Microsoft Word C041987e doc Reference number ISO 12402 9 2006(E) © ISO 2006 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12402 9 First edition 2006 09 01 Personal flotation devices — Part 9 Test methods Équipements ind[.]
General
Unless otherwise specified, a new sample of the PFD to be tested may be used for each of the tests
Materials and components of PFDs specified in ISO 12402-7, when properly conditioned and successfully tested according to ISO 12402 standards, are considered to meet the essential requirements for PFD design testing.
A combination of PFD and accessories (per ISO 12402-8) must not impair the performance of either item, as proven through dedicated testing The testing process should be arranged accordingly to ensure both components meet performance standards, verifying their functionality when used together.
The human subject performance tests shall be witnessed by a test panel of at least 2 experts familiar with testing and the products specified in the relevant parts of ISO 12402
Human subject performance tests must be conducted under the supervision of an experienced test house panel familiar with the specific procedures These tests should be observed by at least two qualified observers, with a repeat involving three experienced observers if there are any doubts about the observed performance To qualify as an observer, individuals must have demonstrated expertise by observing or conducting the specific test under supervision on at least three occasions.
A specific test refers to occasions where, for example, experience in stability testing does not qualify an individual to conduct self-righting testing, or where experience with self-righting tests of inherently buoyant PFDs does not count as relevant experience for testing inflatable PFDs This distinction highlights the importance of relevant, specialized testing experience to ensure compliance and safety standards in personal flotation device (PFD) testing Understanding these specific test criteria is essential for accurately assessing qualifications and maintaining quality in life jacket testing procedures.
NOTE 2 It is recommended that the test panel have at least one member of the test house regularly participating in experience exchanges and round robin tests
All tests according to 5.5 shall be carried out after submitting the samples to the temperature cycling test (see 5.5.3) and the rotating shock bin test (see 5.5.2).
Sampling and conditioning
At least one example of each size of the device to be tested shall be provided
Prior to testing, the samples shall be conditioned for (24 ± 0,1) h under the appropriate standard atmosphere as defined in ISO 139 according to the specific fabric used for the PFD
If spelled out to be tested under wet conditions, the sample shall be soaked for at least 5 min in fresh water, or as specified by the test procedure itself.
Criteria for passing and failure
All samples must pass all tests outlined in section 5.5 to ensure the device complies with relevant parts of ISO 12402 Due to the high variability among human subjects and challenges in evaluating subjective measures, test subjects may be disqualified during tests according to section 5.6 if they do not demonstrate proper performance in a reference vest as specified in Annexes B, C, or D.
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When a reference vest is used in testing, the report must specify the model of the reference vest(s) If a subject is disqualified from the test, two additional subjects with similar weight, height, and anatomical build should undergo the same test before the same panel If these subsequent tests do not clearly meet the criteria outlined in this standard and the applicable section of ISO 12402 for the device’s performance level, the device shall be considered to have failed.
Magnetic properties testing
To ensure accurate readings, place a magnetic compass in an undisturbed magnetic area free from magnetic items and electrical cables that are frequently moved or switched Verify that the compass has minimal pivot friction by deflecting the compass card 10° with a magnet; upon removing the magnet, the card should return within 0.5° of its original position Proper placement and friction check are essential for reliable compass performance in navigation.
Position each metal component, with hooks closed, along an east-to-west line, approximately 300 mm ± 10 mm horizontally from the compass center Gently tap the compass to reduce friction effects and ensure accurate readings Record the compass deflection angle in degrees, indicating any deviation from its initial position prior to bringing the metal components nearby.
Mechanical properties tests
5.5.1 Horizontal and vertical load tests
The PFD must withstand tension through its integral structures, such as the waist belt or harness, when subjected to a specified load Testing procedures include a horizontal load test followed by a vertical load test, both performed while the PFD is wet, ensuring its durability and safety under real-world conditions These tests are conducted sequentially on the same PFD sample to verify its structural integrity and compliance with safety standards.
NOTE Test houses may use other test arrangements as described in 5.5.1.3, i.e by means of a hydraulic jig, if the load maintained and the same accuracy of results can be achieved
The apparatus features a horizontally suspended upper cylinder, with a diameter of (50 ± 5) mm for PFD users weighing less than 40 kg, and (125 ± 10) mm for users weighing 40 kg or more, designed to hold the PFD securely The test cylinder's length is sufficient to fully accommodate the width of the PFD section being tested, ensuring accurate and consistent evaluation of flotation device performance.
For the horizontal load test depicted in Figures 2 and 4, an additional lower test cylinder of similar size to the upper cylinder must be placed within the PFD at the specified position The axes of the upper and lower cylinders serve as the reference points, identified as datum positions A1-A2 and B1-B2 respectively, ensuring precise alignment for accurate testing.
For the horizontal load test shown in Figures 2 and 4, a pre-load is required The total pre-load shall be
For the vertical load tests illustrated in Figures 3 and 5, the lower apparatus must conform to the specified dimensions provided in Figures 6 and 7 The diameter of the tube, as shown in Figure 7, should be (50 ± 5) mm for users with a mass less than 40 kg, and (125 ± 10) mm for users weighing 40 kg or more.
For these vertical load tests, a test mass shall be applied to the attachment positions indicated by means of webbing (25 ± 5) mm in width
The webbing or movable parts of the assembly must be clearly marked at every adjustment point before applying each test load, including tie tapes, draw cords, lacing, and webbing-hardware adjustments, to ensure accurate testing and safety compliance.
The PFD must be fitted to the upper test cylinder at least (30 ± 5) minutes prior to the test, following the specified methods for halter or vest types as shown in Figures 2 and 4 If the PFD is inflatable, it should be tested both when uninflated and inflated using its primary inflation method It must be securely attached to the cylinders to ensure all adjustment devices are tested, and the positions of the webbing relative to the adjustment devices should be clearly marked.
The lower test cylinder must be securely positioned as illustrated in Figures 2 and 4, ensuring accurate testing setup Apply the specified pre-load and adjust the test arrangement so that axes A1-A2 and B1-B2 of the upper and lower test cylinders are kept substantially parallel and horizontal Proper alignment of the test cylinders is crucial for reliable results in testing procedures.
The additional test load shall be applied steadily until the PFD is hanging freely The load shall be maintained for the specified period
The PFD shall be examined for any failures resulting in functional damage of the PFD
The PFD must be properly attached to the upper test cylinder according to the specified configuration: halter types as shown in Figure 3 or vest types as shown in Figure 5 For inflatable PFDs, testing should be conducted in both uninflated and inflated states using the primary inflation method.
For halter types, ensure the harness is properly adjusted to fit the test subject as shown in Figure 6 For vest types, securely fasten the PFD so that all adjustment devices can be evaluated Additionally, mark the position of the webbing relative to any adjustment devices it passes through to ensure accurate testing and compliance.
Attach the load suspension cord to the PFD at the designated positions shown in Figures 3 and 5, then apply the test load steadily without jerking Ensure the test load is maintained for the specified period, after which you should remove the load and inspect the PFD for any signs of failure Additionally, measure any slippage in the adjustment device to ensure proper performance and safety compliance.
All PFDs equipped with a lifting loop should be soaked in fresh water for at least 5 minutes to ensure proper preparedness Following this, the PFD must be fitted onto the appropriate test dummy in accordance with the manufacturer’s donning and adjustment instructions.
If inflatable, the lifejacket shall be inflated prior to load application
Apply loads F₁ or F₂ to the lower attachment point of the dummy as specified in ISO 12401:2004, section 5.2.2.1 Use a cylinder with a diameter of (50 ± 5) mm to lift the dummy through the loop smoothly without jerking, ensuring it is suspended freely.
Maintain the load for (1 ± 0,1) min
See also 5.5 in the relevant parts of ISO 12402
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When a buddy line is attached to a PFD, a load of 750 N must be applied perpendicular to the PFD for approximately 1 minute (± 0.1 minutes) while the PFD is properly fitted to a torso according to ISO 12401 standards This test ensures that neither the buddy line nor the PFD sustains any damage under typical load conditions, confirming the product's durability and safety.
F 1 load for adult size (according to 5.5 in the relevant part of ISO 12402)
F 2 load for child size (according to 5.5 in the relevant part of ISO 12402)
Figure 2 — Horizontal load test of yoke-type PFD
Figure 3 — Vertical load test of yoke-type PFD
Figure 4 — Horizontal load test of vest-type PFD
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Figure 5 — Vertical test of vest-type PFD
Figure 6 — Body for vertical load test (general tolerances ISO 2768-1, v)
Figure 7 — Bent tube for vertical load test (general tolerances ISO 2768-1, v)
5.5.2 Rotating shock bin test method
The PFD shall provide a minimum resistance against wear and tear
The equipment consists of a plywood box, with the interior surface coated with a hard plastic laminate or similar material for durability The bin's bearing must be positioned at its center of mass, allowing for free rotation, as illustrated in Figure 8 This setup ensures accurate and consistent performance in testing or measurement procedures.
The PFD shall be exposed to this test in the condition “ready for use”, i.e unpacked and un-inflated, if inflatable, buckles closed but not tightened or wrapped around
The test specimen must be inserted into the bin via a flush panel on one of its faces, which should then be securely closed The bin is then rotated steadily for a total of 150 revolutions at a rate of 6 revolutions per minute to assess its durability under rotational stress.
Human subject performance tests
The PFD must be tested in accordance with ISO 12402 standards, utilizing subjects positioned in front of the specified test panel outlined in section 5.1 Testing should be carried out in a swimming pool filled with fresh water, appropriately treated for hygienic safety.
Testing of PFDs should be conducted across various adult sizes, ensuring functionality when worn with both ordinary and heavy clothing Additionally, all PFDs designed to be worn inside-out must be evaluated in every configuration to confirm performance and safety standards.
Ordinary clothing is defined as follows:
⎯ underwear (short sleeved, short legged);
⎯ athletics shoes, if the device is required to be donned over the foot and leg
Heavy clothing is defined as ordinary clothing with the addition of a woollen sweater and woollen overcoat
Test subjects should be informed about the general methods and purpose of in-water performance testing but must not be aware of the specific PFD being tested to ensure unbiased results Participants must be in suitable health to physically perform the required tests The testing process should adhere to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki as amended, ensuring ethical standards are maintained The test is considered successful only if all performance test results from the human subjects are positive, indicating the PFD’s effectiveness.
Tests for children under 12 years old who are not water-adapted may be modified to ensure their safety and cooperation When assessing young children's sizes, evaluators should prioritize subjective indicators, as activities like self-righting and jumping can be dangerous and less reliable in small children Observing the child's position in the water and the level of support provided are valuable indicators for accurate assessment.
Reference testing with child manikins shall be done according to 5.6.9
PFDs must be tested on a minimum of 12 subjects if they are designed to fit a chest size range exceeding 400 mm or a body mass range over 30 kg, ensuring safety across diverse users For manufacturers offering multiple sizes, at least five subjects should be used to test each lifejacket and special purpose device size, and three subjects for buoyancy aids, provided each size range does not surpass 150 mm in chest circumference or 20 kg in body mass PFD designs with size ranges within these standards should be tested on a proportionate number of subjects to ensure consistent effectiveness and safety.
The test will be conducted using able-bodied individuals following the guidelines outlined in Table 1 When selecting test subjects, the marked weight, height, and chest size indicated on the Personal Flotation Device (PFD) must be considered This ensures accurate and representative testing conditions for the PFD’s performance. -**Sponsor**Looking to refine your article and boost its SEO? Let [Novakid Global ARABIC](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/T0ZKiknV) help you articulate key sentences Focus on highlighting the importance of using able-bodied individuals for testing, referencing Table 1 for guidelines Emphasize that the PFD's weight, height, and chest size markings should guide subject selection, ensuring accuracy and relevance in your rewritten paragraph to comply with SEO best practices.
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Body mass Height category kg mm 40 to 42 > 42 to 60 > 60 to 70 > 70 to 80 > 80 to 100 > 100 to 110 > 110 to 120 > 120
NOTE 1 Between one third and one half of test subjects shall be females, including at least one per height category but excluding the upper height category
NOTE 2 At least one male and one female shall be from the lowest and highest mass groups appropriate to the PFD
NOTE 3 At least one subject shall be selected per cell which is appropriate to the PFD and marked with a “1”
To ensure adequate test subject selection for the PFD size range, additional subjects should be chosen from cells marked ‘X,’ with no more than one subject per cell It is essential to maintain a uniform distribution across different mass groups, aligning with the total required number of test subjects.
NOTE 5 The test subject size selection shall be adjusted for the lowest mass group to test at least one subject within 2 kg of the lowest size for which the PFD is to be certified Subjects of less than 40 kg may be shorter than 1 400 mm if required One subject shall be tested for each 4 kg below 40 kg
Each test subject shall be made familiar with each of the tests, particularly the requirements regarding relaxing and exhaling in the face-down position
Only good swimmers shall be used, since the ability to relax in the water is rarely otherwise obtained
To ensure that test subjects accurately represent a valid cross-section of the adult population for lifejacket testing, their average face-up righting time must be at least 2.2 seconds This standard is verified when using the reference vest specified in Annex B and adhering to the leg release method according to section 5.6.6.3 a).
Test subjects must accurately represent the full size range for device approval, ensuring reliable safety and performance data Devices intended for smaller children should be tested on children approximately 760 mm tall and weighing around 9 kg to confirm suitability and compliance with safety standards.
At least six test subjects shall be used for each 380 mm and 16 kg of size range according to Table 2
Water tests using children shall avoid causing distress or risk to the child Consideration shall be taken of their age and ability
Body mass Height kg category cm 9 to
12 > 12 to 14 > 14 to 17 > 17 to 20 > 20 to 22 > 22 to 25 > 25 to 28 > 28 to 30 > 30 to 33 > 33 to 36 > 36 to 38 > 38 to 41
NOTE 1 Between one third and one half of the subjects shall be females, including at least 1 per height category but excluding the upper height category
NOTE 2 At least one subject shall be selected per cell which is appropriate to the PFD and marked with a “1”
To meet the required number of test subjects within the specified PFD size range, additional subjects should be selected from cells marked ‘X’ It is important to ensure a uniform distribution across all mass groups to maintain consistency Proper selection from these designated cells will help achieve a representative and balanced sample for accurate testing results.
Child-size PFDs must meet specific minimum buoyancy standards during water performance tests to ensure safety Their size range should be determined based on test results, with devices sized according to height or a combination of height and body mass for optimal fit and effectiveness.
This test is only to be carried out on subjects for adult’s lifejackets
To ensure accurate and representative testing, each subject's in-water weight must be measured, with a minimum acceptable range For subjects weighing 40 kg or more, the in-water weight is recorded when the tip of the chin and bottom of the earlobes touch the water at the bottom of the normal breathing cycle The final in-water weight is determined by selecting the highest value out of 10 repeated measurements, or the third highest if no value is repeated, ensuring precise and consistent results for assessment purposes.
Subjects of the study include both males and females, with no more than two-thirds of one sex to ensure balanced representation During height, weight, and in-water measurements, as well as all in-water tests, participants must wear only bathing costumes After taking measurements, subjects will change into regular clothing for the donning test and become familiar with the Personal Flotation Device (PFD) being tested This process ensures standardized testing conditions and accurate assessment of the PFD's performance.
The freeboard shall be measured as the vertical difference between the water surface and the lowest corner of the mouth
A suitable measuring device, as shown in Figure 11, features two floats made of closed-cell foam connected by a rigid bridge positioned at a specific height This design allows for accurate measurement when a test subject wearing a personal flotation device (PFD) is in the water The device is essential for assessing buoyancy and ensuring safety during water safety testing Proper configuration of the floats and bridge height ensures reliable and consistent results in evaluating flotation performance.