a living russian grammar beginner-intermediate

They decline like feminine nouns, but words that refer to them adjectives for example are masculine.. : THE NOMINATIVE PLURAL “» General rule : Noun endings change according to gender

BO Cnr Rec Rm CUE UC US Cue

A Living

Russian

Grammar

BEGINNER INTERMEDIATE

Contents

1-Nouns and gendet SẰ 6

2-Nouns singular and plural - 8

3-Personal pronouns «se 12 4-Possessives in the nominative 14

5-The declension of nouns - « 18

6-The genitive (T) - se, 20 7-The Genitive (2) -sSkhkeekrevee 22 8-The genitive (3) after prepositions 24

9-The dative (T) Hee 28 030) 127 32

11-The accusative (direct object) 36

12-The instrumental (T) -.- 40

13-The instrumental (2) e 44 14-The prepositional (location) 48

15-The prepositional case (2) The prepositional with the preposition “ O ” Talking about something 52

16-Movement to and from, and being at a place Poe? Kyma? Orkyaa? eesececsssneeeeees 54 17-Verbs: tenses and aspects 58

18-The presen† †ense ve 60 19-The past tense (T) ceeccve-reee~s 62 20-The past tense (2) eeieeeerre- 64 r1 li 7n 66

22-The imperatV© con cnn ca 68 23-To go Wnru and Exarb 70

24-Verbs of motion (1) without a pF€fiX - co cSS sex 72 25-Verbs of motion (2) WITH a pDFÍÏX L che 76 26-Verbs of position CTOWđTb, CTABWTb, IOCTABMTb ©f€ 80

27-Verbs in —-cn or reflexive verbs 84

28-Adjectives (T) To e eekse erser 88 29-Adjectives (2) Long forms and short forms 90

K0 1o 0n 94

31-Comparatives and superlatives 98

32-Demonstrative pronouns 3TOT, 3Ta, 3TO, STM, TOT, T3, TO, T€ 104

33-Reflexive pronouns CBOU, CBOA, CBOŠ, CBOI, CeốÕn 106

34-Adjectival pronouns B€Cb, KAXCIbIl, BCđKMĂ, nioO6Où 108

35-Double negatives no one, nothing, never « 112

36-Indefinite pronouns and adverbs IN -TO AN -HUBYDB cccccsssteresessssereees 114 37-Cardinal numbers se 116 38-Ordinal numbers cà 118 39-Quantity: ckKonbKo cTonT? CKONbKO BpeMeHU? KaK đonro2 120

40-Identification of a person or of an obiect

41-Asking questions (1) Interrogative pronouns -.- .-

42-Asking questions (2) without a question word -

43-Possession «†o haVe» cc 44-Presence and absence -

45-Time (T) nhe xu 0000 821

47-Time (3) duration of tỉme

48-Possible, necessary, forbidden MOXKHO, HY%HO (HađO0), Herib3a

49-Must, need, have to

HOIIXEĐH, HVĨH Hee 50-Physical and emotional states

W, 3, HO cà e 52-The structure of complex sentences

51-And and but

53-The relative pronouns KOTOPHIl, KOTODaS, KOTOBOG, KOTOpLIG

54-Logical relationships cause, effect and purpose -

55-The condition, possibility and wishes

56-Hro and 4ToGEbl Sài 57-Reported speech sen Regular declensions se Irregular declensions -c c.e, The declension of adjectives

The declension of pronouns

The declension of numbers

Verbs: imperfective / perfective Verbs of motion -„ này ke

Verbs of motion with prefixes

(Aspect pairS) ~SSSSeSYrke ConjugationS - «che

156

The book was tested in different versions, and improved in response to feedback from clients at CREF -

students, business people, diplomats, ex-pats etc

Principles

This grammar does not purport to be a full description of the Russian language It is a teaching and learning tool

based on a selection of the most essential grammatical structures, and introducing an active and useful

vocabulary We have tried to show how linguistic elements are organised and used in real contexts In order to keep up with contemporary linguistic research, we have tried to avoid the use of an over specialised technical

vocabulary, which might confuse learners Similarly, we have only used examples that might be considered useful at this level of study

Lastly, we have always attempted to make the learning of Russian grammar less abstract, more interesting, and more motivating

Layout

The book comprises 56 units, which allow separate research of each grammatical topic, as well as a set of

grammatical tables at the end In the units, grammatical points are explained on the left-hand pages, with live

examples, and exercises to practise the language are given on the right-hand page Certain more complex grammatical topics are split over several units

We hope that this volume will help you find pleasure and ease in acquiring the basics of everyday Russian, a language too often considered to be a difficult one to learn

We wish you good luck!

The authors

€ 2£ t2) - C2213

1 NOUNS and GENDER

GENDER

@ There are three genders : masculine, feminine and neuter You can tell them apart by their ending

masculine : masculine nouns end in a consonant, or in -H, or -b : ropor (a town), Apyr (a friend),

My3éñ (4 museum), yqúTerb (a teachen,

feminine : feminine nouns end in -a or in -€ or -b : namna (a /amp), nogpyra (a girl friend), CeMb& (a family), ABepb (a door}

neuter : neuter nouns end in -o or in -e or in -mMal : OKHO (a window), COnHue (the sun), Bpéma (time)

*» Some masculine nouns that refer to people end in -a or -a

They decline like feminine nouns, but words that refer to them (adjectives for example) are masculine

This applies equally to masculine diminutive name forms that end in -a :

MyXuWHa (a man) — nényUulKa (grandfather | Cawa (AnexcaHap) Miuua (Muxaún)

nắng (uncle) tHOLIA_ (young man) Cepéxa (Cepréi) Nétsa (Métp)

«+ Nouns that end in -b can be either feminine or masculine

masculine feminine

AGHb (the day) Kpemnb (the Kremlin) MaTb, HOUb (mother, daughter) conb(sailt)

rOCTb (the guest) CNOBAapb (the dictionary) HOBOCTb (a piece of news) OC@Hb (autumn)

AñOXŒIb (the rain) x*KUTeNb (the inhabitant) TeTpadb (the exercise book) HOUb (the night)

«- Certain nouns that denote a profession have no feminine form : agBokat (a /Jawyer), Bpay (a doctor),

UCTOPUK (a historian), AHKEHEp (an engineer

OH UHKEHEp He is an engineer OHa WHX©eHép She is an engineer

@ When such nouns are used with the name of a person and a verb in the past tense, the verb agrees with

the name of the person:

UnkeHép Metposa npuwina Engineer Petrova has arrived

«+ The word xonnéra can be masculine or feminine:

ro Mom Konnéra BUKTOp This is my colleague Victor

OTO MOA KONNéra Onbra This is my colleague Olga

«+ There are invariable nouns, usually nouns of foreign origin Most of these nouns are neuter :

NanbTO (a coat), KMHO (the cinema), MeTpO (the metro), but Kddbe (coffee) is masculine

+ The gender of invariable proper nouns (geographical names, newspaper titles, etc.) corresponds to the gender of the noun denoting the category to which they belong:

Aanéxui Kanpu (6ctpos: island) (far away Capri)

HópHiử “[ lapú MaT«4” (KypHani:: magazine) (the new Paris Match)

Nouns and gender YIIPA%HEHM3

1 Sort the words in the list below according to their gender:

ropog, >*KypHan, NoApyra, OKHO, CTon, Tenecbou, AeBouKa, NuCbMo, paboTa, NanbTo, cTyN, Yai, pyuKa, K8DaHRALI, KOTbLIO, ïIOLI3/1b, CIOBđDb, TeTDA/Ib, BDA, r23©6T8, MALIWHA, BWHO, YïID3H@HW©, WHCTMTVT, My3eU/, MaIIb\WK, NpeAnoxKennve, Apyr, cnyyau, KoHcbepeHuna, coOpanue, IOTIOTeHL

2 Answerthe questions using the following words:

Aipyr, nucbmo, *ypHan, 6paT, myK, nogpyra, cecTpa, »*«eHa

1-KToaro? -STomMon_

2-UTOSTO? - 3ro Mol

3-2rornon_._ _ 2? -Her,aroMon_

4-KToaro? - ro Mol uv MOA —

5-Hfoaro? - STO MOE : —

1 - masculine, ending in a consonant:

2 - feminine, ending in -a:

4 Find the odd one out in each of the lists below:

Mama, Nana, CecTpa, TéTA, KeHa

TeTpadb, CONb, CNOBapb, HOBOCTb, HOUb

MyKUUHa, Deaywka, HOWA, @BYLLIKđ

yñwua, ñnnoutanb, KpeMnb, MockBa, cronwua

OCeHb, GOKOb, ACHb, KUTENb, TïOCTb

Sto Mara3un Sto Mauna STO OKHO

This is a shop This is a car This is a window

ỐTO M8ra3ÚHbi ỐTO MALLÚHBI STo OKHa

These are shops These are cars These are windows :

THE NOMINATIVE PLURAL

“» General rule : Noun endings change according to gender and number

The nominative plural endings are as follows:

masculine feminine neuter

CTYHéHT (fhe studen0) > ctyOéHTbI = Nnamna (the lamp) > náMnbi eno (the business) > gena

He@Hb (the day) > OHM apmua (the army) > apmun MOpe (the sea) > Mops

HOBOCTb (the piece of news) =} HOBOCTM

SPELLING RULES

These are generally to do with phonetics Certain letters may not follow each other

@ After the consonants [, K, X and XK, 4, LU, LL we write -v:

LF KHúra (the book) > KHUM

K yp6k (the lesson) > ypÓkw

X = an6xa (fhe epoch) > sndxn

%K sTáw (the floor) > 2Taxdl

EM Bpau (the doctor) > sBpauw

¡ LÍ KapaHnául (the penci) > KapaHnauid

LÍ nnauw = (the raincoat) > nnaulú

-—

@ Masculin nouns in -, feminine nouns in -A and all nouns in -b have a nominative plural in -W :

TpaMBak (mM) (the tram) > TpamBan TéTA (f) (the aunt) > TéTH

CnoBapb (m) (the dictionary) } cnoBapK TeTpapb (f) (the exercise book) > Tetpagu

Nouns - singular and plural

1 Give the nominative plural of the following words:

pectopaH Ce tpyra—s _————— peuleHue

6aHK KOMHaTa 3naHwe

2 _— Put the following into the plural:

Example: 9To ynuua STo ynuupl

YNPAMKHEHUA

S310 nïoulape OTO odbuc

ro aBTOÔyc T0 rOCTWHWLIA

OTo pectopan T0 ỐOTIbHWLIA

STO Mara3un T0 BOK3aT

T0 MALUWHA OTO CTaHUNA

3 Give the nominative singular of the following words:

cipaHbl Ci —— TOCTMNHHUbI

Tape“ CK "“ '-ˆˆ'-:ô-

OwneTbhl CC KOMHITH _ _—_— nwcbMa

yiMubl CC ñH]DyU — ——_——_— KOneua

MALUMHbI KHO4H CS OK MECH TDI

K/yØU — Cnosapu KBADTMPbI

4 Reply in the negative, putting the word in brackets into the plural :

Example : — Sto kHurn? (cnoBapb) — HeT, 3To He KH, 3TO CIOBADM

†- 2TO rOCTMHWLIbI2 (WHCTWMTYT)

2- STO WkONbI? (yHWBepCMTe€T)

3 - STO pyukn? (KapaHaL)

IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS

@ Nouns that have a change to the stem:

Masculine

Opyr (the friend) > nDy3b©4 cTyn (the chair) ® cTyNbA 6pat (the brother) > Opatba

tq©enioBékK (the person) > nionn UBeTOK (the flowen) 3 LiBeTbi pe66Hok (the child) > AeTU

CbIH (the son) > CbIHOBbS= etc

Feminine

ñG4b (the daughter) *® nóaepw

Mate (the mothe » matepu etc

Neuter

népeBo ((he íree) 3 nepéBbø

Bpéma (the time) > Bpemexa, Uma (the first name) *®*> uMená etc

sGNoKo (the apple) > AONoKM

@ Masculine nouns with a stressed -A (-A) ending in the nominative plural:

LiBeT (the colour) > uBeTa npocbéccop (the professon » npocdbeccopa

yunTenb (the teacher, > yuuTenaA agpec (the address) > agpeca

Béyep (the evening) > Bevepa rópon (íhe iown) ® roponá

OM (the house) > noMá nacnopt (the passport) > nacnopta

nóean (the train) ® noeaná rna3 (the eye) > rna3a ete

@ As in English, certain nouns have no plural This includes substances, feelings, etc (things that cannot

be counted):

puiÕa (fish, the dish) MONOKO (milk) caxap (sugar)

mMuBo (beer) M%CO (meoaf) HeTb (oi)

CONb (salt) cepe6po (silver) 30NOTO (gold)

xumua (chemistry) nio6óbBb (love) CuácTbe (happiness)

@ As in English, certain nouns have no singular This includes words that in some way designate a pair, and certain other nouns:

OUKH (glasses) Yacbl (4 clock or watch) KAHMKyNbl (the holidays)

OEHbIM (money) nyxú (perfume) HOMKHULUbI (Scissors)

CÿTKM (24 hours) OptoKn (trousers) Tpycbl (short trousers, pants)

@ Certain neuter nouns of foreign origin never change their endings:

MeTPO, DánWO, TaKCú, NanbTO, MeHI

10

ouns - singular and plural YTIIPAXHEHMñ1

1 Give the nominative singular of the following words (if there is one):

ñDYy3ba a mogu —_— anpeca

ropona TT 7 7 77 HT€TM HOXXHWLIbI

YaCbl ee Beyepa KaHWKYPbI

nacnopta — ROMa ïIOe3na

UBETbI — 7 CbIHOBbA O4KU

GeHbru ee rnaaa Ayxu

2 Which of the words in the following lists has no singular form?

1 - py6nu, cbpaHku, Mapku, Aexbru, Gonnapbi

2 - KHUIU, YaCbl, CTYNbA, CTOMbI, Wikadbbl

3 - pyYKM, KapaHAALWN, HOOKHULUbI, NaNKU, KOHB@PTbI

4 - curapeTbi, O4KM, KNIOUN, ra3eTbI, HUCKeTbI

5 - UBeTbI, AyXu, KOHCeTbI, TOPTbI, choTorpacbun

3 Which of the words in the following lists has no plural form?

Give the plural form of the remaining words

cepedpo _ _ _ HO>K a —~—C«éSTITTKCAA

KWHO E“——=-——- pbl6a BCT POY

Bunka = MOIOKO —_— — _— ntoOỐonb

4 Give the nominative plural of the following words (if there is one):

npocbeccop nogpyra Opat

peØ6Hok ˆ q4@]OBK _ — COK

cectpa "—————_— Kocpe CHT

KNOY —_— D _DDỀ.yn ————_— _— _ BD@MR

Tbl and BBbI : the two words for «you»

@ Tul is used when speaking to family members, friends, children, and to God

Bol is used for politeness and respect, and when talking to more than one person

“* When Bp is used politely to address one person, the verbs that accompany it are in the plural

— ÁHHa, Bbl ÕHInW B HónnoHe?2 Anna, have you been to London?

When you use a short form adjective with «Bbi», it goes in the plural but long form adjectives are in the singular and agree in gender with the person described:

— Mpúna, Bb! npaBbl /rina, you are right

— HatTawa, kakaa BbI KpaciBaa! Natasha, how beautiful you are!

— AHapéi, KakOi BbI YMHbIN! Andrey, how clever you are!

@ When addressing someone formally, it is usual to write «Bbi» with a capital «B»:

YBa»áeMbili FocrIonwH CMMT, KaK Bhi yé 3HáeTe Dear Mr Smith, as you already know

OH (HE or IT MASCULINE), OHA (SHE or IT FEMININE), OHO (IT NEUTER)

Ou is used for masculine nouns Oxa is used for feminine nouns Oxno is used for neuter nouns

In the use of pronouns, no distinction is made between animate and inanimate nouns

— Sto Moi KomnbroTep OH CoBCcéM HOBbI — T0 MOáLIIKÓ/1A QHá 32KpHITA

— This is my computer It is quite new — This is my school It is closed

— Sto cbpaHuy3cKkoe BUHO? — Is it a French wine?

— Ma, oH6 u3 MpaHunu.— Yes, it comes from France

DECLENSION: Personal pronouns decline according to their function in the sentence

| | 1 you heiit sheit | we | you ; _ they

|Nominative a | Tw OH / OHO | ond | Mb! |B | OHÚ

i Genitive ; MeHA TeOA ¡ erÓó(Heró) | e6(Heẽ) | Hac Bac | WX(HWX) | Dative | MHe Te6é | emy ters) ei (Hen) | Ham | BaM |; WM(HWM)

' Accusative MeHA TeOA | ed (Herd) | eé(Heé) _ Hac : Bac | ux (Hux)

‘Instrumental © mHon TOĐÓI : WM ba) : Đ (He) | Hamu BaMM |! WMW (HỨMW) | Prepositional | 060 MHé | oTe6é O HEM | O neũ OHaC | OBAC | O HuX

@ After a preposition, add «nH» before third person singular and plural pronouns:

Y Heé ectb Mauna Alay K Hemy Tbị FOBODWLLb C HIM

She has a car I'm going to his place You are talking with him

12

Personal pronouns L1 x2

1‘ Answer the questions using a personal pronoun:

Example : — Hatawa spay? — HeT, ona *KypHanncrka

* - Yan ropaunn? — Her,

+ - Flwao xononHoe? — Her,

5 - Mara3WH OTKDbiT? - Ha,

S - Mbi B LeHTpe? — Her,

2 ‘Fill in the gaps with «sbi» or «Tol» :

“———_— ROMa, AHHa CepreepHa?

2-Fne——————— Đ»nu, Harauia?2

3-Jlapwca, ———— — Buina B J]lohnoHe?

+- ———— npasbi, Cawa

Z- ————— MH© 3BOHWJM, AneKCaHnp Cepreepuu2

3 ‘Fill in the gaps according to the example:

Example : CanHnpa u JÌwHna aMeDWKaHKW Onn IBYT B Boctone

? - Mapk paHuy3._— — paÕoraeTr B Mapcene

2- _ 3necb, nana?

3 - Muula W ä B OTnyCK©e. ———— OTnbIxaeM Ha 6epery KpacHoro Mopa

4 - Cawa MHoro nyTewecTBoBan TOBODMT Ha NATH ASbIKAX

5 - STO UBETHOM NpuHTep? — fla, «UB THOM MW COBCeM HOBBIH

4 Put the pronoun in brackets into the correct form:

1 - OH He MOET NOAONTH K TenedbouHy (OH) CHT Maa

2-(OHa) — — — Hano BepHYTbCđ đOMOũ đODAHbuue

3-(Mu)_ 7 HeOỐXxOnWMOBCTp€TMTbCnC — — — (OHW)

4-Bbinofnưrec — — (Mbl)BKMHO?

5 - FoBopw rpoMse 7 He cnbluuy_——— (Tp)

6-HToTbio ———— — (ona) nyMaeulb?

7 -KAaKđ Mory — (Bbi)HafđTw?

8-(OH) —_———— — — HwWdero He Hađno

5 Make compliments to your friend, your boss, your parents:

Example : - Kako BbI yMHbIM! Kak BbI SneraHTHb!!

13

CRELP - CORES

in the NOMINATIVE

"_ Yen Sto 36HTUK? Whose is the umbrella? |

| — STO MOM 30HTUK., It’s my umbrella ;

a ed

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN HEM? (whose?) YbA? YbE? Ubu?

@ The interrogative relative pronoun YEA? (whose?) agrees in gender, number and case with the noun or pronoun that it refers to

~ Yen Sto 40m? — Whose is the house?

~ “ba STO KHUITa? — Whose is the book?

~ 4bé To KOnbuÓ? — Whose is the ring?

— Ybu 3To ra3éTbl? — Whose are the newspapers?

POSSESSIVES IN THE NOMINATIVE

@ Possessive pronouns agree in gender, number and case with the noun that they refer to

— Sto mon Apyr (masc.) — /t’s my friend / This is my friend

~ Sto mos nogpyra (fem.) — it’s my (female) friend

— Sto Moé KON (neut.) — it’s my ring

~ Ốro Mou poguTenn (plur.) — These are my parents

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER PLURAL '

| Tht TBOW TBOA TBOS TBOU

’ MbI Halu Hawa Hale HáUIM — |

| BbI Ball Bawa Bawe BáLM „

— Yen 3to noM? Whose is the house? — ỐTO MOĂ /OM /f'S my house

~ tbñ ár1o KaapTúpa? Whose is the ffat? — 3To mosi kBapTipa It’s my flat

— Ybé STO KONbUO? Whose is the ring? — STo Moé KONbUO It’s my ring

— Ubu 3TO KHIM? Whose are the books? — Sto MoM KHUrn These are my books

14

Possessives in the nominative

1 _Fillin the gaps with the missing possessive pronouns:

Example: 2ro sa To MOũ cocen u MOđ Coce/Ka

1 - 3To ã STO pyr u nogpyra

2 - STO Bb Sto ocpuc? Sto KaOunHerT?

3- OTO Thi Oo CH TT cectTpa

5 - T0 THỊ oro _ npyr?-Her,aTro 6paT

6 - To Bbi Sto —— nonpyra2—-Her, aTo — cecTpa

7 - 3ro đ OTo_ «KOMITEE

8 - STO Bbi So — — nerw?-Ha,aro _ — — — nem

2 Reply in the negative:

Example : 3ro sauuu npy3bs 2 - HeT, 3To H© HaL1 Apy3ba

1 - 3ro TBoÙ noM?

3 Reply in the negative:

1 - 2ro rsaoa nonpyra?2

POSSESSIVES IN THE THIRD PERSON: ETO, EẼ, MX :

@ In the third person, possessive pronouns agree with the owner in gender and number

They do not decline

A singular owner, masculine or neuter

A singular owner, feminine

A plural owner

OH (masculine) or OHO (neuter)

©erÓ ñOM

his house eróØpaT his brother ero KBapTMpa his flat

©TÓ KHÍTM his books

©rÓ Cecrpá

his sister ero ppy3ba his friends 3aBÓN] VM eré npogyKuna a factory and its production

OHA

e@ 0m her house

eé O6pat

her brother eéKBapTupa her flat eŠcecTpá her sister

©Ề KHÍTM her books

their brother WXKBaprúpa their flat WXcecrpá their sister

WXKHúrW their books

YIIPAXHEHM1

Possessives in the nominative

4 Answer the questions:

Example : —Ubu 310 nWCKeTbI? — 3TO MOW /IWCK@TI

1 - Yeh ato cnoBapb?

2 - Ube STO peweHne?

3 - Yen sTo Apyr?

4 - dba 9TO KOLUKa? Tá

5 - dba 3T0 CyMKA2

6 - Ubé 9TO NanbTo? H4 5]

7 - bu 3TO ñOKYM€HTbI?

8 - dbu To ra3eTbi2

9 - dba aTo ra3eTra?

9 Find three nouns for each possessive pronoun:

Example: moi cton, Mou CnoBapb, MOI KAaDAHALI

6 Ask questions that refer to the words in blue:

Example: —Ubu 3To DOKyMeHTbI? — GTO MOM AOKYMeHTHI

CRELE - C12215

) THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS

WHAT IS A CASE?

WbáH npwLiên ivan has arrived

Y WsaáHa HeT MaALLIWHbI van has no car

Al 3BoHUN VBany | telephoned ivan

?i Búxy WlaáHa KáXnb!Ú n©Hb / see lvan every day

ÁHHa ropopúna c WIlBáHOM Anna was speaking with Ivan

Mb! ropopunn 06 VBaHe We talked about Ivan

Declensions play an essential part in the structure of a Russian sentence

The ending of the word changes, depending on the function of the word in the sentence and its relationship

with other words This also has an effect on the meaning

Certain functions are expressed by means of a case ending and a preposition

Nouns have six cases Each declension is a set of six case endings, each of which conveys a different word

function within a sentence Nouns therefore have six singular and six plural forms, each recognised by its particular ending

Thus the word kHura (the book) has the following endings:

‘ instrumental kHwr-ol KHUF-aMW

| prepositional s kHWr-e B KHWr-aX

@ The ending is often enough to determine the role of the word in the sentence

- Akynun Sty KHury cecTpé (this book) > direct object: accusative

- | bought this book for my sister (for my sister) > indirect object: dative

@ Certain prepositions are always followed by a particular case:

— Bứka Bcerná nbŠT kócbe 6e3 Caxapa Vika always drinks coffee without sugar > 6ez + genitive

Certain prepositions can be followed by more than one case, depending on the meaning:

— BnanúMMp nowén 3a xné6om Vladimir went to get some bread > 3a + instrumental

— ?Ì HanWcán craTbiO 3a Hené71o | wrote the article in a week > 3a + accusative

18

THE DECLENSIONS

@ The nominative singular is the «basic» form of the noun

When you look at the nominative singular you can usually tell which declension the word belongs to

“+ There are three declensions:

The first and second declensions have so-called «hard» and «soft» versions

The third declension has only a «soft» version

First declension

All nouns ending in -a or -A, with the exception of words in -MA (Bpema, uma, .)

The great majority of these nouns are feminine, but there is a group of masculine nouns that also belong to this declension, including many diminutive forms of masculine first names:

Mauna the car, TeTA the aunt, co6aka the dog, Boa water, but aéaywika the grandfather, nana dad,

mykunHa the man, toHOWa the youth, asgs9 the uncle, Kona Kolya, Néta Petya

Words that end in -a are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in -A are said to have «soft» endings

Second declension

All masculine nouns that end in a consonant, in a soft sign -b or in the letter -”_ as well as all neuter nouns

that end in -o or in -e:

om the house, COK the juice, AOKDb the rain, My3e@M the museum, BUH the wine, MOpe the sea

Masculine nouns: words that end in a consonant are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in =b or

in - are said to have «soft» endings

Neuter nouns: words that end in «oO» are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in «e» are said to have «soft» endings

Third declension

All feminine nouns that end in a soft sign -b:

HOUb the night, Conb salt, OCeHb autumn

| @ There are also nouns that have irregular declensions These are nouns that end in -msa

(BpéMA time, AMA the name, 3HaMA the flag ) and the word nyTb the way

i Adjectives, cardinal and ordinal numbers and pronouns also decline in Russian, but their endings are

’ different from those of nouns

THE USE OF CASES : GENERAL CONCEPTS

Nominative: The subject of the sentence, or a nominative complement

Genitive : To qualify a noun or an adverb To render «of» After certain prepositions

Dative : Indirect object Impersonal expressions After certain prepositions After certain verbs

Accusative: Direct object Expressions of time (duration) Movement to

Instrumental: To express means, instrument After «C» to express accompaniment After certain other

prepositions After certain verbs

Prepositional

orlocative: After the preposition «o» - about After the prepositions «B» and «Ha» - in/on/at (location)

19

C2€.£5 - C2Z16

6 THE GENITIVE (1)

Í Waán ( CepréeBuu [láHWH — n©káH (baKynbTéTa, áBTOD KHÚYM «2KOHÓMMKa PoccúM»

\_JVaf Sergeyevich Panin is Head of Department, and author of the book «The Economy of Russia» |

TO QUALIFY A NOUN

The genitive is used with the noun usually after the noun that it qualifies This makes a simple link between one noun and another

MaLilHa 6pata nogpyra cectpbl

my brother's car my sister's friend

nñonúTwka npapứrenbcTBa WrpýuIkw neréÙ the government's policy the children’s toys

— dbá áTo KapTúHa? — Whose painting is that?

- ỐT0 KapTúHa PénWHa — It’s a painting by Repin

GENITIVE SINGULAR ENDINGS

Koro? Yero?

ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS ORDINAL NUMBERS

P BawEV wX (HWX)

€@ lí there is no preposition, use the Íorms eró, eẻ, wx, but after a preposition use the forms: Hero,

Heé, HMX : y Herd, OT Heé, OA HX

QUANTITY THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE

The genitive is used to express the part of a whole or an indeterminate quantity:

cTakaH céKa 4aCTb nÓMa TIMTp BOnbi

a giass of juice a part of the house a litre of water

— Háñre MH© CTAKáH MOIIOKá — Háữre MH© MOIOKá

— Give me a glass of milk — Give me some milk

20

he genitive (1 YNPAMKHEHUA

1 Answer the questions:

Example : — Ue sto cbotoannapat? (Mutep) — Sto cbotoannapat Mutepa

1 - deli aTo nopTper? (Nywkun)

2 - Ub 9TO KOMHaTa? (cecTpa) a

3 - Ubé 3TO NUCbMO? (apyr)

4 - Ubu aTo cbotorpadun? (Mapua u Uropp)

5 - Ye Opat yuutca B yH1B©DCMTeT€? (J]JXOH)

6 - Ubu TeTpagu NexKaT Ha CTONe? (AOUb U CbIH)

2 Answer the questions Give both a long and a short answer:

Example : — MbW 3TO qaCbi, TBOW? (MO HDYT [XOH)

— Het, He Mon TO qaCbi MOeTO npyra /xoHa — HeTr, MoerO ñDyra |XOHa

1 - tbãa 9TO Aaya, Bawa? (MOU AeAYyWka)

3 Answer the questions:

Example: — TBou nana pa6otaeT B yHuBepcuTeTe? (npocbeccop, yHuBepcuTeT)

— Ha, oH npocbeccop yHWBepCMTeTa

1 - Ero 6paT pa6oTraeT B chupme? (qupekTop, €bWpM3)

4 Answer the questions:

Example: —Uto kynun Cepren?(6yTbinka, BAHO) — Ceprefi KVTIMI ÕYTbI/IKV BWHA

1 - YTo kynuna AHHa? (naKeT, MONOKO)

4 - ro Bbi XOTWT€? (42LLKđ, TOPANN 4a; CTaKaH, ANENbCHHOBbIU COK)

5 - UTo BbI XOTUTE KynMTb? (nayka, Macno; OyTbINka, KBac)

21

THE GENITIVE (2) CRELE CIRENS

= TOUHOE BPEMA - CEMb 4aCOB DECATb MUHYT ABAAUATb CeKYHA

' — The precise time is seven ten and twenty seconds

' — STo urpyLuku MOMXx neTéĂi :

| — These are my children’s toys

— To MaLIWHa MOWX Apysén |

— This is my friends’ car |

Words Gender Nominative Genitive Genitive ORDINAL NUMBERS

coments crón cronÓB HÓBbIX

Except x and w

“i M CaHaTópuử -EB caHarópuEB ñoporú/x

%,UI,,UỊ M HOw HOKE Crảpuwx

HáUL1MX

-O N OKHÓ - OKOH

* Soft version

@ In the genitive plural of neuter nouns in -o and feminine nouns in -a, -A, a vowel is inserted when the stem

of the noun ends in two consonants: OKHÓ (the window) =} OKOH négpyulka (the gir) > AeByweKk

SPECIAL CASES

@ Masculine nouns that end in - y have stressed endings in - oB, KOHéy (the end) 3 KOHUÓB

and unstressed endings in - eB mécay (the month) > mécaueB

® onúH denopéók (one person) - HECKONbKO YeNOBEK (several people); ONMH CONsAT (a soldier) - NATb CongaT (five soldiers); OAH pas (a time) - AECATb pa3 (ten times); OAMH 1Na3 (an eye) - NATb rna3 (five eyes)

ê Apyr (a friend) » opy3én

MatTb (a mother) > MatTepén

néHbrW (money) ® néner

CbIH (a son) *®> coiHOBél

HOub (a daughter ® nodepéùÙ

Opat (a brother) > Opatpes

cTyn (a chair) » cTynbes ýxo (an ear) > yuiéen

C@MbA (a family) > cemén

uma (the first name) 3 uMÈH

néTM (children) ®* neréð

niöm (people) ®% nionéðũ

22

he genitive (2 VỊIPA%HEHM31

1 Answer the questions using the clues in the brackets:

1 - Ckonbko Mecaues B ropy? (12) 2 - Ckonbko cekyHn B MMHYVT€? (60)

3 - CKO7IbKO Hen B Hegene? (7) 4 - Ckonbko y Bac Apy3en? (MHOro)

5 - Ckonbko BOK3anop B MockBe? (7) 6 - CKONbKO A3bIKOB BbI NOHMMaeTe? (6)

7 - CKONbKO AHEM B HeAento Bbi pa6ØoTaeTe? (5) 8 - Ckonbko 3B83n Ha HeGe? (OweHb MHOFO)

2 Complete the sentences using the genitive plural of the words in brackets:

Example : A xynun kunorpamm (A6noKo) - A kynun kunorpamm AGNOK

1 - B pecTopane MbI 3aka3anu IODLIMIO (KOT7IĐTđ, FI67IbMGHW, YCTDWLI3, MADWHOBHHDHIl rDMƠ)

3 Complete the sentences:

Example : 1 noÕnio My3bIKV (WTarIbfqHCKW© KOMTO3WTOpHI) - A nto6nto My3biky UTANbAHCKNX

Example : Y pblố ecTb HOTMA? - HeT, ÿ pbIÕ HT HOT

1 - Y nrwu ecTb 3yGbi?

2 - Y nonyraes ecTb yCbl?

A yctana Nocne pa6oTbl oH” NOW B pecTopaH Ge3 MeHa, :

| was tired After work they went to the restaurant without me

THE PREPOSITION “Yy” (at the place of)

@ The preposition «y» is used to denote the place where something is happening:

— Y koro Bb! Gpinn Byepa? — [ge Tb! 6bIn BYepa YTPOM?

— At whose place were you yesterday? — Where were you yesterday morning?

— Mb! tin y Hawero gpyra — ñ tin y Bpadá B IOnWKHWHWKe

— We were at our friends — | was at the doctor's in the clinic

“* «Y» + the genitive is used after the verbs 6bITb (fo be), HAXOAMTbCA (fo be situated) and their equivalents: OTQbIxaTb (to rest), WTb(ío live) etc , but never after verbs of motion

A 6bin y 6pata | was at my brother's But : ñ éanưwn k 6party | went to my brother's

@ To take something from someone:

s»«Y» + the genitive is used after the verb G6paTb/B3ATb (to take) and its equivalents:

— O7o Bawa KHMra? —Y koro BbI B3ANM STOT CNOBapb?

— Is this your book? — Who did you get this dictionary from?

— Het, 9 B3AN Sty KHUTry y 6pata — Y moero oTua

— No, | got this book from my brother — From my father

THE PREPOSITION “OT” (from / from someone's place)

ñ nouiên K Bpayy > AO6piny spaua > Anpuwén of spaua

! went to the doctor's > /was atthe doctor's => | came back from the doctor's

— A ObIn B roctTax y pogutenen | was visiting my parents

— A BepHynca 0T pon#renieli 1ó3nHo BéepOM | came back from my parents’ place late in the evening

@ TO RECEIVE OR LEARN something from someone:

— OT koro oHa Nonyynna nucbM6? — OT oTLa

— Who did she get that letter from? — From her father

— OT koro BbI y3Hann 3Ty HOBOCTb? — Or cBoerdé Luéda

— Who did you learn that piece of news from? — From my boss

— Cpéta nepegana MHe ñDMBóT OT VÍDÚHDI

— Sveta said «hello» to me from Irina

® TlucbMó wa3 MonHpeána (from where?) — []ucbMó oT ỐpáTa (from whom?)

OTo CyB©HÚp M3 J]ÓHnOHa4 It’s a souvenir from London

Buepa a nonyyvna nñMCbMÓ OT ÔpáTa Yesterday | received a letter from my brother

24

YIIPAXXHEHM71

Í_ Answer the questions according to the example:

Example : [pe Tb 6bin Beyepom? (gapyr, BeYyepuHka) — A Opin y Apyra Ha BeuepuHke

1-Fge Nétp 6bin suepa? (qpy3bs, HeHb poxKgeHua)

2 Answer the questions according to the example:

Example : Y Koro Tbl B3An TeTpagb? (AHHa) — A B3an eé y AHHbI

1-Y Koro Thi B3AN MaluMHy? (CTapwiMn 6pat)

3 Change the following sentences using the verbs in brackets:

Example : Bpat nocnan muHe nucpmo (nonyunte) — A nonyyuna nucbMo OT 6pata

1 - fpy3ba Nopapunu MHe nofAapoK (NonyuuTp)

4 Change the following sentences to say «where from», according to the example:

Example : Boi Kunnu y apyra Ha gaye — Mol npuexanu OT Apyra c© nawM

1 - Bol Gbinu y coTpygHnka 8 Napwxe

THE PREPOSITIONS “BE3” (without) and “KPOME” (apart from, except for, as well as)

— Bbi ntOÕWre qŠễDHHIl KócCbe?

— Do you like black coffee?

— A npegnouvtaw kócbe ốe3 MOnoOKâ u ốe3 câxapa

— | prefer coffee without milk and sugar

— Y MeHs Ha Ave poxgĩHua Gein Bce Apy3bs, KDÓM© liBâHa, 0H Celdiâc 6 Ï lapfKe

— All my friends were at my birthday party, except for Ivan He’s in Paris at the moment

— Kpome meus, Tam 6bino eLyĩ nATb YenoBeK

— As well as me, there were another five people there

— A Kynún pcẽ, qTo HY>KHO, KpOme Msica VU BETUMHBI

— | bought everything that was needed, apart from meat and ham

THE PREPOSITION “1A” (for)

— TâHể Kynúna ỐwĩTbI Ha ónepy «EBrĩHWÙ OHĩrwH» nanø csoĩñ KonnĩrM v3 Puma

— Tanya has boughi tickets for the opera «Yevgeny Onyegin» for her colleague from Rome

— Sto Basa ANA LiBeToB

— It’s a vase for flowers

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE «Y» (near to, by, in front of), «OKONIO» (near to),

«HANPOTUB» (opposite), «BOKPYT» (around), «HEQANEKO OT» (not far from),

«OT HO» (from to)

— BcTpĩTwMcs y MeTpó «Ï TýLuliKWHCKaØ,

— Let’s meet by the Pushkinskaya metro station

— bnWxâñuIaq anTĩKa HaxónWTcña ÓKono 6âHka

— The nearest chemist’s is near to the bank

— Hanpotus moero 46ma CTpOAaT HÓBbIli DBIHOK

— They are building a new market opposite my house

— Bokpýr ó3epa Heb3 CTDÓMTb nâuM

— It is not allowed to build summer houses around the lake

— JiĩHa KuBĩT HEAaNekO OT CBOMX poANTenen

— Lena doesn’t live far from her parents

— OT 46ma fo paboTpl a egy 1 Yac

— It takes me an hour to travel from home to work

26

The genitive (3) after prepositions YIIPAX%HEHMđ1

1 Put the words in brackets into the correct form:

1 -—B Anrnuy nbiot 4a C MONOKOM, a B Poccun 6e3 (MONOKO)

2 ~ Mtli CMOTp€TM 3TOT K⁄TalicKMl (bunbM 6e3 (nepegon)

3— Ha BedepuHke bi BCe,KDOME (Onera)

4_—- HwkTo,KpooMe _—— ——_ (Bbl), H 107?K€H OỐ 3TOM 3H4Tb

5 — fl oGbIdHO nbio Kocbe Ge3 (caxap)

6 - đl eM Bce (pyKTbl, KĐOMO — — (anenbcWHbì)

7 — A npeanountato yan 6e3 (nWMOH)

8-STouspetTbi ana — (Ann)

2 Answer the questions using the prepositions: «y», «okono», «Heganeko oT»,

«HanpoTMB»

1 —Foe Haxoantca Uctopnyeckni uy3en?

2 —Tge Haxogutca Bonbuiou Teatp?

3— Ï ne BbIi XWBŠTe@?

4 —Tne HaXoORMTCã DeCToDaH «[ ]para»?

5—Tne Bbi OƠbIqHO BCTDGHđGTeCb C đDV3b#MM?2

6 —Tne HaXOnWTCđ naM#THWK Ï]yLLIKWHY?

3 Ask questions according to the example:

Example: Mocxea — [lemep6ype — Cxofibko KunomMempoe om Mockepi do [lemep6ypea?

1 — Mocksa - BnanMBOCTOK

2— MockBa — HoBocu6upck

3 — MockBa — ÏloHnoH

4 Write about the place where you live, using the prepositions «y», «okono», «HạpOTMB›»,

«BOKDYT», «H©€2T6KO OT», «OT HO):

THE DATIVE (1)

~ Komy ona 3B0HUT? — Who is she phoning?

— OHA 3BOHMT Apyry — She is phoning a friend

| — Komy ou Kynun nogapoK? — Who did he buy a present for?

— OH kynun ñonápOkK cecTpé — He bought a present for his sister

DATIVE CASE ENDINGS

NOUNS ADJECTIVES AND

ORDINAL NUMBERS POSSESSIVE | PERSONAL

PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

Gender Hard Soft Gender Hard Soft

Endings Endings Endings Endings

.E= |F(-a,-n) cectpE TétE Là a MoEU (Hemy)

ơ) E HOBOU CWHEMH TROÉP| en

F (-b) nnóuianW ch — cử HáuIEW Hew)"

F (-wn) ápMuW nstOW | TpérbEÙl BáuIEÙ (Hen)

AM cnopapfM - „ MOÁM Ham

s THÁM MopfM HOBbIM CMHWMM TBOUM Bam

oo céectp nnouian4M nñ#rbliM TpéTbMM BáuM (uưm)"

A ato emy Hal agpec

| am giving him our address

6 npyr (a iend) 3 nDy3b#ñM

nénbIW (money) 3 neHbráM

ñ uný kK Hemy

| am going to his place

MaTb (the mother) > matepmu (sing.) and maTepsim (plur.)

nosb (the daughter) ® nónepu (sing.) and qoyepsim (plur.)

Bpéma (the time) > Bpémeun (sing.) and BpbemeHam (plur.)

Uma (the first name) » vmeuu (sing.) and uMeHan (plur.)

CbiH (fhe son) > CbIHOBbsIM 6part (the brother) > OpatbAm

* After a preposition, the personal pronouns emy, ev”, um become Hemy, Hel, HUM

28

1- ? —A xynun SToT cnoBapb Onbre

3- 2 — Mai cKa3anu eMV 3T0

4- ? —Al OObACHAIO 3anaHue CekpeTapho 5- ? —OH 3B0HMT KonNere

6 - ? - 8Ø] nocnan wM aToT chakc

2 = Make up sentences using the words in brackets as in the example:

Example : ~ A noka3pisato cbotorpacbuu Apyry

1 - paccka3biBaTb UCTOPUIIO (peGEHOK)

2 - noKynaTb nñonapok (KeHa)

6 - naTb COBGT (TO/DYT3)

7 - NPEQNOKUTb COK (TOCTb)

3 Say what you can give as a present:

Example : (My) — Ha PoxxnecTBO MYXÿ MOXKHO FIO4DMTb FA/CTYK

4 = Make up sentences using the words in brackets as in the example:

Example : — A nogapwn aty KapTUHy MoeMy CTapomy apyry

1 - 3afaTb BONPOC (UHOCTPaHHbIM KYPHANMCT)

AGE

To ask someone’s age, ask the question:

— CkKOénbKO Bam NeT? (How old are you?)

The personal pronoun that designates the person concerned is in the dative, both in the question and in the answer

MHe MHe 21 ron (I am 21) _ TeÓề / Te6é 22 24 róna (You are 22 24

MY EMý 25 30 net (He is 25 30)

CkónbkOo en net ? En 30 net (She is 30)

HaM | Ham 31 roa (We are 31)

` BaM ° BaM 32 34 róna (You are 32.34)

[um | Vim 35 40 met (They are 35 40)

FREQUENTLY USED VERBS THAT TAKE THE DATIVE CASE

AjaBatb / AaTb (to give) 3BOHMTb / NO3BOHMTb (to telephone)

AapWTb / nogapntb (io give a present) OObACHATH / OGbACHITb (to explain)

nocbiInaTb / NOCNAaTb (to send) TIOMOTáTb / NOMOUb (to help)

PaCCKA3bIBaTb / paccKa3aTb (to tell) nokynatb / KynWTb (to buy)

TOBOpTb / CKa3áTb (io tell, to say) fIDennaráTb / ñpDenioWTb (to suggest, propose) COBÓTOBATb / IOCOBÉTOBATb (fo adVvise) M©U1áTb / IOMeLHáTb (†o interfere with)

— HáñTe mMue ra3éty, noKanyicta Give me the newspaper please

— OHA 3BOHUT Nogpyre She is phoning her (girl) friend

— OH 4aCTO AapuT UBeTEI MaTepn He often gives his mother flowers

— OObACHMTe HaM NpaBnno Explain the rule to us

— UTo Tel kynMn Gpaty? What did you buy for your brother?

— Ckaxute en 06 Stoo Tell her about it

— He mewaiite MHe, nonKanyicta Please don’t get in my way

— [loMorU MH€, nñoxánylcra Heip me please

— Ona paccka3biBaeT DV3bØIM O CBOÖM IYT€LIẾCTBWM She is telling her friends about her journey

— OH NpeanoxkAN HaM NOMTH B KUHO He suggested we should go to the cinema

— OHM Nocnann (baKC MWHÚCTDY KyTbTVphI They sent a fax to the Minister of Culture

— £#Ì BaM COBÓTYIO nñolTú B pecropán «ÏÏlekÚúH» | advise you to go to the restaurant «Pekin»

The verb HpasBnutTbca / NOHPaBMThCA (to please) is also used with the dative to express «to like» :

— KoMý noxpasunca stot npoékt ? Who liked this project?

— 2TOT ñpOékKT ñoHpáBwrIcn HáLULeMY AupéKTopy Our director liked this project

30

he dative († YNPAMKHEHUA

1 Answer the questions as in the example:

Example : — Cxonbko net [xouy? (32) — EMY TpWHLIATb oBa rona

1 - CkonbKo neT aTomy pebeHky? (7)

2 - Ckonbko neT ero MarepW? (54)

3 - CkonbKO NeT Ux BeTAM? (11)

4 - CKonbkKo neẹT aroñ qepenaxe? (100)

5 - CKonbko NeT sTomy AepeBy? (300)

6 - CKONbKO Bam net?

2 Complete the following sentences:

1 - lomorute Mue, noxkanyicta,

2 - PaapeLuWre MHe, noKanyucta,

3 - NocoBetyuTe el, ñoanylcra,

4 - Dante Ham, noxkanyicta,

3 Complete the dialogue using the following verbs: nomoratb-nomoub, nokynaTb-KynuTb,

COBETOBAaTb-MOCOBETOBATb, FOBOPUTb-CKa3aTb, OObACHATb-OObACHM Tb

—TÏbwBe€T, TbI MOX@LLIb MHG, KAK HaTM Mara3MH “Ï]ponyKTbl”?

— Ma, a cenyuac Treốe ro TeÕe Hano_ _DDDDDD7?

— Y M€Hñ HWdero HeT MHe HanO _— _ _ IpaKTWd©ckw Bcẽ

-Tornana TeÕ@ HOlTW B CyTI€DMADKT TAM MOXHO KVTIMTb BCẺ Cpa3y, HO 3TO

ñopoxe Wnu ecnw xoqeLlibo,_——— MH©, WTO TeỐ©C HyXHO ?Ì CerOHH5 rIO6ñYy B MAT83WH

— Bonbuoe cñacW6o Ì Tbi oqeHb MH€

A Use the verb “Hpasuteca” with personal pronouns depending on the context, as in the

example:

Example : OH ¥acTo xOguT Ha CTagMoH Emy HpaBitca cpyt6on.(4T07)

Emy HpaButca CMOoTpeTb cbyToon (YTO denaTb?)

1 - OH fonro roBopuT c Hen No Tenecbouy

4 - Moũ GpaT nioGWT cbotorpacbuposBatb

5 - OHa noKyriaeT MHOTO CyB©eHWDOB

31

CZ££, z5 - cv

10 THE DATIVE (2)

oe RENS

-

| — Mue K@KETCA, UTO OH pa6oTaerT CNVULUKOM MHOrO |

io It seems to me that he works too much

a

@ With the verbs: xoteteca / 3axoTeTbca (fo want), HĐAaBMTbCñ / NOHpaBUTbCA (to please / like)

Ka3aTbca / noKa3aTbca (fo seem):

— deró re6é xódercn? — BaM HDápuTcña Mockeá? — Mie ka&KeTCA, YTO Bbi ycTanu

— What do you want? ~ Do you like Moscow? — lt seems to me that you are tired

@ With the verbs:

TIDMHAaR/1eXATb (to belong to) HanñOMMH4Tb Í HañOMHWTb (f0 remind)

*KeNatTb / NoKeNaTb (to wish for) NOcBALAaTb / NOCBATMTh (fo dedicate)

npeactasnarp / npeAcTaBnTh (fo introduce) yctynatb / yctynutp (to give way to)

—Komy npvkagnexnt sta komnaHun?

— Who does this company belong to?

@ With short form adjectives:

HY)KeH — MhHe ny >kHa Bisa HeOỐXOHÍM — ÁHHe HeOỐXORÚMLI RéHb[M

— | need a visa — Anna needs some money

noné3enH — Sto nexapcTBo Te6é Noné3Ho BDéH€H — BaM BDéH€H XOHÓHHbIÙ KIÁMđT

— This medicine is good for you — A cold climate is bad for you

WHTepéceH — HaM WHT©pếcCHO BáLIe MHÓHW© 3HaKOM — Mhe 3HaKÓMLI TU nIO7M

— Your opinion is interesting for us — | know these people

NOHsATeH — Bam noustHa erd TOUKa 3peHuA? MW3BÓCTeH — ỐTO W3BéCTHO BCeM

— Do you understand his point of view? — Everyone knows that

TO EXPRESS THE OBJECT of a feeling

@ With the short form adjectives pag and 6Gnarogapeéu :

— Mhi ÓqeHb pánbi eró npWwéaný

— We are very pleased he has come

— ñ õnaronápeH MOWM DORTeTIRM 3a BCẽ, YTO OHM ANA MeHA Caénann

— I'm grateful to my parents for everything that they have done for me

@ With the verbs: panoBgaTbca / oốpanoBaTbca (to be pleased about) MCTUTb / OTOMCTHTb (Io get revenge on):

— OH o6pagoBanca eé nucbmy

— He was glad to receive her letter

— OH p€LiW1 OTOMCTWTb COCÓnYy

— He decided to get his revenge on his neighbour

32

he datif (2 YMPAXKHEHMA

1 Complete the sentences:

Example : —(Typnctbl) HpPaBUTCA MOCKOBCKOe MeTpO? - TypucTaM HpaBuTCA MOCKOBCKOe MeTpO?

1 - (Baw gpy3ba)_ HPA@BUTCA UX HOBaA KBapTupa?

2- (3purenw) NOHpaBUnicAa cnekTaknb?

3- (Mon pogutenn) XOMH©TCñ KVHMTb nay

2 - (Balun napTHépel) HY KHbI 9TU 1OKYMGHTbI?

3 - Mbi Bcerga padi _ (HOBbIe Nogy)

5 - Hetu Bcerna panytorca (nonapkw)

3 Complete the questions and answer them:

Example : — Bet pagyetecb (nogjapkn)? — Bol pagyetTecb nogapkam? — fla, A pagyrocb nogapkam

1 - DomkHbI nM MYKYVHBI YCTYNATb (OKEHLUMHbI) MECTO B METPO?

4 You are preparing for a business meeting Write a short note using the following words:

HYKEH, NONE3CH, UHTEPECEH, NOHATEH, HEOGXOAUM, VU3BECTEH, 3HAKOM

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THE DATIVE and THE PREPOSITION «K»

@ To express the notion of joining something on to something else, always use verbs with the

prefix MPH -

OH Npunucan K MoeMy IWCbMÝ HéCKO/7IbKO CTOB

He added a few words to my letter

[Ipu6ápbTe K 4YeTbIPEeM Tpu CKOnbko GyneT? — Cemb

Add three to four That’s how many? - Seven

@ Use K after the following verbs and after nouns derived from them:

TOTOBUTBCA — NOATOTOBUTHCA (to prepare for, train for) nofroToska (preparation, training)

NPUBbIKATb — MPUBbIKHYTb (to get used to) npuBeiuKa (a habit, tendency)

oC€pawatpca — o6patutpca (to address oneself to) o6pawéHnue (an address (to someone))

OTHOCUTbCA — OTHECTUCh (fo have an attitude to) OTHOLWEHe (an attitude)

CTpeMuUTbCA (to aspire to) cTpemnéuue (an aspiration to)

Kak BbI OTHOCHTeCb K Tol Ipo6néwe2 — KakoBo Bale OTHOULIéHW@ K ýTOl npo6néMe?

What do you think of this problem? — What do you think of this problem?

@ After nouns that express a feeling:

UHTePEC K MY3bIKe (an interest in music)

nio6óBb K néTñM (a love for children)

YÿBaMHM€ K DOHÚT€T#IM (respect for paren†s)

HÓH8BWCTb K BparáM (ñhatred for enemies)

THE DATIVE and THE PREPOSITION «NO»

@ To qualify a profession or a subject of studies:

cneuvannct no (bWuHáHcaM (4a specialist in finances)

3AHATUA NO PYCCKOMY ASbIKY (a Course in Russian)

KHMra Mo reorpacbun (a geography book)

—KTo BbI No npodéccuu? — What is your profession ?

@ To indicate a means of communication

3BOHUTb/TOBOpMTb No Teneqdny (to call, speak on the phone)

CMOTpéTb NO TeneBu3zopy (fo see on the television)

YCNbIWAaTb NO pagno (to hear on the radio)

FIOGTáTb IWCbMÓ ñO sNeKTPOHHOK nduTe (fo send a letter by email)

@ To describe movement along smth

Wnrú no ynuue

To go along the street

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he dative (2 YOPAMKHEHMA

1 Complete the sentences:

Example : Ecnv sbi GonbHbl, OOpatuTecb- _—— (Bpay) - Ecnu Bbl GonbHbI, oO6paTuTecb K Bpayy

1 - MHe Hy>KHo 2 nñHã, qTOÔbl IOTOTOBWTbCfØ (9K3ameH)

2 - Korga y Bac noaBunca MHTepec — (MV3bIKa)?

3 - V3MeHWIOCb TM BALLIð OTHOLIeHWIG — (nonwrwkw}?

4 - Bbli cnyLuanu orepy «[lioỐogb — (Tpu anenbcwHa)»?

3s Answer the questions:

1 - Ha pa6oTe Bb MHOrO roBopnte no Tenedony?-

The accusative without a preposition is used for the direct object of a verb It is used to answer the

questions Koro? (whom?) and 4To? (what?)

8 nioốnh® Mý%a ! love my husband A mo6nto cbịp | like cheese

«To love» is a transitive verb, and has a direct object It is followed by the accusative without a preposition

NOUNS IN THE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR

“* For inanimate masculine nouns, neuter nouns, and feminine nouns in-b :

accusative = nominative

Inanimate nouns are objects or abstract notions

?l no6nl LiokOnán OH DoMOHTÚDY€T KOMTbIOT€D

| like chocolate He is mending the computer

'Tbl B3871 IanbTó? OTKpONTe OBepb, NoKanylicTa

Have you taken a coat? Open the door, please

“* For animate masculine nouns ending in a consonant: accusative = genitive

Animate nouns designate people or animals

A Kay oTua / am waiting for my father ñ aHáio erdé 6pata / know his brother

“+ Both feminine and masculine nouns with nominative endings in - a (- a) have an

accusative in - y (-t0)

Mobi kynunu Maly ? BúX‹y néBVyLLIKY

We have bought a car / see the girl

Ona WiTaeT CTaTbHO Akay nany

She is reading an article i'm waiting for dad

“+ Some transitive verbs:

nto6uTh (to love) *KAaTb (to wait for) 3HaTb (to know)

CTPOUTb (fo build) BUDeTb (fo see) CMOTp€Tb (to look at, to watch)

CNbIWAaTb (fo hear) cnyWatTb (‘fo listen to) Opatb (to take)

nokynatTb (to buy) UMTaTb (to read) NUCaTb (to write)

HénatTb (to do / make) P@LUATb (to decide) IOTIydáTb (fo receive)

W3ydáTb (io study) BCTDewÁáTb (io meel) nepeBognts (to translate)

36

he accusative YIIPAX%HEHM3

Í Answer the questions:

2 - UTO BbI NoKynaeTe?

4-UTo BbI 3yqaere?

6 - Koro BbI BCTpeyaeTe?

2 - OHw CnyLlaloT _ (MV3bIKA)

3 - OHa kynuna (xne6)

+ - Akay (HDYT W rIonpyra)

2OkK, KOde, Yan, MO/IOKO, BOH3)

~ - KOrO Tbl B1Uneïn gqepa?

¬Dpyr, Konnera, nara, Ceprew)

š - T0 W3ÿydAIOT CTYAeHTbI B YHuBepcuTeTe?

~MT@DATYD8, 3KOHOMWK4, (M3WKA, M@H€/XMGHT)

= - Koro BbI KAéTe?

-pocbeccop, Huva, Beptpan, nocon)

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the nouns:

*—-OHMCTpoAT Ctl)

_-Mogaopore fomon MbI BcTpeTumM s Ss (COC Ka)

>-Akynnio._—:—C (BH), _ (cokn —— ._ — (Bona)

+ - Ha Oq@Hb nio6uT SS (Ape)

= - OHW ñDWrTACWJM HA BeHGDMHKV, _— _ — _ (COTDYHHMK)

=-j»Wqy —— —— —. (TpwrnaLleHWe) 3 AHTTWM

37

NOUNS IN THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL Animate and Inanimate

In the plural the animate/inanimate rule is applied to masculine, feminine and neuter nouns

s* For inanimate nouns

accusative = nominative

“> For animate nouns

accusative = genitive

Al nro6nto KpacuBble LIB@THI

| love beautiful flowers

đ nioÕnIO KpacÚBbiX GéBywek

| love beautiful girls

NOUNS ADJECTIVES AND

endings | endings endings endings

F(-a,-n)| wkpŸ TẽriO HoBYIO | nocnénHIOkĐ MolO_ TgolĨ

F(-b) nnĩuIađnb | népgYFO TpéTbO HawY sBawy MeHA

s | M(in.) ' enogápb HĨBbll | nocnénHWl Mow Haw TeÕfđ

s , can nọoBáp néppblIW TpérMM TBOK BaLI erĩ

dD)

„ „ a „ (Heé) HOBOE | nocnégHEE MoE TBROE

đ cerĩnHa BCTpéTWTn BáL!ero npýra

{ met your friend today

đ no6n® cnýulaTb XopĩLlWX neBuoeB

| like listening to good singers

đl BcrpéTuna erĩ ponwrenieli

| met his parents

A nro6no cTapble dbvnbMbI

| like old films

@ When used with a preposition, the pronouns ero, eé, wx become Hero, Heé, HNX

Ona snio6nena B Hero

She is in love with him

he accusative VPAX%HEHM13

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the personal pronouns:

Example : - OTo on Boi 3HaeTe ero?

1 - 2ro đ BbI IOMHMT€ a

2 - STO OHM Bbi 3HaeTe

3- To MuI.Bblcđbllqe —

4-93TO OH.TbI Bugena a

5 - STo Thi A sctpeyy a

6 - OTO BbI Mbi noHuMaeM

1 - OH Kynun (HOBađ MALLWHA)

3 - [upextop pewun (cnoxHas npõneMa)

4 - OH CMOTpUT TONBKO (aMepWkKaHcKWe (bW!IbMb))

5 - Mp! GaBHo He Bugenu (TBOM poAMTenn)

6 - Buepa a augen (TBOU Gpat u TBOđ CeCTDA)

7 - OHa 3HaeT (HOBbIe NpenogaBaTeny)

3 Complete the sentences, first with the correct form of the words in brackets, and then with

a pronoun:

1 - OH nIOỐMT (cTapble c~unbMbl) OH XOPOLUO 3HaeT

2 - OHW 3HAIOT (Mon cecTpa) QHW BWnenu_—————————B[JloHnone

3 - Thị 3HaeLIIb (Haw coceg)? — Ma, a Bugen Ha BeYepuHKe

4 - Tbl 3HaeLUb (xopoLuWli napukMaxep)2

5 - OH uWLI€T (Ta7aHTrIWMBbI© MOTO/bI© KTDWCbÌ)

6-TbiB3nn_———_—————._— — (MOn KnIodW)? ?Ì He By

4 Fill in the gaps in the dialogue using the following words:

OHA, KOMGMf, BW©OKACC@T4, đ, aHrMWlCKađ KOMenMs8, CBeT4, OHW, (bWIIbM, M@7IODAMLI

— HasBali IoCcMOTDWM KAKOl-HWỐY/b

— A He xouy npurnawatb ————— OHa n1o6uT ,aa H©HABM%XV

— Â KakOfl CŒWnbM ThÌ XOM©LIIb FIOCMOTD@Tb?

12 THE INSTRUMENTAL (1)

— A nto6nto nwcáTb KapaHnaLUuĨM

| ¬ đ] roBopio c pyro

— | like writing with a pencil

- ¬ | am talking with a friend

THE INSTRUMENT

— Yem Thi NMWwewib? — What are you writing with? — Pyykou — With a pen

“+ The instrument can include parts of the body:

OH nứLleT néBol DyKĨI He writes with his left hand

ACCOMPANIMENT

— C KeM TbÌ Obi B KMHĨ?

— Who were you with at the cinema?

— A nbio qaÙi €C NUMOHOM

— I'm drinking tea with lemon

— With your sister — He often goes to the park with his children

INSTRUMENTAL CASE ENDINGS

Kem? Yem?

NOUNS ADJECTIVES AND

ORDINAL NUMBERS POSSESSIVE PERSONAL Hard Soft | Hard Soft PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

Gender endings endings Gender endings endings

M ctonOM cnopapEM| M HĨBblM _ cúHWM | MoMM TsoúM Mnó

L N nucbMOM| mĩpEM N népBbIM ' TpéTb»MM | HaWMM BaAWMM roGĩă

© †

5| r e Ba3sOU | nécHEH 2sÓ 2HEl “Ù a mM

ø | (aa) E HĨBOH củnEMH MOEM TBOEM (c uu)

- ~ ~ ~ en

nepBouU éTbEM | HáuIEW BawEN ~

cĩ cĩnbiO ef eee |S (c Hen)

_ 5 M cron vAM ‹ cnosapfiMWI SCHAMA m MOWMM HáMH

HOBbIMV | cuHAMU TROMMUV BáMM

nog (people) 3® nionbMH

MaTb (the mother ® MaTepbro (sing.) and MaTepsimn (plur.)

HOUb (the daughten > nĩnepblo (sing.) and GovepbMnM (plur.)

Bpéma (the time) > BpeéMeHeM (sing.) and BDeMeHaMH (plur.)

uma (the first name) > wmMeHeM (sing.) and AMeHaMY (plur.)

40

he instrumental (1 YNPAMKHEHUA

1 Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the instrumental case:

Example : — Y meHn @CTb XODOLLañ py4ka A nioGnto nucaTb

— Y M@HA ECTb XOpolwaa pyuka A nio6mio nucatb pyuKou

1 - A HegaBHo Kynun xopownk KapaHzaw A nto6nto nucatb _— —

2 - Mama rosopnt: “etn, BOT BUNKa W HOw HyKHO eCTb W

3 - MaMa cxa3ana: “eTM, BOT 3yÕHaa LIeTKa W nacTra Hyx%4HO 4CTMTb 3yỐbt

“

4 - Mama cxasana: “Jletn, BOT MbiIno, BOT IOTIOTSHLHG Hy34HO MbITb DYKM _ W

BbITMpaTb ”

5 - Y HerO rpOMKMf ronoc ÔH BCera roBODMT.

6 - Y denoBeka ecTb r71a3a, yLulW, DyKM, rorioaa Mbi CMOTDWM , cnywaem

,paboTaem _ MnyMaeM —_

2 Answer the questions according to the example:

Example: -—CkemTpI roBpopun no Tenedbouy? (AHHa)

— A rospopnn no Tenecbouy c AHHON

1-C Kem BbI rynanu B napKe? (6GpaT u cecTpa)

3 Answer the questions using a personal pronoun according to the example:

Example : — C xem Bb! ropopunu cevuac? C Hatawen? — fla, c Hen

1-C Kem Bb! Goinu B Gape? C Bnagumupom? —

2 - C keM Bbi XOHWIW Ha BbICTaBKV? C ñoqepbto2—

3 - C KeM Bbi urpann B cbyT6on? C cbIHOM? — _

4 - C keM Thi ỐyneLLib WrpaTb? CO MHO? —

PLACE Prepositions of place followed by the instrumental:

népeag (in front of) Ï ne náLa MaLHa? — [lépen rapaóM

Where is your car? - In front of the garage

Népeg gáMM kapTúHa CýpWkKOBa

In front of you is a painting by Surikov

3a (behind)

position Toe rapa? — 3a nóMOM

Where is the garage? — Behind the house

3a HAWIMM HÓMOM ©CTb H@ÕO/IbLUÓÏ cag

Behind our house there is a small garden

@ Mbi nó7nro cwW1énM 3a CTOIÓM

We were sitting at the table for a long time

Hag (above)

position KaDpTÚúHa BWCÚT Ha] KDéCnOM

The picture is hanging above the armchair

nog (below, under)

position Kowika cugut nog cTondéo

The cat is sitting under the table

Page ránowkw? — [lon KDOBáTbI0

Where are the slippers? — Under the bed

pánoM C (next to) Pyuka N@ KUT pxAQOM C TeTPadbio

The pen is next to the exercise book

Me@xgy (between) _ FMdk HaxoqguTcn Méxgy Napwokem u Mapcénem

Lyon is between Paris and Marseille

6 nepenó MHOĂ (in front of me)

Hao MHOM (above me)

mog6 MHON (under me)

@ The prepositions nepeg, 3a and mexay can also be used to describe a point in time:

Népeg o6énoM MhI ryánW B nápKe

Before lunch we went for a walk in the park

Mbl BCTPETUMCA M@)KAY YACOM VM NONOBUHOH BToOporo

We'll meet between one and one thirty

3a 0o66f0M MbI pasroBapuBann

We were talking during lunch

42