e

acq isition an k ow ledg e fusion based on an lnked t o the web)

This p rt of ISO 246 0 is the f irs in a planned se ies of Int ernational Stan ards on CNL Subseq ent

p rt wi l focus on is ues spe ific t o particular viewp int an / r a plcations such as p rticular CNLs,

CNL int erfac s, the implementation of CNLs, an ev luation t ech iq es for CNL

Lang uag e resourc e manag ement — Control ed natural

Part 1:

As p rt of a drive t o pro ide int ernational s an ards for languag e r sour e manag ement, this part of

ISO 246 0on controled natural languag e (CNL)set out he principles of CNL an it uti ization t og ethe

with the r lev nt up orting t ech olo y Howeve , this p rt of ISO 246 0 also aims t o introd c a g ene al

view of CNL with it o je tives an charact eris ics an pro ide a scheme for clas ifying a rang e of CNLs

This p rt of ISO 246 0 ad itional y spe if ies c rtain normal zing principles of CNLs that control the use

of natural languag es in p rticular domains an ar also orient ed t owards ar as of practical a plcation

These ar as inclu e publc adminis rative commu ications, sear h o timization, an the manag ement

of a ut omatic q es ion-answe ing sy st ems, but the cur ent ve sion of this part of ISO 246 0 does not

ad r s any is ueinvolving thesea plcations dir ctly

2 Terms and definitions

F or the purposes of this document, the folowing t ermsand definitions a ply

2.1

artificial languag e

la g a e (2.1 ) that has be n spe ifical y devised for some a plcations

Note 1to entry: The grammar of an artif iciallangua e is formulat ed systematicaly for some specif ic p rposes of

its used in practical ap lications especial y in the are of h man or h man-machine commu ications

2.2

authoring

writing a document uch as a r p rt, man al, article, or b ok

2.3

comprehensio

un e s an ing the c ontent (2.4) of a document

2.4

co tent

informatio content

information contained in or conveyed b a la g a e (2.1 ), w hich can be in a writt en, sp ken, or some

othe forms such as imag es

2.5

co tent manag ement

<languag e r sour e manag ement> control ing the c ontent (2.4) of a tex t (2.2 ) or the media in g ene al

w hi e analy sing or r vising it

Note 1 to entry: T is inclu es ver ion control of revised documents, contents in ver ions of similar documents,

an the mana ement of relations b tween items in a document

co troled natural languag e

co troled languag e

CNL

subset of n tural la g a es (2.1 ) w hose grammars an dictionaries ha e be n r s rict ed in orde t o

r d c or elminat e b th ambiguity an complexity

Not e 1 t o entry: As a g eneric, CNL is an u cou ta le nou that refer to the a stract properties of al control ed

natural langua es an not o a particular natural langua e or ap lication for a specif ic p rpose It is engine red

(i.e constructed) with a view t o red cing or eliminating ambiguity an comple ity an aims b th t o make it

e sier for h man re der [particularly non-native user , non-e perts, an pe ple with limited c omp e e s ion

(2.3) to re d a tex t (2.2 )an to improve the comp tational proces ing of a te t

Not e 2 to entry: CNL is an engine red (i.e constructed) langua e that is b sed on a particular natural langua e,

but is more restrictive as re ards le icon, sy ta , or semantic , while at the same time preserving most of its

natural properties Here, CNL is a cou ta le nou

2 7

co troled v cabulary

CV

l s of lexical or phrasal it ems that ar sele t ed for the purpose of impro ing r ada i t y (2.1 ) in a

p rticular domain

Not e 1t o entry: Controled voca ulary is also used in a more specif ic sense in ap lications such as

a) the f ield of information an documentation, where it is def ined as a ‘ist of words or p rases authorized for

in e ing’ [SO RC : ISO 5 27:2 0 (en), 4.2.2.1.0 ], an

b) in the f ield of he lth informatic ,where it is def ined as a ‘ f inite set of values that represent he only alowed

values for a data item’ [SO RCE: CDISC Clinical R ese r h Glos ary ver ion 8.0, 2 0 ] In the f ield of he lth

informatic , these values may b codes, te t, or n meric [ SOURCE: ISO 1 6 16:2 1 (en), 3.1.7]

Not e 2 to entry: Most control ed voca ularies targ t a specif ic, nar ow domain Unlike CNL,they do not de l with

grammatical is ues (i.e how t o combine the terms ne ded to write complete sent ences), but a g od n mb r of CNL

ap ro ches, especialy domain-specif ic ones, inclu e control ed voca ularies

2.8

coo erative work

activity or r sult of working t og ethe t o achieve the same g oal

Not e 1 t o entry: Work car ied out by more than one per on in a cola orative way (e.g t ech ical writer an

edit or p t ing t og ther a man al)

2 9

formal languag e

la g a e (2.1 ) that has be n devised for lo ical infe enc sor pro ramming a plcations with a finit e l s

of symb ls an a f init e set of formation rules b sed on these symb ls that def ine wel-formed sent enc s

an also with a sy st em that int erpr t these sent enc s

2.1

intero erabi ity

<languag e r sour emanag ement> achievement of p rtial or t otal comp tibi ty betwe n het erog eneous

data models b the ma ping of metadata

2.1

languag e

sy st em of signs p ir d with meanings, th s, being used as a means of conveying information

natural languag e

NL

la g a e (2.1 ) with it origin u k own, but contin ously develo ing sometimes in idiosync atic way s

as is used conventionaly for h man commu ications

2.13

l nguistic structure

comp sition of a la g a e (2.1 )at thelevel of sou d, word, phrase, sent enc , meaning, an discourse

Note 1t o entry: T e s ience of langua e is u der t ood to consist of p onolo y (sou d), morp olo y (word u its),

sy ta (sentential structure),semantic (me ning, information), an pra matic (dis our e, cont ext)

2.1

pre-editing

modif ication of a tex t (2.2 ) befor it is submitt ed t o a spe ific proc s ing (e.g machine translation)

2.1

re dabi ity

ease of proc s ing a tex t (2.2 )for it c ompr hens io (2.3)

2.1

re-use

use a document or data for purp ses in ad ition t o those for w hich it was originaly designed

Note 1 to entry: Ability to use e isting documents for new documents T is inclu es making a prod ct man al for

a new ver ion of the prod ct an one for a similar ver ion

2.1 7

rewriting

prod cing a new ve sion of a tex t (2.2 ) b changing it lexical, sent ential, or t extual s ructur s w hi e

keeping it original c ontent (2.4)

2.1

simplficatio

proc s of r d cing complexity

Note 1t o entry: A proced re such as s implfied la g a e2.19) that makes c onte t (2.4)simpler

2.1 9

simplfied languag e

la g a e (2.1 ) g ene at ed through a s implfic atio (2.1 ) proc s

2.20

special languag e

special p rp se languag e

SPL

la g a e (2.1 ) used in a subje t-spe ific f ield an also charact eriz d b the use of spe if ic lnguis ic

means of ex r s ion

Note 1 to entry: T e stricter the conventions of an SP are sy st ematized an made o lig t ory, the more they

converg with CNL

2.21

text

data in the form of charact ers, symb ls, words, phrases, p ra ra hs, sent enc s, ta les, or othe

charact er ar ang ement int en ed t o convey a meaning an w hose int erpr tation is es entialy b sed on

the k ow ledg e of some n tural la g a e (2.1 ) or artific ial la g a e (2.1)

[ SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2 8 -1:1 9 ]

tractabi ity

computational tractabi ity

ca a i ity of being controled, analy sed, or g ene at ed

3 General view ofcontr ol ed natural lang uag e

3.1 Overview

Controled natural languag e (CNL) is a ty e of h man languag e that is r s rict ed for c rtain practical

purp ses such as machine translation and writing man als The main o je tive is t o r solve lexical an

s ructural ambiguity, an this is oft en achieved b r d cing s ructural complexities, the eb , impro ing

r ada i ty Howeve , the a plcation of this r s riction does not, in it elf, mean that a controled natural

languag e (CNL) isa simplfied languag e ( SL)

CNLs can be furthe def ined b

a) analy sing othe dife ent kin sof controled natural languag e,

b) comp ring controled natural languag es with natural languag es (NLs),

c) comp ring controled natural languag es with spe ial-purp se languag es ( SPLs), an

d) comp ring controled natural languag es with artif icial languag es

3.2 Properties of c ontr ol ed natural lang uag es

Ove the years, CNL has be n k own as ‘ proc s a le’ , ‘simpl f ied’ , ‘t ech ical’ , ‘s ructur d’ , or ‘b sic’

languag e, but ‘controled natural languag e’ is now the ac ept ed t erm A wide v riety of such languag es

ha e be n designed o e the las four de ades They inclu e Basic Englsh,

[1 ]

C t erpi lar Fu damental

Englsh (C E),

[1 ]

C t erpi lar Te h ical Englsh (CTE), SBVR Structur d E glsh,

[1 ]

an A tt empt o

Controled Englsh (ACE),

[7]

They ar used t o improve translation an othe commu ication betwe n

h mans an pro ide natural an intuitive r pr sentationsof formal notations

NOTE SBVR stan s for S mantic of Busines Voca ulary an R ules

Although many pro e ties of CNLs and their environment ha e alr ady be n identif ied ( e R efe enc

[1 ]), CNL it elf has the four pro e ties lst ed below Pro e ties 1 an 2 below r fe t o the naturalnes

of CNL On the othe han , pro e ties3 an 4 r fe t o the CNL control fact or The four pro e ties of CNL

ar as folow s:

a) it is b sed on one spe ific natural languag e ( it ‘b se languag e’);

b) themos important dife enc , but not ne es ari y the only dife enc , betwe n the CNL an it b se

languag e isthat the forme is mor r s rictive with r g rd t o lexicon, synta , an semantics;

c) it is an engine r d ( i.e cons ruct ed) languag e This means that it is ex lcitly an consciously

defined an is not the prod ct of an implcit an natural proc s even though it is b sed in turn on

a natural languag e that is the prod ct of an implcit and natural proc s ;

d) it pr se ves mos of the natural pro e ties of it b se languag e an ac ordingly, speake s of the

base languag e can intuitively an cor e tly un e s an t ext in the controled natural languag e, at

leas t o a subs antial degr e

These four pro e ties desc ibe a plcation domains rathe than the languag es themselves The P NS

clas if ication scheme

[9]

ad s four dimensions: pr cision, ex r s ivenes , naturalnes an simplcity