Astm stp 1198 1994

- - STP 1198 Contains papers presented at the symposium held in Atlanta, GA on 23-24 June 1993, sponsored by ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock and its Subcommittee D4 on Road Paving

STP 1198

Nondestructive Testing

of Pavements and Backcalculation

of Moduli: Second Volume

Harold L Von Quintus, Albert J Bush, III, and Gilbert Y Baladi, Editors

ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-011980-08

A s T M

1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Printed in the U.S.A

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Nondestructive testing of pavements of backcalculation of moduli,

Second volume/Harold L Von Quintus, Albert J Bush, III, and

Gilbert Y Baladi, editors

p cm - - (STP 1198) Contains papers presented at the symposium held in Atlanta, GA on

23-24 June 1993, sponsored by ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock and its Subcommittee D4 on Road Paving Materials

"ASTM publication code number (PCN) 04-011980-08."

Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN 0-8031-1865-1

1 Pavements Testing~ongresses 2 Nondestructive testing -Congresses

I Von Quintus, H L (Harold L.) IL Bush, A J (Albert Jasper) IlL

Baladi, Gilbert Y., 1943- IV ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock

Subcommittee D-4 on Road and Paving Materials V Series:

ASTM special technical publication: 1198

TE250.N572 1994

CIP Copyright 9 1994 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher

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Peer Review Policy

Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors

addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications

To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were printed "camera-ready" as submitted by the authors

The quality of the'papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and

the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on

Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM

Printed in Ann Arbor, MI

December 1994

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Contents

ANALYTICAL MODELS AND TECHNIQUES

A d v a n c e d Backcalculation Techniques -J UZAN

S H R P ' s L a y e r M o d u l i Backcalculation Procedure -G RADA, C RICHTER,

AND P JORDAHL

Methodology for Identifying M a t e r i a l P r o p e r t i e s in P a v e m e n t s M o d e l e d as L a y e r e d

Viscoelastic H a l f S p a c e s - - N STUBBS, V TORPUNURI, R LYTTON,

AND A MAGNUSON

Backcalculation o f P a v e m e n t L a y e r Moduli, Thicknesses, and B e d r o c k D e p t h

Using a Modified Newton M e t h o d - - R HARRICHANDRAN, T, MAHWOOD,

R, RAAD, AND G BALADI

I m p r o v e d M e t h o d s f o r A C / P C C P a v e m e n t Backcalculation a n d E v a l u a t i o n - - K

HALL AND M DARTER

C o n c r e t e P a v e m e n t Backcalculation Using I L L I - B A C K - - A IOANNIDES

Dynamic Analysis of FWD Loading and P a v e m e n t R e s p o n s e Using a Three-

Dimensional Dynamic Finite Element P r o g r a m - - s ZAGHLOUL, T WHITE,

V DRNEVICH, AND B COREE

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION TECHNIQUES IN THE FIELD AND LABORATORY

Verification of P a v e m e n t R e s p o n s e M o d e l s - - a ULLIDTZ, J KRARUP,

AND T WAHLMAN

Field V a l i d a t i o n o f a M e t h o d o l o g y to I d e n t i f y M a t e r i a l P r o p e r t i e s in P a v e m e n t s

M o d e l e d as L a y e r e d Viscoelastic Halfspaces -v s TORPUNUR, N STUBBS,

R L LYTTON, AND A H MAGNUSON

In-Situ and Laboratory Characterization of Nonlinear Pavement Layer M o d u l i - -

K P GEORGE AND W UDDIN

A Pavement Evaluation Procedure Incorporating Material Non-Linearity

J R DE ALMEIDA, S F BROWN, AND N H THOM

Effect of Material Stress Sensitivity on Backcalculated Moduli and Pavement

Evaluation R N STUBSTAD, J P MAHONEY, AND N F COETZEE

203

218

233

PROBLEMS/ERRORS ASSOCIATED W I T H BACKCALCULATION METHODS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS

Misleading R e s u l t s f r o m N o n d e s t r u c t i v e Testing A CASE S T U D Y - - J W HALL, JR.,

Stochastic Analysis of Errors in Remaining Life Due to Misestimation of Pavement

Parameters in N D T - - K M VENNALAGANTI, C FERREGUT, AND S NAZARIAN 261

Interpretation of Dynamic Survey Measurement on Pavement with Treated

Phase LAG Effects on Analysis of FWD Data P E SEBAALY, AND S HOLIKAq'TI 291

The Effect of Annular Load Distributions on the Backcalculated of Moduli of

Effects of Pavement-Falling Weight Deflectomer Interaction on Measured

N D T FOR OTHER PAVEMENT USES

Radar for Pavement Thickness Evaluation K R MASER, T SCULLION,

A Comparison of Laboratory and Field Subgrade Moduli at the Minnesota Road

Research Project D A VAN DEUSEN, C A LENNGREN, AND D E NEWCOMB 361

Detection of Multi-Course Pavement Layers by the SASW Method N GUCUNSrd 380

Strategies for Application of the Falling Weight Deflectomer to Evaluate Load

Transfer Efficiency at Joints in Jointed Concrete Pavements o J JACKSON,

Field Testing and Structural Evaluation of Selected Concrete Pavement Sections in

Backcalculation of System Parameters for Jointed Rigid Pavements -

J A CROVETTI AND M R T CROVETTI

Determination of Voids Under Rigid Pavements Using Impulse M e t h o d -

s NAZARIAN, S REDDY AND M, BAKER

Evaluation of NDT Equipment for Measuring Voids Under Concrete Pavements -

w UDDIN AND W R HUDSON

4 5 5

4 7 3

4 8 8

PROPOSED STANDARD GUIDE

Overview

In June 1988, the first International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing (NDT) of Pave- ments and Backcalculation of layer moduli was held Since then, another symposium on NDT and backcalculation of layer moduli was held in August of 1991 and was sponsored by the Transportation Research Board Both of these symposia were well attended, and showed that there was a strong interest within the transportation community in the area of NDT and the use

of deflection data for evaluating and designing pavement structures Unfortunately, these two symposia also showed that the industry was divided regarding the adequacy and use of state- of-the-art evaluation procedures for determining structural capacity of pavement structures

As a result of the first symposium in 1988, ASTM Subcommittees D18.10 and D04.39 have been extensively involved in the preparation of standardized procedures for NDT and the evaluation of deflection data Standardized procedures have been prepared and approved for collecting deflection data with different devices These are listed below for reference purposes:

D 4602 Standard Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Pavements Using Cyclic Loading

Dynamic Deflection Equipment

D 4694 Standard Test Method for Deflections with a Falling-Weight-Type Impulse Load

Device

D 4695 Standard Guide for General Pavement Deflection Measurements

The task of standardizing backcalculation procedures, however, has been more difficult, because of the diversity of opinions and procedures currently in use by the transportation industry The first draft of a standard guide for backcalculation of layer moduli from deflection measurements was balloted in 1986 The latest draft balloted in 1992 received numerous neg- ative ballots that were found to be persuasive More recently, there have been numerous re- search projects completed by individual transportation agencies and as part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP)

With these recent advancements and the need to develop concurrence within the transpor- tation industry to develop a standardized evaluation procedure, Subcommittees D18.10 and D04.39 suggested to the Executive Committees that ASTM sponsor the second International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing o f Pavements and Backcalculation of Moduli This Second International Symposium was held in Atlanta, Georgia in June, 1993 The attendance

at this symposium exceeded 80, representing 12 different countries and 25 states in the United States An attendance list is included at the end of this publication

The symposium was divided into four sessions (two sessions per day) and one panel work- shop or discussion on issues related to standardization of backcalculation procedures The papers presented at this Second International Symposium focused in the area of backcalculation

of layer moduli techniques and comparisons of material moduli as measured in the laboratory

to values calculated from field deflection measurements Information from these papers and discussion were used to establish whether a backcalculation procedure could be standardized based upon the current state-of-the-art technology The format of the presentations was divided into four sessions followed by a panel discussion Each of the sessions were subdivided into two parts as follows:

SESSION 2DMeasurement and Calculation Techniques in the Field and Laborator~

Chairman Mr Harold L Von Quintus, President, Brent Rauhut Engineering Inc., Austin,

TX

Part 1 of Session 2: Verification of backcalculation techniques and comparisons of laboratory measured values with those calculated from field measurements or deflections (4 papers)

Part 2 of Session 2: Characterization of Pavement Materials and the Effects of Non Linearity on Backcalculation of Layer Moduli (4 papers)

SESSION 3 - - N D T for Pavement Structural Evaluation, Design and Rehabilitation

Chairman Dr Albert J Bush III, U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS

Part 1 of Session 3: Problems/errors associated with backcalculation methods in terms

of pavement evaluation, and backcalculation of design parameters for concrete pave- ments (4 papers)

Part 2 of Session 3: Analysis of deflection measurements and effects of load distributions

on pavement response (4 papers)

SESSION 4 -NDT for Other Pavement Uses: Use of the Results From NDT to Determine Layer Thickness, Joint Efficiency, and Void Detection (5 Papers)

Chairman Dr Gilbert Y Baladi, Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing,

MI

SESSION 5 Panel Discussion on Backcalculation of Layer Moduli

Chairman Dr Gilbert Y Baladi, Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing,

MI

Discussion paper presented by Richard May, Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY and Harold L Von Quintus, Brent Rauhut Engineering, Austin, TS entitled "The Quest for

a Standard Guide to NDT Backcalculation"

Panel participants: Dr Albert J Bush III., U.S Army of Engineers, Waterways Exper- iment Station, Vicksburg, MS Dr Jacob Uzan, Israel Institute of Technology (Tech- nion), Israel; Richter, Federal Highway Administration, Turner Fairbanks, Washington, DC; Dr Ullditz, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, and Luckanen, Braun Intertec, Minneapolis, MN

Papers m this STP are presented on those topics in the four sessions listed previously These papers include examples of different backcalculation of layer moduli procedures, comparisons

X

between laboratory measured and field calculated values, as well as, the more common ex- amples on the use of deflection testing to evaluate pavement structures The papers published represent eight different countries, eleven different states, and thirteen different educational agencies It is the hope of the organizers of this symposium that the papers presented will provide the readers with much of the latest information in the areas of pavement evaluation using NDT techniques, and application of that data for use in pavement design

One of the goals and objectives of this symposium was to determine if the industry could find a common ground to standardize a backcalculation procedure In specific, this was the focus of the panel discussion at the end of the symposium This panel discussion was preceded

by a paper entitled " T h e Quest for a Standard Guide to NDT Backcalculation" (presented by

Mr Richard May) and a presentation by Dr Albert Bush (Symposium Cochairman and D4.39 Subcommittee Chairman) entitled " W h e r e We Go From Here."

From the question and answers during the panel discussion, it was the general consensus that backcalculation of layer moduli from deflection measurements will definitely be used in the future for the rehabilitation design and evaluation of pavement structures The question however, is still: what is the reliability of these values? Specifically, it was the general consensus

of the panel and attendees that the accuracy of backcalculated moduli is model dependent and unknown, as well as those values measured in the laboratory because there is a diversity of opinion on the simulation of field conditions in the laboratory For example, there is controversy within the industry on whether backcalculation procedures should be based on a dynamic or static analysis, and what values actually represent the "truth," both in the laboratory or from field measurements

In summary, most participants, concurred that there needs to be a standard "baseline" of values from which to compare on a project, material, or pavement bases, and that one should not become paralyzed by the imperfection o f the procedures More importantly, research must

be merged into practice on a consistent basis and one way to accomplish this is through the standardization process As such, a procedure needs to be standardized and that procedure should concentrate on user oriented issues Thus, the editors, panel, as well as most symposium participants involved in these discussions, believe that some standardized procedure should be pursued to ensure that a common set of values can be compared

The editors wish to thank all those who participated in this symposium and who contributed

to this STP Special thanks are given to the authors, the reviewers of the papers, ASTM Com- mittees D18 and D4 for sponsoring the symposium, and to the members of Subcommittees D18.10 and D04.39 for their valuable input and efforts Last but not least, the editors would like to express their deep appreciation to the ASTM staff for their assistance in preparing for this symposium and in its preparation The high professional quality of ASTM publications would not be possible without their dedicated and professional efforts

Dr Albert J Bush III

U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS; symposium cochairman and coeditor

Mr Harold L Von Quintus

President, Brent Rauhut Engineering, Austin, Texas, symposium cochairman and editor

Dr Gilbert Y Baladi

Professor of Civil Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, symposium cochairman and coeditor

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UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 7

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 9

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 1 1

b e f o r e use E v e n then, t h e r e a r e no g u a r a n t e e s t h a t it is c o r r e c t for

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 13

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 15

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 17

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 19

s a n d s u b g r a d e S i t e 12 f r o m S h e p p a r d A F B is m a d e o f 178 nun (7 in) AC,

d e f l e c t i o n p e r u n i t l o a d i n c r e a s e s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t d a m a g e w a s b e i n g

c a u s e d t o t h e p a v e m e n t F o r t h e n o n - l i n e a r e l a s t i c b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n ,

w i t h o u t damage, t h e r e s u l t s at l o a d s l a r g e r t h a n 80 k N s h o u l d not b e used T h e r e f o r e it w a s d e c i d e d t o u s e t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e KUAB, at four l o a d levels, at a b o u t 20, 30, 45, a n d 65 kN

s e n s o r d i s t a n c e , m e t e r

0 , 1 - (/)

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 21

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 23

FIG 6 b - - M e a s u r e d a n d P r e d i c t e d D e f l e c t i o n s V e r s u s L o a d s at d i f f e r e n t

R a d i a l D i s t a n c e s at S i t e 12

FIG 7 a - - V a r i a t i o n o f C o m p u t e d M o d u l u s of D e f o r m a t i o n w i t h D e p t h a n d

L o a d Level, at r = 0 (under t h e c e n t e r of l o a d e d area), at s i t e 4

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300 250- 200:

150- 100-

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 25

FIG 8 a - - V a r i a t i o n o f C o m p u t e d M o d u l u s o f D e f o r m a t i o n w i t h D e p t h a n d

L o a d L e v e l , at r=0 ( u n d e r t h e c e n t e r of l o a d e d area), at S i t e 12

F I G 8 b - - V a r i a t i o n of C o m p u t e d M o d u l u s of D e f o r m a t i o n w i t h D e p t h a n d

L o a d Level, 0 2 8 m f r o m t h e Load, at S i t e 12

1 2 4 8 (181)

M o d u l u s i n

B a s e

0 0 5 7 (8.3)

0 1 6 8 (24.3)

S P a ( K s i ) o f

S u b b a s e

0 0 6 3 (9.2)

S u b g r a d e

0 4 3 7 (63.4)

0 0 5 7 (8.2)

4 5 -

-5

0

40- 35- 30-

Z 25-

20- _o l S -

1 0 - 5-

o,

t i m e , s e c

FIG 9b Load H i s t o r y at Site 34103093

site 3 2 7 0 0 0 b l sta 0 load # 1

site 3 4 1 0 3 0 a 3 sta 0 load # 3

FIG 1 0 a - - C o m p a r i s o n of M e a s u r e d D e f l e c t i o n Histories w i t h Computed

Ones U s i n g T i m e and F r e q u e n c y D o m a i n Analysis, Site 327000bi, Sensors at

UZAN ON ADVANCED BACKCALCULATION 31