Astm stp 1209 1994

STP 1209 Quality and Statistics: Total Quality Management Milton J... Quality and statistics: total quality management/Milton J.. The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments t

STP 1209

Quality and Statistics:

Total Quality Management

Milton J Kowalewski, Jr., Editor

ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN):

04-012090-34

ASTM

1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Printed in the U.S.A

Quality and statistics: total quality management/Milton J

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Foreword

sented at the symposium of the same name held in Atlanta, G A on 4 - 5 May, 1993 Tile

symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E-11 on Quality and Statistics Milton J

Kowalewski, Jr., of E G & G Rocky Flats, Inc in Golden, CO presided as symposium

chairman and is also the editor of the resulting publication

Contents

Standardization of Policies and Procedures at Commercial Testing and

A Sampling Plan for Commercial Product Testing and Verification A c t i v i t i e s - -

All You Ever Wanted to Know A b o u t Control Charts: But Never A s k e d - -

Overview of Technical and Social Systems in Organizational C h a n g e - -

Realization of the Projected Impact of a Chemistry Workflow Management System

Implementation of a Quality Assurance System in Clothing E s t a b l i s h m e n t s - -

Application of Statistical Quality Assurance Techniques to Continuous Process

Statistical Evaluation of Additive Effectiveness in Asphalt Paving M i x t u r e s - -

Overview

It was a warm and balmy time in Atlanta where 16 total quality individuals presented

their dreams, messages, and stories to ASTM members and friends Dorothy Savini and

Scott Orthey provided a warm Atlanta welcome and southern style food in addition to their

incomparable planning and coordination success Nancy Trahey, the ASTM Chairman of

the Board opened the E11 Symposium by awarding the ASTM Award of Merit and Fellow

recognition to Dr Ricardo Stone for his contributions and persistence She was followed

by E l l Chairman, Duncan McCune, who presented the Harold F Dodge Award to Dr

Edward G Schilling for reflecting the spirit and integrity of his late graduate advisor, Dr

Dodge

These exciting award presentations set the stage for the 2 day marathon of presentations

on Total Quality Management in standardization Kumar-Misir opened the 16 paper series

by describing his global-ready business model His presentation was both informative and

appropriate Zott followed by telling the International Standards Organization (ISO) reg-

istration story as it relates to Underwriter's Laboratories (UL) in the United States and

other accreditation bodies worldwide Vardys set the foundation for the following 13 speakers

by emphasizing the necessity to plan, control, and prepare documentation systems

Locke, President of the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA),

opened the technical section of the morning by sharing his case-study of statistical mea-

surement control for the evaluation of laboratory test results of automobile parts Octo-

genarian, Daly, showed us the importance of formal design review, failure mode effects

analysis (FMEA), and fault tree analysis (FTA) procedures He was followed by Tulay who

explained the Energy Program Research Institute (EPRI) guide for sampling procured items

for the nuclear industry

Since Mandel was visiting his homeland overseas, McCune aptly read and interpreted Dr

Mandel's paper on the ASTM Guide for Interlaboratory Studies (E 691) and its computer

software capabilities An additional step for enhancing the application of the standard was

proposed for use Lindow closed day one with examples of construction projects where

Total Quality Control (TQC) was not used and should have been used

Day 2 was opened by McCune and Levine presenting the do's and don'ts of control charts

They were followed by Moyer who shared the frustrations and need for quality standards

in the manufacture of magnetic products that were identified as functional throughout our

homes and automobiles His interlaboratory study revealed startling results He was followed

by Schilling's transitional paper and easy to apply ABC plan for initiating, establishing, and

maintaining both capability and control of processes

Farrar and yours truly, the symposium chairman, lightened up the morning in preparation

for lunch with a philosophical and practical combination of organizational frames and TQM

in a road design agency Bernstein helped us digest lunch by his after meal tour through

the "belly" of the chemistry lab at Bridgeport Hospital in Massachusetts Winding down

the last quarter of the marathon of papers on day 2 was Yeung speaking on the results of

surveys and quality assurance systems designed for small clothing establishments in Hong

Kong where the expectation of the return to Chinese rule in 1997 has retarded the devel-

opment of quality systems

Lau spoke about the advantages of continuous process flow analyzers in the Canadian oil

industry, and Ping paved the way for us to understand a research project conducted on

My personal thanks are due the ASTM staff, the speakers, each of the authors, the superb

service of the Hyatt Regency Hotel, the ASTM manager of Acquisitions and Review, Kathy

Dernoga, for this special collection of leading edge information in the sciences of quality,

statistics, and Total Quality Management

Leslie M K u m a r - M i s i r (I)

I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O M P E T I T I V E N E S S A N D B U S I N E S S E X C E L L E N C E

R E F E R E N C E : Kumar-Misir, Leslie M " I n t e r n a t i o n a l

C o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and B u s i n e s s Excellence", Q u a l i t y and

Statistics: Total Q u a l i t y Manaqement, ASTM STP 1209, M i l t o n

J Kowalewski, Jr., Ed., A m e r i c a n society for T e s t i n g and

Materials, 1994

A B S T R A C T : The road to international c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and

business e x c e l l e n c e is paved w i t h good intentions

Nevertheless, its elusive nature and m y s t e r y can be peeled

away, firstly, by a fuller u n d e r s t a n d i n g of c e r t a i n

u n r e l e n t i n g e c o n o m i c forces that govern g r o w t h and

d e v e l o p m e n t and the realities of w a t e r s h e d technology, and,

secondly, by h a r n e s s i n g the power of the p i l l a r s of

i n t e r n a t i o n a l competitiveness, viz., g l o b a l i z a t i o n of the

enterprise, g l o b a l i z a t i o n of m a r k e t s and marketing, the

p u r s u i t of superior p r o c e s s i n g and the p r a c t i c e of business

excellence

K E Y W O R D S : U n b a l a n c e d growth, w a t e r s h e d technology, global

company, global marketing, external minima, p r o c e s s i n g

advantage, CQI, Triple-CIM, c o n c u r r e n t engineering

S E A R C H I N G F O R T H E W A Y

In our rapidly changing global output and trade environment, the international c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and business

e x c e l l e n c e of world industry is the key to the continued

growth and p r o s p e r i t y of the group of More D e v e l o p e d

(i) I n d u s t r y Analyst, Textiles, Apparel and Leather

Directorate, C o n s u m e r Products Branch, I n d u s t r y Canada,

Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0H5, Canada

C o u n t r i e s (MDCs), and at the same time , the g a t e w a y to

e c o n o m i c growth, e c o n o m i c development, e c o n o m i c p r o g r e s s and

v e r i t a b l e d e l u g e of i n f o r m a t i o n has been generated,

a p p e a r i n g in text books, a r t i c l e s in l e a r n e d journals, etc

But m u c h r e m a i n s to be c l a r i f i e d and m a d e simple

H e r e are some e x a m p l e s of this g r e a t i n t e r e s t and its

v a r i o u s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s In Canada,

"To take a d v a n t a g e of the immense o p p o r t u n i t i e s

o p e n i n g up in the new global market-place,

Canadians must improve their a b i l i t y to compete

The "Action Plan for C a n a d a ' s Prosperity" makes

c l e a r that the keys to a c h i e v i n g this are

i n n o v a t i o n and q u a l i t y m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s

c o m b i n e d with technological m a s t e r y and g r o w i n g

Plan for C a n a d a ' s Prosperity, 9-60)

"Observers p o i n t to four s t r a t e g i e s to improve the

p r o s p e c t s for l o n g - t e r m c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and market

p o w e r of the Mexican textile industry: cost

reduction, foreign investment, s t r a t e g i c /

technological improvements, and e x p a n d e d demand",

( C o m p e t i t i v e n e s s of the M e x i c a n T e x t i l e Chain,

4 0 )

KUMAR-MISIR ON BUSINESS EXCELLENCE 3

TABLE 1 NOT REALLY A GLOBAL INDUSTRY, TEXTILE MARKET SHARES BY

SECTORS, CANADA, 1988 TO 1990

Floor Tile, Linoleum and Coated Fabrics

Manmade Fibres and Yarn

Miscellaneous Textiles and Tire Cord

Natural Fibre Processing and Felt Products

Wool Yarn and Woven Fabrics

Other Spun Yarn & Woven Fabrics

Narrow Fabrics

Carpet, Mats and Rugs

Textile Hygiene Products

Broadknitted Fabrics

Textile Home furnishings

Canvas and Related Products

Contract Dyeing and Finishing

External Domestic Markets Markets

.0/0-

45.8 28.1 15.5 34.5 12.8 11.5 5.3 8.3 3.1 1.6 17.9 2.0

0

67.3 54.2 32.7 42.1 71.9 57.9 23.0 84.5 77.0 21.8 65.5 78.2 19.3 87.2 80.7 15.0 88.5 85.0 10.6 94.7 89.4 10.1 91.7 89.9 4.5 96.9 95.5 4.4 98.4 95.6 3.2 82.1 96.8 1.7 98.0 98.3

0 100.0 100.0

SOURCE: Textiles and Leather Directorate, Consumer Products Branch, ISTC

P R E C O N D I T I O N S F O R I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O M P E T I T I V E N E S S

P r e c o n d i t i o n s for a c h i e v i n g g o a l s , b u s i n e s s a n d

o t h e r w i s e , a b o u n d T w o p r e c o n d i t i o n s a r e e s p e c i a l l y

r e l e v a n t to t h e d r i v e to i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and

b u s i n e s s e x c e l l e n c e of n a t i o n s T h e y are: (a) u n b a l a n c e d

g r o w t h a n d (b) t e c h n o l o g i c a l w a t e r s h e d s

KUMAR-MISIR ON BUSINESS EXCELLENCE

b y c o u n t e r v a i l i n g c h a n g e s but, i n s t e a d , b y s u p p o r t i n g

c h a n g e s w h i c h n o t o n l y m o v e t h e s y s t e m in t h e s a m e d i r e c t i o n

as t h e f i r s t c h a n g e b u t m u c h f u r t h e r , ( F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2)

KUMAR-MISIR ON BUSINESS EXCELLENCE 7

F I G U R E 2

R E G I O N A L CEN'TRES O F E C O N O M I C E X P A N S I O N I N ~ D R I F r "IOWARD~

R E G I O N A L E C O N O M I C I N E Q U A L I T I E S

SOURCE: Based on Gunnar Myrdal, Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions

(London: Gerlad Duckwotth and Co Ltd., 1957)

p a s t and imminent, are r e c o g n i z e d and i n c o r p o r a t e d fully

into the b u s i n e s s culture, i.e., w h e n the retool p h e n o m e n o n

p a t h is followed A l t e r n a t i v e l y , w h e n t e c h n o l o g y

r e v o l u t i o n s are i g n o r e d or served less than fully, the

p h e n o m e n o n of the "pools of u n e m p l o y e d " will prevail

Indeed, i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s and b u s i n e s s

e x c e l l e n c e may forever remain just beyond one's grasp

KUMAR-MISIR ON BUSINESS EXCELLENCE 9

e n t e r p r i s e (MNE) nor a s u b s i d i a r y as c u r r e n t l y (and

newly e v o l v e d b u s i n e s s e n t e r p r i s e (NEB) that:

I) p r o d u c e s and/or d i s t r i b u t e s an e c o n o m i c g o o d or

s e r v i c e which is in d e m a n d worldwide,

K U M A R - M I S I R ON B U S I N E S S E X C E L L E N C E 11

parts and a c c e s s o r i e s m a n u f a c t u r e d elsewhere,

p r a c t i c e of C o n t i n u o u s Q u a l i t y I m p r o v e m e n t (CQI)

of m a n a g e m e n t and operatives, and

A newly evolved business enterprise Not the more common MNE or subsidiary Makes / markets product In

demand worldwide Serves one or more parts of the single global market Markets externally or Is export-market reedy Exports substant a part of Its annual output Develops external sources of

I parts & accessories Incorporates these In Its end product Committed to !principles / 13racttce

of Continuous Quality Improvement CQI-Management & Operatives Uses Computer Integrated Management (CIM) everywhere

I Effective use of cross-cultural human resources

Expert In offshore business culture SOURCE: Author

Global M a r k e t i n g

T u r n i n g to Global Marketing,

I)

2)

its m a i n elements are:

product availability, a c c e s s i b i l i t y and

a f f o r d a b i l i t y over time and at any time,

u n m a t c h e d quality of service to customers worldwide,

FIGURE 6 Main Elements of Global Marketing

In the Drive to International Competitiveness

Product Appeal

Reciprocal Marketing Arrangements Well honed Marketing Practices

Customer Service

Full range & depth offered with complimentary products made elsewhere

Present, convince, sell Ongoing attention to 4 P'8 (RIGH T:product/place/promotlon,prlce) Scientific global marketing systems (18 there market, who/ where are buyers, design

of marketing regions; distribution channels) Computer Integrated Marketing

Unmatched quail ty of customer service Creative vs reactive customer service Expert in cultural characteristics

of trading nations EDI

Maximized Full-time senior company official

to head External Mktlng Dept

p r o d u c t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n by way of m a n i p u l a t i n g the full range of p r o d u c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ( content, customized, c r e a t i v e , c u s t o m e r comfort and

c o n v e n i e n c e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ), and r i g h t - t h e - f i r s t - time and e v e r y - t i m e q u a l i t y manufacturing,

r e c i p r o c a l parts and a c c e s s o r i e s s o u r c i n g arrangements,

m a x i m i z a t i o n of computer linkages, and

C o n t i n u o u s Q u a l i t y I m p r o v e m e n t of operatives,

FIGURE 7 - - M a i n E l e m e n t s o f S u p e r i o r P r o c e s s i n g

in the Drive to I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m p e t i t i v e n e s s Product ]

Mandate Continuous ]

Modernization Differentiated Products ]

Reciprocal Sourcing Arrangements

Linkages ]

COl-Operatives ]

Precise WRT product made there Clear mandate to make product State of company technology Continuous updating to reach SAT Rise of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) PUSh content, customized & creative specs, Emphasize customer comfort & convenience Less than full In-house manufacture

of ell parts/accessories Reliable outside sources of supply coupled with quick response EDI

Backward & forward linkages Maximized

Continuou8 Multi-skills approach Emphesia on "How To"

SOURCE: Author

B u s i n e s s E x c e l l e n c e

Finally, turning to Business Excellence, its main

elements are four:

i) people excellence r e i n f o r c e d by a p e r v a s i v e Continuous

Q u a l i t y Improvement p r o g r a m m e d e s i g n e d to keep

2)

3)

4)

m a n a g e m e n t and operatives efficient, effective, second-

t o - n o n e technologically, m u l t i - s k i l l e d and flexible,

c o n c u r r e n t engineering, i.e., R e s e a r c h and D e v e l o p m e n t

linked (R&D) to rapid commercialization,

financial e x c e l l e n c e from n e v e r - e n d i n g a t t e n t i o n to the

c o m m o n l y used financial ratios (liquidity, leverage,

a c t i v i t y and profitability) (i), and

triple-CIM-ready, e.g., some e n t e r p r i s e s may not have

an immediate need for Computer I n t e g r a t e d

FIGURE 8 Main Element8 of Business Excellence

in the Drive to International Competitivenes8

People Excellence]

Concurrent Engineering

Financial Excellence

CQI- Management COl- Operatives Up-to-date tech competence,

multl-sklll8, flexibility of human resources On-going R & D, In-house & co-op

Union of R & D and rapid commercialization Review of financial goaFs a performance Have they been met?

Methods of "how to"

Trlple-CIM

Computer Integrated Management

I Corn[outer Integrated Manufacturing Computer Integrated Marketing

80URCE: Author

iLiquidity: current ratio, acid test: Leverage: debt to

total a s s e t s , t i m e s interest earned, fixed charges coverage;

Activity: average c o l l e c t i o n period, inventory turnover, fixed

on total assets (ROI), return on equity

KUMAR-MISIR ON BUSINESS EXCELLENCE 15

R E F E R E N C E S

A c t i o n P l a n for C a n a d a ' s Prosperity Industry, Science

and T e c h n o l o g y Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 1992

(5) M u l t i f i b r e A g r e e m e n t s Directorate T e x t i l e I n d u s t r y

Data Book, I n d u s t r y , S c i e n c e and T e c h n o l o g y Canada,

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 1992

Regions, London: G e r l a d D u c k w o r t h and Co Ltd., 1957

S c o t t i s h J o u r n a l of P o l i t i c a l Economy, Vol XVII

N e w York: Penguin, 1970

Praeger, 1969

KUMAR-MISIR ON BUSINESS EXCELLENCE 17

(14) Richardson, Harry W, "A Critique of Regional Growth

Development Conference, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,

March 2-4, 1972, (mimeographed)

S T A N D A R D I Z A T I O N O F P O L I C I E S A N D P R O C E D U R E S A T C O M M E R C I A L

T E S T I N G & E N G I N E E R I N G CO

and P r o c e d u r e s at C o m m e r c i a l T e s t i n g and E n g i n e e r i n g Co.,"

STP 1209, M i l t o n J Kowalewski, Jr., Ed., A m e r i c a n Society

fer T e s t i n g and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 1994

A B S T R A C T : P r e s s u r e f r o m w o r l d - w i d e c o m p e t i t o r s , s t r i c t e r

g o v e r n m e n t regulations, c o n f o r m a n c e to q u a l i t y s y s t e m

s t a n d a r d s such as ISO 9000, and other m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s

are r e q u i r i n g c o m p a n i e s to look for b e t t e r w a y s to a d d r e s s

d o c u m e n t a t i o n a n d T Q M are i n t e r w o v e n concepts, the

VARDYS ON POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 19

C O M M E R C I A L T E S T I N G & E N G I N E E R I N G CO (CT&E)

C o m m e r c i a l T e s t i n g & E n g i n e e r i n g Co (CT&E) is a m e m b e r of

t h e r e is no s p e c i f i c w a y to d e p l o y TQM, d o c u m e n t a t i o n is

a r e a s to c o n s i d e r w h e n d e v e l o p i n g d o c u m e n t a t i o n s u c h as the o r g a n i z a t i o n of documents, d o c u m e n t control, and

T h e f o l l o w i n g o u t l i n e s the T Q M concepts that m a n a g e m e n t

m u s t drive so that q u a l i t y concepts a n d the q u a l i t y s y s t e m are effective:

o u t l i n e d above a n d is a l s o the m e d i u m that m a n a g e m e n t must

u s e to d e p l o y these c o n c e p t s in the o r g a n i z a t i o n (see

F i g u r e No 1.0: R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n D o c u m e n t a t i o n and

p r o v i d e s the format for c o m m u n i c a t i n g the goals or

VARDYS ON POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 21

VARDYS ON POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 23

T h o u g h t h e r e are m a n y b e n e f i t s to d o c u m e n t a t i o n , the

b o t t o m line is that a q u a l i t y s y s t e m does not exist

w i t h o u t it D o c u m e n t a t i o n can be c o m p a r e d to the

c o r n e r s t o n e of an e s t a b l i s h m e n t T h e c o r n e r s t o n e of an

e s t a b l i s h m e n t i d e n t i f i e s w h e n the b u i l d i n g was built, b y

whom, a n d the b u i l d i n g name D o c u m e n t a t i o n p r o v i d e s the

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of a q u a l i t y s y s t e m d e s c r i b i n g w h e r e the

s y s t e m c a m e from, who is r e s p o n s i b l e for its m a i n t e n a n c e ,

a n d d e s c r i b e s e x a c t l y what the s y s t e m is

D o c u m e n t a t i o n H i n d r a n c e s

T h e r e are no d i s a d v a n t a g e s in the d o c u m e n t a t i o n itself,

but the p r o c e s s u s e d to d e v e l o p d o c u m e n t a t i o n can be

process, d o c u m e n t i n g the q u a l i t y s y s t e m will f o r e v e r save

time for e x i s t i n g and future p r o c e s s e s f o r e v e r after

VARDYS ON POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 25

Q U A L I T Y P O L I C Y

P O L I C I E S A N D O B J E C T I V E S ( Q U A L I T Y ~ A L )

VARDYS ON POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 27

m a s t e r list of all d o c u m e n t s a n d t h e i r status, e n s u r i n g

all d o c u m e n t s u n d e r w e n t the e s t a b l i s h e d r e v i e w process,

a n d c o n t r o l l i n g all documents This p e r s o n w o u l d be the

first The s u p p o r t i n g d o c u m e n t a t i o n was d e v e l o p e d b a s e d

u p o n the c o n t e n t of the p o l i c i e s and o b j e c t i v e s

T h e s e p o l i c i e s and o b j e c t i v e s are b a s e d u p o n the T Q M

s y s t e m c o n c e p t s p r e v i o u s l y outlined CT&E u s e d the ISO

how, when, where, a n d by w h o m the p o l i c i e s are to be

However, w i t h o u t the initial i n v o l v e m e n t of all employees,

the d o c u m e n t a t i o n will not a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e the

o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s q u a l i t y s y s t e m and will b r i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e

e x p e n s e in t r a i n i n g and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n to the

o r g a n i z a t i o n

In o r d e r to have e f f e c t i v e l y d o c u m e n t e d the q u a l i t y

system, the d o c u m e n t a t i o n must a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t what the

q u a l i t y s y s t e m does The c o m m o n p h r a s e r e g a r d i n g this is

"Document what you do, and do w h a t you d o c u m e n t " The

e m p l o y e e s k n o w the o p e r a t i o n f i r s t - h a n d and are able to

p r o v i d e the insight r e q u i r e d to a c c u r a t e l y d o c u m e n t the

p r o c e s s e s of the o r g a n i z a t i o n

VARDYS ON POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 29

q u a l i t y system The e m p l o y e e s will i n c r e a s e their

u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the q u a l i t y system The e m p l o y e e s will

be m o r e apt to m a i n t a i n the s y s t e m and be able to r e v i s e

the s y s t e m to b e t t e r s a t i s f y a n d e x c e e d client needs and

D o c u m e n t a t i o n can be an i m m e n s e e f f o r t on the part of

o r g a n i z a t i o n s to d e v e l o p and implement However, C T & E has

f o u n d that by e s t a b l i s h i n g a h i e r a r c h i a l d o c u m e n t a t i o n

structure, e s t a b l i s h i n g a s t a n d a r d i z e d m e t h o d for review,

approval, and c o n t r o l of documents, and a d o c u m e n t

c o o r d i n a t o r that the p r o c e s s is m u c h m o r e efficient

U l t i m a t e l y , the s u c c e s s and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of y o u r

d o c u m e n t a t i o n w i l l d e p e n d u p o n the i n v o l v e m e n t of all

e m p l o y e e s in its d e v e l o p m e n t Initial i n v o l v e m e n t of all

e m p l o y e e s saves costs in t r a i n i n g and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of

T o o l s and M e t h o d s for the I m p r o v e m e n t of Quality,

R i c h a r d D Irwin, Inc., Homewood, IL, 1989

LOCKE ON MEASUREMENT CONTROL 31

R e s e a r c h and D e v e l o p m e n t - - F i n a l l y , there is t e s t i n g done of a

r e s e a r c h nature, where ideas are e x a m i n e d a n d n e w c o n c e p t s are

developed

For q u a l i t y control purposes, the t e s t i n g process is v e r y d i s c r e t e

and is o f t e n s t r e a m l i n e d so that the data can be d e v e l o p e d v e r y quickly

In some cases, p r o d u c t i o n is h e l d up until the data are r e c e i v e d and

analyzed, so time and p r e c i s i o n are e x t r e m e l y important

In research, one test m e t h o d will n o r m a l l y be u s e d to o b t a i n data

a n d be f o l l o w e d b y a c o m p l e t e l y different test m e t h o d to o b t a i n the same

k i n d of data If the data agree w h e n a p p r o a c h i n g the m e a s u r e m e n t in two

d i f f e r e n t ways, the m e a s u r e m e n t is c o n s i d e r e d a c c u r a t e w i t h i n the

p r e c i s i o n of the methods

In all o t h e r instances, there is no r e g u l a r v o l u m e of testing a n d

the n e e d for a c c u r a c y and p r e c i s i o n varies

T e s t i n q P r o c e d u r e s

The f o l l o w i n g types of t e s t i n g are to be c o n s i d e r e d as c a n d i d a t e s for

s t a t i s t i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t control:

Chemical (& Physical):

Spectroqraphy: AA, EDA.X, Emission, IR, X - R a y Diffraction,

X - R a y F l u o r e s c e n c e

Standard: A l l o y Steel, Aluminum, Cast Iron, Stainless Steel

E l e m e n t a l Analyzer: Carbon, Chromatograph, Colorimeter, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur

Wet Chemistry: pH, Qualitative, Quantitative, S p e c i f i c Gravity, Titration, Volume, Weight

Physical: C o a t i n g Weight, Color Match, Flammability, Melt Index, M e l t i n g Point, M o i s t u r e Content, T.G.A., V i s c o s i t y

C o a t i n q Adhesion Humidity, Immersion, Tape Test Weatherinq: Ozone, QUV, W e a t h e r o m e t e r

Thermal: Cycle, Freezer, O v e n

Corrosion: CASS, Neutral Salt Spray

M e t a l l o q r o p h y : Case hardness, n o t c h sensitivity, nodularity, grain size, coating thickness

Nondestructive Testinq (Evaluation):

Radioqraphy: Fluoroscope, Isotope, X - R a y Superficial: A c i d Etch, Dye Penetrant, M a g n e t i c Particle, Zyglo

Special Purpose: E d d y Current, Magnetic, Sonic, U l t r a s o n i c

C o a t i n q Thickness: Anodize, Film, Paint, Plate

LOCKE ON MEASUREMENT CONTROL 33