Tài liệu ôn thi lớp 10 THPT Tiếng Anh năm 2022 2023 ( Kim) Periods 1, 2, 3, 4 TENSES, ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME, S V AGREEMENT A THEORY Tenses (Thì) Forms (Công thức) Usage (Cách sử dụng) Adverbs of ti[.]
Trang 1- Yes, S + am/ are/ is.
- No, S + am/ are/ is + not.
* “ordinary verb”.
(+) S + V ( inf, s, es ) +
(-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V inf +
(?) Do/ Does + S + V inf + ?
- Yes, S + do/does.
- No, S + don’t/ doesn’t.
(1) Diễn tả hành động, sự việc xảy ra thường
xuyên, lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần (một thói quen)
Với ý nghĩa này trong câu thường xuất hiện một
số trạng từ chỉ tần suất như: always, usually, often, sometimes, generally, never
E.g: He usually goes to school late.
(2) Diễn tả một chân lí, 1 sự thật hiển nhiên, 1
quy luật tự nhiên, 1 hiện tượng khoa học.
E.g: The sun rises in the East.
(3) Diễn tả lịch trình, thời gian biểu.
E.g: The train leaves at 8 a.m.
- always, often, usually, rarely, sometimes, seldom, never, - every day/ week/ month/ year
- day by day
- on Monday/ Tuesday…,
- once a week/ month/ year,
- twice a week/ month/ year…
- Yes, S + was/ were.
- No, S + wasn’t/ weren’t.
E.g: I met her at the fair yesterday.
2 Diễn tả những hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau
trong quá khứ.
E.g: She smiled, cut the cake and asked us to eat
- Yesterday,
Yesterday morning/ afternoon/ evening.
- Last
(night / week/ month/ year/ Sunday/ Monday/…)
1990, in September…)
(+)S + am/ is/ are + V-ing +…
(-)S + am/ is/ are + not + V-ing.
(?) Am/ Is/ Are + S+ V-ing ?
- Yes, S + am/ are/ is.
- No, S + am/ are/ is + not.
(1) Diễn tả 1 việc đang xảy ra ngay lúc nói.
E.g: Look! It is raining.
(2) Diễn tả 1 h/động đang diễn ra trong thời điểm
hiện tại.
E.g: Jane is in China She is studying chinese.
(3) Diễn tả 1 ý định, một dự tính trong tương lai.
( có kế hoạch từ trước và hầu như chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra.)
E.g: Tomorrow they are moving into a new house.
- Now = at the moment
= at the present: Bây
Trang 2- Yes, S + was/ were.
- No, S + wasn’t/ weren’t.
1 Diễn tả một hành động, sự việc đang xảy ra tại
một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
E.g: He was working at 10 a.m yesterday
2 Diễn tả 1 hành động đang xảy ra thì có 1 hành
động quá khứ khác xen vào Hành động đang xảy
ra ta dùng thì QKTD, h/ động khác xen vào ta dùng thì QKĐ
- When Kate was watching T.V, the telephone rang.
3 Diễn tả 2 hay nhiều hành động xảy ra đồng thời
tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
E.g: - While I was watching T.V, my father was reading a book at 8 o’clock last night
- Tại 1 thời điểm xác định trong QK
(E.g: at 8
o’clock last night,
at 10 p.m yesterday,
at that
time )
- While QKTD,
QKTD/ QKĐ.
- When QKĐ,
QKTD/ QKĐ/ QKHT.
- Yes, S + have/ has.
- No, S + haven’t/ hasn’t.
(1) Diễn tả hành động, sự việc đã bắt đầu trong
quá khứ, không xác định thời gian, nhưng còn có thể tiếp tục đến hiện tại hoặc tương lai Với ý nghĩa này trong câu thường suất hiện các từ như:
since, for.
E.g: We have learnt English for 7 years.
(2) Diễn tả 1 h/động, sự việc vừa mới xảy ra Với
ý nghĩa này trong câu thường suất hiện các từ
như: JUST, ALREADY, Yet…
E.g: Jane has just washed her hair.
E.g: Have you finished your exercise 1?
We have already finished it
(3) Diễn tả một kinh nghiệm vừa mới trải qua
(Không đề cập đến thời điểm cụ thể)
E.g: Danny has gone to HCM City several time.
- For +khoảng
th.gian (for 2 years )
- Just: vừa mới, recently
= lately: gần đây, already: rồi, never, ever: từng, yet: vẫn chưa.
- so far: Cho đến bây giờ,
up to now =up
to present =
up till now = until now: Cho đến nay/hiện nay.
- It is the first time/ the second time/ the third time + S
- Yes, S + have/ has.
- No, S + haven’t/ hasn’t.
- Diễn tả hành động, sự việc đã bắt đầu trong quá
khứ, không xác định thời gian, hành động này thường chưa được chấm dứt, nó đang tiếp tục đến hiện tại hoặc tương lai Với ý nghĩa này trong câu
thường suất hiện các từ như: since, for, all day, all week.
E.g: Tom’s clothes are covered in paint He has been painting the wall.
Lưu ý: sự khác biệt giữa thì HTHT với thì HTHTTD:
- For +khoảng
th.gian (for 2 years )
- Just: vừa mới, recently =
Trang 3+ Thì HTHTTD chú trọng đến sự liên tục của hành động.
lately: gần đây, already: rồi, never, ever: từng, yet: vẫn chưa.
- so far: Cho đến bây giờ,
up to now =up
to present = up till now = until now: Cho đến nay/hiện nay.
- It is the first time/ the second time/ the third time + S
- Before 1975, he had worked in that factory.
2 Diễn tả 1 HĐ xảy ra trước 1 HĐ qúa khứ
khác.
E.g:
- When I came here, he had left
- After he had graduated, he went abroad.
- when, as, as soon as,…
(+) S + will/ shall + V inf +
(-) S + will /shall + not + V inf …
(?) Will / Shall + S + V inf + ?
- Yes, S + will.
- No, S + won’t.
1 Diễn tả một quyết định sẽ làm ngay tại thời
điểm nói.
E.g 1: A: What do you like to eat?
B: I will eat chicken soup.
E.g 2: I will sleep for 4 hours this afternoon.
- tomorrow + tomorrow morning + tomorrow afternoon + tomorrow evening
- next week/ month/ year
- in + thời gian trong tương lai.
(+) S + am/are/is + going to + V inf
(-) S+am/are/is+not+going to+V inf
(?) Am/Are/Is + S+ going to +V inf
- Yes, S + am/ are/ is.
- No, S + am/ are/ is + not.
1 Diễn tả một kế hoạch, một dự tính sắp xảy ra.
E.g: She “is” going to get married
2 Diễn tả một sự kiện sắp xảy ra dựa trên những yếu tố cụ thể hiện có.
E.g: oh! I feel tired now, I think I “am” going to
be sick (Bây giờ tôi cảm thấy mệt, tôi nghĩ tôi
sắp ốm rồi) Yếu tố cụ thể hiện có là “tôi cảm thấy mệt”
- tomorrow + tomorrow morning + tomorrow afternoon + tomorrow evening
- next week/ month/ year
- in + thời gian trong tương lai.
(-) S+will/shall + not + be+ V ing…
(?) Will/ Shall + S + be+ V ing + ?
- Yes, S + will.
- No, S + won’t.
(1) Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại 1 thời
điểm xác định trong tương lai.
E.g 1: This time next week, I’ll be on holiday I’ll probably be lying on a beautiful beach.
E.g 2: I will be studying Japanese this summer.
- Tại 1 thời điểm xác định trong tương
lai (E.g: + at
8 o’clock tomorrow,
Trang 4+ (at ) this time tomorrow/
next week )
+ all day tomorrow
1 Diễn tả hành động sẽ được hoàn thành trước
hay tại một thời điểm xác định trong tương lai.
E.g: She is making cakes She will have made 20
cakes by 9 o’clock.
2 Diễn tả một hành động sẽ được hoàn tất trước
một hành động khác trong tương lai.
E.g: Tomorrow evening, Tom will have gone to
the party before you come.
- By + mốc
thời gian trong tương lai (E.g:
by 8 o’clock, ) + By the end
of (summer/ May ) + By then
(1) Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và đang tiếp diễn
được 1 thời gian so với 1 thời điểm khác ở tương lai.
E.g: By the end of this year, my brother will have been working for this company for 4 years.
- By the end
of + thời gian
trong tương lai.
B PRACTICE
I/ Choose the best answers:
1 I a great program about working on a newspaper last night
2 I to the underground every morning when I worked in the centre of London
3 I _ nothing about being a vet until I spent the summer on a farm
4 I _ to Germany a couple of times, but I don’t like it much
5 When I arrived, the other workers the new office rules
6 While I hard, the others in the office around doing nothing
7 When I lived in Paris, I usually three hours a day traveling to and from work
8 You look really great! _ out at the fitness centre recently?
A Do you work B Are you working C Have you worked D Will you work
9 Mary: What _ when the accident occurred?
Tom: I _ to change a light bulb that had burnt out
C have you done/have tried D were you doing/ had tried
10 I the same car for more than ten years I’m thinking about buying a new one
11 Jane: What do you call people who work in libraries? Susan: They librarians
12 Sharon to travel She abroad almost every summer Next year, she plans to go to Peru
Trang 5A loved/went B loves/goes C loved/would go D loves/will go
13 Sam _ in San Diego a week ago
14 It _ all week I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go to the beach
15 When I home last night, I discovered that Jane a beautiful candlelight dinner
16 She _ in a lot of major films before retirement last year
17 After she the letter, she put it down and started to cry
18 In May of last year, she _ hard for the examination
19 The restaurant _ by the time we got there last night
20 That’s the worst film I _ since I have grown up
21 They on holiday twice this year
22 It _ a long time since we were apart, I did not recognize her
23 By then I my driving test I hope
24 By the time he comes, we will have already
25 My sister for you since yesterday
26 I will never speak to him again so long as I still _
27 As soon as he finishes dinner, he _ the children for a work to a nearby playground
28 We Doris since last Sunday
29 When I last saw him, he in London
30 Whenever I her, I say hello
31 She lunch by the time we arrived
32 Since they aren't answering the phone, they
A need have left B can’t have left C must have left D should have left
33 While her husband was in the army, Janet to him twice a week
34 I have never played badminton before This is the first time I to play
35 Since _, I have heard nothing from him
36 John _tennis once or twice a week
A usually play B is usually playing
C usually plays D have usually played
Trang 637 As soon as I finish my report, I will call you and we out for dinner.
38 It dark Shall I turn on the light?
39 I for Christine Do you know where she is?
40 At 5 o’clock yesterday evening, I my clothes
41 “Are you ready, Ann?” “Yes, I _”
42 America, as well as Japan, England, and Germany
43 I usually away at weekends
44 The earth _round the sun
45 I come from Canada Where you _from?
46 When I last _Jane, she _to find a job
47 After he _ breakfast tomorrow, he will get ready to go to work
48 you go to the dentist?
49 Ann _ tea very often
50 Look! That man to open the door of your car
51 Over the last few months, garages the price of petrol four times
52 Something tells me that you to a single word I in the past ten minutes
A haven’t been listening/ have said B haven’t listened/ said
53 To love and to be loved the greatest happiness on Earth
54 If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years this beachany more
A doesn’t exist B isn’t existing
C isn’t going to exist D won’t be existed
55 Our industrial output from $2 million in 2002 to $4 million this year
56 The captain as well as all the passengers very frightened by the strange noise
57 Hurry up, or they serving meals by the time we get to the restaurant
58 My favorite team _ 15 games so far this season, and will probably win the championship
59 She was overjoyed because her article
C has been published D had been published
Trang 760 As soon as I saw the advertisement, I the house agent.
II/ Put the correct verb in blanks:
1 Bi Rain, together with 58 members of the South Korean National Military Symphony Orchestra
and 17 traditional musicians, (come) to Vietnam yesterday.
2 Up to now, nothing (do ) to solve their problem.
3 Tom will come home as soon as he (finish) his test.
4 ASEAN (found) in 1967 in Bangkok, Thai land.
5 He suggested that his son (be) on time for the interview
6 In times of war, the Red Cross (dedicate) to reducing the sufferings of wounded soldiers, civilians, and prisoners of war
7 Our teacher (enter) the classroom before it started to rain.
8 When I entered the room, everyone (dance)
9 Endangered species (protect) by the World Wildlife Fund now.
10 Listen! I (think) someone (knock) _at the door
11 Up to the present, we (write) almost every lesson in the book
12 The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days
13 How many times you (see) _ him since he went to Edinburgh?
14 Rivers usually (flow) to the sea
15 Look! The boy (cry)
16 Mrs Green always (go) _to work by bus
17 We (be) _ from French We (be) _there for 20 years
18 That house (belong) _to Mr Green
19 I (be) _ sorry I (forget) that girl’s name already
20 I (wait) for the manager for two hours
21 You (ever, see) a lion?
22 The school (be) _in bad conditions three years ago
23 Your aunt (call) you yesterday?
24 What you (do) at six o’clock yesterday?
25 While they (eat) _, the phone rang
26 We stopped for a rest after we (walk) _for two hours
27 I (finish) _my homework before I went to school
28 We received her letter after she (move) _to a new house
29 We missed the beginning of the play, because it (already start) _when we arrived
30 There (be) an English class in this room tomorrow evening
31 The film already (begin) when we got to the cinema
32 I (be) twenty years old next June
III/
Find one mistake in each sentence below by choosing the letter A, B, C or D and then correct it.
1 Before the 1920s, no women have voted in national elections in the US
Trang 8Ex: Active: She arranges the books on the shelf every weekend.
Passive: The books are arranged on the shelf by her every weekend.
Điều kiện để có thể biến đổi 1 câu từ chủ động sang bị động:
- V trong câu chủ động phải là Transitive Verb (Ngoại động từ: đòi hỏi có O theo sau)
- Các O (trực tiếp, gián tiếp) phải được nêu rõ ràng
Quy tắc: Khi biến đổi 1 câu từ chủ động sang bị động ta làm theo các bước sau:
a Xác định S, V, O và thì của V trong câu chủ động.
b - Lấy O trong câu chủ động làm S của câu bị động.
Trang 9- Lấy S trong câu chủ động làm O và đặt sau By trong câu bị động.
c Biến dổi V chính trong câu chủ động thành PP2 (Past Participle) trong câu bị động.
II Bảng các thời ở thể bị động: (Gồm 1 số thời chính thường dùng ở bị động)
Present Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + am/is/are + being + PP.2 + by + O
Present Perfect S + has/have + PP.2 + O S + has/have + been + PP.2 + by + O
Past Continuous S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were + being + PP.2 + by + O
Future Perfect S + will/shall + have + PP.2 + O S + will + have + been + PP.2 + by + O
Be + going to S + am/is/are + going to + V + O S + am/is/are + going to + be + PP.2 + by + O
Notes:
a Trong câu bị động by + O luôn đứng sau adverbs of place (trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn) và đứng trước
adverbs of time (trạng từ chỉ thời gian).
b Trong câu bị động, có thể bỏ: by people, by us, by them, by someone, by him, by her…nếu chỉ đối
tượng không xác định
c Nếu O trong câu bị động là sự vật, sự việc thì dùng with thay cho by.
Ex: The bird was shot with the gun.–> The bird was shot by the hunter.
d Thêm “To be” vào trước V PII trong câu bị động (To be phải chia theo thời của V chính trong câu chủ
động và chia theo số của S trong câu bị động)
III Câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ
- Đối với câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ (trong đó thường có 1 tân ngữ chỉ người và 1 tân ngữ chỉ vật)
như give, show, tell, ask, teach, send …… muốn nhấn mạnh vào tân ngữ nào người ta đưa tân ngữ đó lên
làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động Do đó, ta có thể viết được 2 câu bị động bằng cách lần lượt lấy O1 và O2 củacâu chủ động ban đầu làm chủ ngữ để mở đầu các câu bị động
Ex: I gave him a book.
–> He was given a book (by me) hoặc -> A book was given to him (by me).
IV Động từ trong câu chủ động có giới từ đi kèm
- Chúng ta không thể tách giới từ khỏi V mà nó đi cùng Ta đặt giới từ đó ngay sau V trong câu bị động.
Ex: Someone broke into our house –> Our house was broken into.
Ex : The boys usually picks her up.–> She is usually picked up by the boys.
Ex: I want you to teach me –> I want to be taught by you.
* Cách 2: Nếu tân ngữ sau to-V trong câu chủ động khác với chủ ngữ trong câu bị động à dùng mẫu B
Ex: I want him to repair my car –> I want my car to be repaired by him
* Cách 3: Có thể dùng Sb trong câu chủ động làm Chủ ngữ của câu bị động à dùng mẫu C
Ex: People don’t expect the police to find out the stolen car.
–> The police aren’t expected to find out the stolen car.
2
S + V 1 + V-ing + O + … –> S + V + (that) + O + should be + V PII + …
Trang 10Ex: She suggests drinking beer at the party.–> She suggests that beer should be drunk at the party.
3
S + V 1 + Sb + V-ing + O… –> S + V + being + V PII + …
Ex: She remember people taking her to the zoo. ->She remember being taken to the zoo.
* Trong mẫu câu 2 và 3, V1 là những V đòi hỏi được theo sau bởi V-ing
4. Chuyển câu chủ động dùng Bare-Infinitive (Động từ nguyên thể không có To)sau các V chỉ giác
Sb + be + watched + to V + O…
looked caught …
5. Chuyển câu chủ động có V-ing sau các V chỉ giác quan sang bị động:
Sb + be + watched + V ing + O…
looked caught …
* Cách chuyển: Khi chuyển sang bị động, V-ing vẫn giữ nguyên là V-ing
Ex: I see him bathing her dog now. ->He is seen bathing her dog now
We heard her singing loudly ->She was heard singing loudly.
6 Chuyển câu mệnh lệnh chủ động sang bị động: Dùng LET
V + O Let + O + be + P.P2 Don’t + V + O Don’t let + O + be + P.P2
Ex: Do the exercise! —> Let the exercise be done!
Ex: Don’t leave him alone! —>Don’t let him be left alone!
* Câu mệnh lệnh chủ động cũng có thể chuyển thành bị động với SHOULD trong một số tình huống:
Ex: Don’t use the car in case it breaks down.–> The car shouldn’t be used in case it break down.
7
Don’t let + Sb + V + you Don’t let + yourself + be + V PII
Ex: Don’t let the others see you. -> Don’t let yourself be seen.
8
It + be + adj + to-V + O … It + be + adj + for O + to be + V PII …
Ex: It’s very difficult to study English. ->It’s very difficult for English to be studied.
9
Trang 11We They
Ex: It’s their duty to do this job –> They are supposed to do this job.
10 Mẫu câu với have/get:
S + have + Sb + V + O … S + have + O + VPII + (by+ Sb)
S + get + Sb + to _V + O … S + get + O + to be + V PII (by + Sb)
Ex: I had him repair my bike –> I had my bike repaired by him.
Ex: We get him to look after our house when we are on business.
–> We get our house to be looked after (by him) whem we are on business.
11
S + make/ let/ help …+ Sb + V + O … Sb + be + made/ helped + to_V + O …
Ex: She made me work hard.–> I was made to work hard.
* Chú ý: Mẫu câu chủ động với “let” khi chuyển sang bị động nên được thay thế bằng dạng bị động
của “ALLOW + to_V”:
S + let + O + V + (O) Sb + be + allowed + to V + O.
Ex: She let him enter the room.–> He was allowed to enter the room.
12
Sb + need/ deserve … + to_V + st + … St + need/ deserve … + V-ing + …
Ex: We need to water the plants everyday.–> The plants need watering everyday.
13 Câu bị động có động từ tường thuật
- Chủ động: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + O + …
* Những động từ tường thuật (Reporting Verbs = V1) thường gặp:
think consider know believe say
suppose suspect rumour declare ………
- Đối với loại câu này, S thường là People/They …và thường được dịch là “Người ta ….”
- Có thể biến đổi câu chủ động này theo các trường hợp sau:
a V 1 ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V 2 sau That cũng ở Hiện Tại Đơn
Active S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + V-s/es + O + …
Passive
It is + PP2 của V1 + that + S2 + V-s/es + O + …
Trang 12Active S1 + V1 (+s/es) + that + S2 + V2(QKĐ) + O + …
Passive
It is + V1PII + that + S2 + V2(QKĐ) + O + …
S2 + am/is/are + V1PII + to + have + V2PII + O + …
Ex: Villagers think that he broke into her house –> It is thought that he broke into her house.
Or: –> He is thought to have broken into her house.
c V 1 ở Quá Khứ Đơn – V 2 sau That cũng ở Quá Khứ Đơn
Active S1 + V1(QKĐ) + that + S2 + V2(QKĐ) + O + …
Passive
It was + V1 PII + that + S2 + V2(QKĐ) + O + …
S2 + was/were + V1 PII + to + V + O + …
Ex: The police believed that the murderer died –> It was believed that the murderer died.
Or: –> The murderer was believed to die.
* Ngoài ra, còn có thể gặp một số trường hợp khác của mẫu câu này:
d V 1 ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V 2 sau That ở Hiện Tại Tiếp Diễn
Active S1 + V1(+s/es) + that + S2 + am/is/are + Ving + O + …
Passive It is + V1
PII + that + S2 + am/is/are + Ving + O + …
S2 + am/is/are + V1PII + to + be + Ving + O + …
Ex: They think that she is living in London –> It is thought that she is living in Lodon.
Or: –> She is thought to be living in London.
e V 1 ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V 2 sau That ở Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn
Active S1 + V1(+s/es) + that + S2 + was/were + Ving+ O + …
Passive
It is + V1PII + that + S2 + was/were + Ving + O + …
S2 + am/is/are + V1PII + to + have + been + Ving + O + …
Ex: We think that they were doing homework.–> It is thought that they were doing homework.
–> They are thought to have been doing homework.
* Chú ý:
- Nếu V ở mệnh đề trước và sau “THAT” trong câu chủ động được chia cùng thì khi chuyển sang bị động, ta dùng “to-V”
Ex: They rumored that the man killed his wife –> The man is rumored to kill his wife.
- Nếu V ở mệnh đề trước và sau “THAT” trong câu chủ động được chia ở 2 thì khác nhau, khi chuyển
sang bị động, ta dùng “to + have + VPII ”
Ex: They rumor that the man killed his wife –> The man is rumored to have killed his wife.
* EXERCISES:
I/ Change the following sentences from active into passive form.
Trang 131 Somebody has taken my briefcase.
Trang 14II Choose the best answer
1 They are making their children ( study/ to study/ studying/ studied) hard for their coming exams
2 My mother had my brother ( to repair / repair/ repaired/ reparing) the sink for her yesterday
3 She got her car( fix/ fixed/ to fix/ fixing) yesterday
4 When I got home, I saw Jane( eating/ to eat/ ate/ eaten) my apples
5 He was seen ( steal/ stolen/ stealing/ to steal) my wallet
6 He was made ( to clean/ clean/ cleaning/ cleaned) the floor all day yesterday
7 I am having my bike ( repaint/ to repunt/ repainting/ repanited)
8 She wanted her chilren ( to teach/ teaching/ taught/ to be taught) English by me
9 Your car needs( cleanig/ to clean/ to be clean/ clean)
Trang 1510 He was said ( to steal/ stealing/ stolen/ steal) the money from the bank.
11 Let your name ( written/ be written/ writing/ write) on the top of your paper
12 Why don’t you get your siut ( dry- washed Dry- washing/ dry- wash/ to dry- wash)?
13 The accident was ( descibed/ thought/ called/ report) to be caused by the bus driver
14 I had my car ( broke/ breaking/ break/ broken) into last night while I was waiting for my father
15 I don’t like ( asking/ being asked/ to be ask/ asked) about my family by the others
16 Do you wannt ( invite/ to invite/ to be invited/ being invited) to parties?
17 She is afraid of ( being robbed/ to be robbed/ rob/ to rob) on busy streets
18 He is said ( to be living / living/ live/ to live )in Paris at the moment
19 He got his flat ( white- wash/ to white- wash/ white- washed/ white- washing)
20 I still remember ( taking/to take/to be taken/being taken) to the cinema by my father when I was a little girl
21 I saw someone ( give/ gave/ to give/ given) her a lift
22 This machine needs ( restart/ restarted/ to restart/ restarting)
23 It is ( think/ rumoured/ report/ expect) that the couple are seeking a divource
24 Why don’t you get him ( take/ to take/ taking/ took) your car th the garage?
25 I had this so far ( make/ making/ to make/ made) yesterday
III Choose the option that needs correcting:
1 (A)Do you want (B)being (C)woken up (D)tomorrow morning?
2 That is (A)a (B)new circus which (C)formed (D)in 1992
3 The bridge (A)was hitting by a large ship (B)during a (C)sudden storm (D)last week
4 The destruction (A)of most of (B)the city of London (C)made by a fire (D)in 1600s
5 The romantic poet Keats (A)died (B)by tuberculosis (C)at (D)a very young age
6 Science (A)has been dividing (B)into areas (C)to (D)help organize the knowledge
7 A (A)fool and (B)his money (C)are soon (D)part
8 (A)Most of (B)the films (C)made (D)for entertainment
9 Peter (A)is said (B)being (C)good (D)at English
10 (A)The switch (B)must not be touch (C)while the machine is working
11 The report (A)has not be examined (B)by the (C)committee of experts (D)yet
12 (A)The matter (B)will discussing (C)at the (D)next meeting
13 He (A)was think (B)to be the most (C)handsome boy (D)in our class
14 (A)All the main (B)streets (C)in this city (D)are be widening
15 Peter (A)usually (B)has his car (C)washing (D)at weekend
16 (A)Do you know the boy (B)whose bicycle (C)was stole (D)last night ?
17 (A)Until I (B)got enough money, the picture (C)that I wanted (D)had sold
18 (A)Hand me the letters (C)type (C)by the secretary (D)yesterday
19 Tom (A)is consider (B)to be the (C)most good student (D)in his class
20 It (A)believes that (B)our lives (C)will (D)better in the future
21 That actress (A)has had (B)her dresses (C)make (D)there
22 (A)Many people (B)think (C)this novel (D)writing by Ngo Tat To
23 (A)Most lasers (B)are be used in (C)medical and (D)scientific field
24 This computer (A)is belong (B)to my brother He (C)bought it (D)last month
25 I (A)was informed (B)that you (C)had been see (D)in Athens
Periods 8, 9, 10:
DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH
* THEORY:
Trang 16I Definition:
1 Lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech): là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói.
- Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy(,) hoặc dấu hai
chấm(:)
- Đôi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp
Ex: “ I don’t like this party” Bill said.
2 Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/reported speech): là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi
không cần phải dùng đúng những từ của người nói
Ex: Bill said that he didn’t like that party.
II Những thay đổi trong lời nói gián tiếp:
1.Thay đổi động từ: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc
chung là lùi về quá khứ (các thì xuống cấp)
=> He said (that) he liked beer.
2 Present Progressive: am/is/are +Ving
Ex: He said: “I’m watching TV” 2 Past Progressive: was/were+V=> He said (that) he was watching TV.ing
3 Present Perfect: has/have + V3/ed
Ex: He said: “ I have just bought a new book” 3 Past Perfect: had + V3/ed=> He said (that) I had just bought a new book.
4 Past Simple: V2/ed
Ex: They said: “ We came by car ” 4 Past Perfect: had + V3/ed=> They said (that) they had come by car.
5 Past Progressive: was/were + Ving
Ex: He said: “I was sitting in the park at 8
o’clock”
5 Past Perfect progressive: had been + Ving
Past Progressive: was/were + Ving
=> He said (that) he was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock.
=> He said (that)he had been sitting in the park at
8 o’clock.
6 Past Perfect: had + V3/ed
Ex: She said: “ My money had run out” 6 Past Perfect: had + V3/ed=> She said (that) her money had run out.
7 Future Simple: will +V without to (Vo)
Ex: Lan said: “I’ll phone you” 7 would + V without to (Vo)=> Lan said (that) she would phone me.
Ex: He said: “I must finish this report” 10 must/ had to=> He said (that)he had to finish that report.
* Chú ý: Một số trường hợp không đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp:
- Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi
Ex: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, “the text is difficult”.
® He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult.
- Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi
Ex: My teacher said “The sun rises in the East”
® My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East.
He said, ‘My father always drinks coffee after dinner’
Trang 17® He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner.
- Nếu lúc tường thuật, điểm thời gian được đưa ra trong lời nói gián tiếp vẫn chưa qua, thì của động từ và trạng từ thời gian vẫn được giữ nguyên
Ex: He said, “ I will come to your house tomorrow”
® He said (that) he will come to my house tomorrow.
- Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3.
Ex: He said; “If I knew her address, I would write to her”
® He said that he would write to her If he knew her address
Ex: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.”
® She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle.
Ex: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.”
® The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.
- Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp
Ex: The advertisement said; “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar”
® The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “wish”
Ex: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money”
® He wishes (that) he had a lot of money
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/ about) time”
Ex: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children”
® She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề đi sau “would rather, would sooner”
Ex: She said; “I would rather you stayed at home”
® She said that she would rather I stayed at home.
- Không thay đổi thì của:
Could, would, might, should
Ought, had better, need trong câu nói gián tiếp
Nhưng must -> had to/ must
Ex: She said; “I could do the homework
® She said the she could do the homework
- Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định
Ex: He said, “I was born in 1980”
® He said that he was born in 1980.
- Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong câu phức có thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ tiếp diễn
Ex: “I saw him when he was going to the cinema”
=> She said she saw him when she was going to the cinema.
2 Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:
*Đại từ nhân xưng
Trang 18Direct Speech Reported Speech
3 Thay đổi về đại từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
last month/ night … the month before / the previous month/ night
The day before yesterday two days before
The day after tomorrow in two days’ time
Ex: He said “ I will come here to take this book tonight”.
à An hour ago he said he will come here to take this book tonight.
- Thêm liên từ vào câu tường thuật chỉ nguyên nhân
Ex: She said “ I am very tired I have worked overnight.”
à She said she was very tires because she had been worked.
III Những thay đổi cụ thể trong từng loại câu trong lời nói gián tiếp.
1 Câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Statements in reported speech)
S + said (to + O) + that S + V…… => S + told + O + that S + V….
Ex: ‘We will have a test tomorrow’, my teacher said.
-> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day.
*Chú ý: Có thể sử dụng một số động từ tường thuật sau: thought, announced, explained, complained,
believed…
2 Câu hỏi trong lời nói gián tiếp (Questions in reported speech)
* Chú ý: Khi chuyển câu hỏi trực tiếp thành gián tiếp cũng cần áp dụng qui tắc chuyển đổi trên, ngoài ra
cần thay đổi:
- Động từ tường thuật câu hỏi gián tiếp là asked/ wanted to know/ wondered ( tự hỏi)
- Trật tự từ chuyển về dạng trần thuật tức là chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ và không có trợ động từ
Trang 19- Không dùng liên từ “that’, dấu “?” được bỏ đi
a Yes/ No questions:
asked (O)
S + said (to O) : “Auxiliary + S + V + (O)?” asked + (O)S + wanted to know + if /whether + Clause
wondered
Eg: Tuan asked Ba “Are you fond of watching television?”
=> Tuan asked Ba if/whether he was fond of watching television.
b Wh-questions:
asked (O)
S + said (to O) : “Wh_word + auxiliary +S +V +(O)?” asked + (O) S + wanted to know + Wh_word + Cl
wondered
Ex: He said to me, “Why did you go with her father last week?”
=> He asked me why I had gone with her father the week before.
*Chú ý: Trong trường hợp câu trực tiếp có cả câu trần thuật và câu hỏi khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp phần
nào vẫn cứ đi phần ấy
Ex: “ I have left my watch at home Can you tell me the time?”
=> He said that he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time.
3 Câu mệnh lệnh trong lời nói gián tiếp (Imperative in reported speech).
Khi đổi câu mệnh lệnh từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, cần lưu ý:
+ Động từ tường thuật là: ordered, commanded (ra lệnh), requested, asked (yêu cầu), told (bảo làm ) + Tân ngữ trực tiếp chỉ người nhận mệnh lệnh được nêu lên
+ Hình thức mệnh lệnh của động từ trong câu mệnh lệnh trực tiếp đổi thành động từ nguyên thể
ordered commanded (+) He/ She + told + object + to V asked
requested
Ex: “Please wait for a minute.” The man asked me
à The man asked me to wait for a minute.
“Would you mind opening the door” she asked me.
She asked me to open the door.
He said to the waiter, “ Please bring me some hot water.”
à He told to the waiter to bring him some hot water.
I said to her “Please shut the window.”
à I asked her to shut the window.
ordered (-) He/ She + told + object + not to V asked
Ex: “ Please don’t talk loudly”.
à He asked me not to talk loudly.
He said “Don’t shut the door”.
à He asked me not to shut the door.
4 Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Exclamationin reported speech)
- Động từ tường thuật là: exclaim/shout
Ex: He said, “ What a lovely garden they have”
=> He exclaimed that they had a lovely garden.
- Các hình thức cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “what’ và “how” chuyển sang gián tiếp bằng:\
Trang 20He said that it was … / hoặc He exclaimed that it was …
Ex1: She said; “What a pity!” (Direct speech) -> She exclaimed that it was a pity.
Ex2: I said; “What a nice horse” -> I exclaimed that it was a nice hoese.
Ex3: He said; “How beautiful she is!”-> He exclaimed that she was beautiful!
Ex4:“What a big egg” he said -> He said that it was a big egg.
Ex5:“How dreadful!” he said -> He exclaimed that it was dreadful.
5 Reported speech with to infinitive.
- Khi lời nói gián tiếp là lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý định, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu, động từ tờng thuật cùng với
động từ nguyên mẫu theo sau thường dùng để truyền tải nội dung lời nói trên
* Động từ tường thuật: ask, advise, command, invite, order, recommend, encourage, urge, warn, want., beg, instruct, persuade…
Động từ tường thuật + động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive)
*Động từ tường thuật: agree, demand, hope, promise, threaten, offer, refuse, decide
Would you/ Could you / Will you/ Can you -> asked+ sb + to + V
Would you mind + V-ing /Do you mind + V-ing -> asked + sb + to +V
Would you like/ Will you -> invited + sb + to + V
a Đề nghị, lời mời:
S + invite + (O) + to V …
S + offer + to V …
Ex: He said, “Would you like to go out for a drink?”
-> He invited me to go out for a drink.
She said to me; “How about some coffee?”
-> She invited me some coffee
“I will look after the house for you if you like” he said.
-> He offered to look after the house for me if I liked.
* Ta sử dụng “ Would you like to V / How about …/ Why don’t you + … để mời
Ex: Why don’t you come to my village to have a day off?
* Để đề nghị ta dùng: - Would you like me to V
- Shall I do / Can I…? Could I …?
- I’ll do … if you like
Ex: Can I help you with the dishes? Shall I shut the door?
Would you like a drink? Would you like to come for a meal?
b Yêu cầu: (động từ tường thuật ask)
Ex: She said, “Can you lend me your book?”
-> She asked me to lend her my book.
* Ta có thể sử dụng: Could you….? , Can you …? Would you mind …? Or câu mệnh lệnh để yêu cầu
Ex:
“Would you mind closing the door?” ® he asked me to close the door.
Can you close the door? Close the door ,please.
* Đối với các cấu trúc sau, khi chuyển sang gián tiếp ta áp dùng:
“I’d like…”
“Can I have”
“Could I have…?”
S + asked + someboby + for + something
Ex: In a restaurant, the man said; “I’d like a bottle of red wine, please”
Trang 21-> The man asked for a bottle of red wine
c Khuyên bảo.
*Lời khuyên thường bắt đầu bằng:
- You should / You ought to V
- If I were you , I would/ should …
- You had better …
- Why don’t you …
S + advised + O + to V …
Ex: “Why don’t you repaint our room?” ® She advised me to repaint their room.
Ex: “You should study harder,” my mother said ® My mother advised me to study harder.
d Lời nhắc nhở.
“Remember…”
“Don’t for get…” S + remind(ed) + sb + to V
Ex: She said to me; “Don’t forget to ring me up tomorrow evening”
-> She reminded me to ring her up the bext eveining
e Sự đồng ý về quan điểm như: all right, yes, of course (áp dụng cấu trúc sau):
S + agreed + to V…
Ex: “All right, I’ll wait for you” he said
-> He agreed to wait for me
f Câu trực tiếp diễn tả điều mong muốn như: would like, wish (áp dụng cấu trúc sau):
S + wanted + obj + to V…
Ex: “I’d like Lan to become a doctor,” my mum said
-> My mum wanted Lan to become a doctor
g Từ chối : S + refused + to V …
Ex: ‘No, I won’t lend you my car” -> He refused to lend me his car.
h Lời hứa: S + promised to V…
Ex: ‘I’ll send you a card on your birthday” -> He promised to send me a card on my birthday.
* Công thức chung khi đổi sang câu tường thuật với to V: S + V (+ O) + to V
6 Reported speech with gerund: (câu gián tiếp với danh động từ)
- Khi lời nói gián tiếp là lời đề nghị, chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi ….động từ tường thuật cùng với danh động từ theo sau nó thường dùng để truyền tải nội dung lời nói trên
Động từ tường thuật + V-ing
* Động từ tường thuật:deny, admit, suggest, regret
Ex: He said to me; “Let’s go home”
-> He suggested going home
Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + Ving…
* Động từ tường thuật: : dream of, object to, insist on, complain about, think of, look forward
to
Ex: “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan
-> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise.
Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + tân ngữ + Ving…
* Động từ tường thuật: thank sb for, accuse sb of, congratulate sb on, apologize sb for, warn sb
against, prevent sb from, stop sb from…
Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me Thank you very much,” Tom said to you
-> Tom thanked me for helping him.
Ex2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said
Trang 22-> Peter apologised for being late.
Danh động từ tường thuật thường đi theo động từ tường thuật SUGGEST trong các mẫu
câu đề nghị sau:
Why don’t you/ Why not / How about -> suggest + sb + V ing
Let’s / Let’s not -> suggest + V ing / suggest + not+ V ing
Shall we/ It’s a good idea -> suggest + V ing
a Cảm ơn, xin lỗi:
S + thanked + sb + for + V ing
S + apologized for + (not) + V ing
S + apologized + to + sb + for + (not) + V ing
Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.
-> Tom thanked me for helping him.
Ex2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said.
-> Peter apologised for being late.
b Chúc mừng:
S + congratulated + sb + on + V ing
Ex: John said, “I heard you received the scholarship Congratulations!”
-> John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship.
“I hear you passed your exams Congratulations!” John said to us
-> Tom congratulated us on passing our exams
c Cương quyết, khăng khăng:
S + insisted + on + V ing
Ex: “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan.
-> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise.
“I’ll drive you to the station I insist,” Peter said to Linda
-> Peter insisted on driving Linda to the station
d Cảnh báo, ngăn cản:
- Lời cảnh báo như:
be careful, be dangerous -> S + warned + sb + to V… -> S + warned + sb + against + V-ing …
Ex1: “Be careful of strangers and don’t go out at night”; he said
-> He warned us to be careful strangers and not to out at night
Ex2: “Don’t stay at the near the airport,” I said to Ann
-> I warned Ann against staying at the hotel near the airport
Ex3: “Don’t go out alone at night,” I said to Linda.
-> I warned Linda agaisnt going out alone at night.
- Ngăn cản: S + prevented/ stopped + sb + from + V-ing…
Ex1: “Stay here! I can’t let you go out tonight,” her mother said to Jane
-> Her mother prevented Jane from going out that night
Ex2: “Sit here I can’t let you stand all the time,” Mary said to me.
-> Mary prevented me from standing all the time.
e Chấp nhận hoặc phủ nhận:
Trang 23Ex1: “We stole his money,” they said.
-> They admitted stealing his money.
Ex2: “I didn’t steal his money,” she said.
-> She denied stealing his money.
f Đề nghị, gợi ý:
S + suggest + (not) + V-ing … S1 + suggest (ed) + That + S2 + should + bare infinitive
Ex: He said to me; “Let’s go home”
-> He suggested going home
-> He suggested that we should go home
Ex: “Let’s go out for a drink,” Susan said.
-> Susan suggested going out for a drink.
* Lời đề nghị, gợi ý thường bắt đầu bằng:
- Sử dụng “could” hoặc “Shall we…”, “What about…/How about V-ing…/Let’s V…/Why don’t we V…” để gợi ý:
Ex:
She could phone her
Shall we go and see a film?
Shall we talk about something different now?
What about going to Judy's?
How about using my car?
Let's go outside.
Why don't you write to her yourself?
g Tố cáo, buộc tội:
Ex: “You took some of my money,” he said.
-> He accused me of taking some of his money.
h Mơ ước: S + dreamed + of + v-ing…
Ex: “I want to pass the exam with flying colours,” John said.
-> John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours.
“I’ve always wante to be rich, ” Bob said
-> Bob had always dreamed of being rich
i Sự suy nghĩ về cái gì (áp dụng cấu trúc sau): S + think (thought) + of + V-ing…
Ex: - John’s wife: “The house is very nice! We’ll certainly buy it”
- John : “I think so”
-> John and his wife were thinking of buying the house
k Sự chấp nhận (áp dụng cấu trúc sau): S + admitted + v-ing…
Ex:
- Detective: “You have stolen Mrs Brown’s car!”
- The thief: “Yes…! But…”
-> The thief admitted stealing/having stolen Mrs Brown’s car
l Sự mong đợi (áp dụng cấu trúc sau): S + looked forward to + v-ing…
Ex: - Mr.Smith: “I feel like meeting our children soon”
- Mrs Smith: “I think so”
-> Mr and Mrs Smith looked forward to meeting their children soon
7 Các hình thức hỗn hợp trong lời nói gián tiếp: (mixed forms in reported speech)
Lời nói trực tiếp có thể bao gồm nhiều hình thức hỗn hợp: câu khẳng định, câu hỏi, câu mệnh lệnh, câu cảm thán:
Trang 24Ex: 1 He said, “Can you play the guitar?” and I said “No”
® He asked me if I could play the guitar and I said that I couldn’t.
2 “I don’t know the way Do you? He asked.
® He said that he didn’t know the way and asked her if she knew it.
3 “I’m going to shopping Can I get you something? She said
® She said that she was going to shopping and asked if she could get me anything.
II/ Yes/ No questions:
1 “Do you enjoy reading?” Phong asked Peter
Trang 265 “I haven’t finished the assignment yet I’m really sorry”
-> The boy apologized ……….………
6 “It’s you who took my bag,” said the man to the boy
-> The man accused ……….…………
7 “No, no I really must sit for the test.”
->She insisted on ……….…………
8 “What I always want is to become a doctor,” she said
-> She dreamt ………
9 “I can’t let you use the mobile phone,” his mother said
-> His mother prevented……….…
10 “It’s really nice of you to visit me,” she said to him
-> She thanked ………
11 “I like the car I’ll buy it.”
-> The woman thought ………
12 “I feel like going to America soon.”
-> She looked forward to ………
13 “Whatever you do, don’t walk on the grass” the safeguard said to the tourists
-> The safeguard warned ………
14 “It was you and only you who stole the cake from the fridge” my mother told my sister
-> My mother accused ………
15 “I’m sorry that I broke the glass,” said Peter.
-> Peter apologized ………
VI/ Command, Request, Advice….
1."Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said
Trang 27VII/ Choose the sentence A, B, C or D that best rewrite the root one:
1 “I’m in a bit of a hurry, but I’ll ring you tomorrow,” William said
A William explained that If he weren’t hurry, he’d ring me tomorrow
B William told me that though he was in a bit hurry, but he would ring me the next day
C William said he was a bit pressed for time, but that he would bring me the following day
D William said he was a bit hurry, but he’d ring me the previous day
2 Johnny asked his father if he could continue with his study overseas
A “Do you think I can continue with my study overseas.” Said Johnny
B “Is it possible for me to study overseas?” Johnny asked his father
C ‘Can I continue with my study overseas?” Johnny said to his father
D “Will I continue to study overseas?” Johnny said
3 Her friend will come to see her (She hoped)
A She hoped her friend will come to see her B She hoped her friend would come to see her
C She hoped her friend comes to see her D She hoped her friend came to see her
4 “Buy some meat in the shop,” said my mother to me
A My mother said to me to buy some meat in the shop
B My mother told to me to buy some meat in the shop
C My mother told me to buy some meat in the shop
D My mother said me to buy some meat in the shop
5 The doctor said to Peter’ “Don’t go for a walk today”
A the doctor said Peter not to go for a walk today
B the doctor told Peter not go for a walk today
C the doctor said to Peter not to go for a walk today
D the doctor told Peter not to go for a walk today
6 “Please don’t mention it to any body,” Mary said to her friend
A Mary asked her friend not to mention it to anybody
B Mary asked her friend not mention it to anybody
C Mary asked her friend to not mention it to anybody
D Mary asked her friend did not mention it to anybody
7 Tom said: “ I have already has breakfast, so I am not hungry.’
A Tom said he had already had breakfast, so he is not hungry
B Tom said he has already had breakfast, so he is not hungry
C Tom said he had already had breakfast, so he was not hungry
D Tom said he had already had breakfast, so he was not hungry
8 I said to Nick: “Where are you going?”
A I asked Nick where was he going B I asked Nick where he was going
C I asked Nick where is he going D I asked Nick where he is going
9 He said to them: “Who will you see before you leave here?”
A He asked them who they would see before they left there
B He asked them who would they see before they left there
C He asked them who they would see before you left there
D He asked them who you would see before they left there
10 She asked me: “Why didn’t you come here yesterday?”
A She asked me why I hadn’t gone there the day before
B She asked me why I didn’t go there the day before
C She asked me why didn’t I go there the day before
D She asked me why hadn’t I gone there the day before
11 Mother asked me: “Did you play with your friends yesterday?”
A Mother asked me if I had played with my friends the day before
B Mother asked me if I played with my friends the day before
Trang 28C Mother asked me if I had played with your friends the day before.
D Mother asked if you had played with my friends the day before
12 “Would you like to have lunch with me on Sunday?” He said to me
A He invited me to have lunch with him on Sunday
B He offered me to have lunch with him on Sunday
C He suggested me to have lunch with him on Sunday
D He reminded me to have lunch with him on Sunday
13 “Will you help me, please? She said “I can’t rich the top shelf.”
A She asked me help her as she couldn’t reach the top shelf
B She asked me to help her as she can’t reach the top shelf
C She asked me to help her as she couldn’t reach the top shelf
D She warned me to help her as she couldn’t reach the top shelf
14 “This is a horrible room Why don’t you ask for something better?” he said
A He said it was a horrible room and reminded me to ask for something better
B He said it was a horrible room and advised me to ask for something better
C He said it was a horrible room and warned me to ask for something better
D He said it was a horrible room and invited me to ask for something better
15 “Remember to switch off when you have finished”, he said
A He reminded me to switch off when I’d finished
B He offered me to switch off when I’d finished
C He suggested me to switch off when I’d finished
D He reminded me to switch off when I have finished
16 “Answer this letter for me, will you?” he said “And remember to keep a copy”
A He warned me to answer that letter and reminded me to keep a copy
B He told me to answer that letter and suggested me to keep a copy
C He told me to answer that letter and reminded me to keep a copy
D He suggested answering that letter and reminded me to keep a copy
17 “Why don’t you go by train? It’s much less tiring than driving, “ I said
A I advised him to go by train as it was much less tiring than driving
B I suggested him to go by train as it was much less tiring than driving
C I warned him to go by train as it was much less tiring than driving
D I advised him going by train as it was much less tiring than driving
18 “I’ll tell you about this tomorrow, Mary.” said Tom
A Tom said to Mary that he will tell her about that the next day
B Tom told Mary that I would tell you about that the next day
C Tom told Mary that he would tell her about that the next day
D Tom told Mary that she would tell him about that the next day
19 “I have something to tell you” Mary said to John
A Mary told John I had something to tell him
B Mary told John she had something to tell him
C Mary told John she had had something to tell him
D Mary told John he had had something to tell her
20 He said, “My wife has just bought a diamond ring.”
A He said that his wife had just bought a diamond ring
B He said that my wife had just bought a diamond ring
C He said that his wife has just bought a diamond ring
D he said that his wife just bought a diamond ring
21 “I will come with you as soon as I am ready”, she said to Philip
A She said to Philip he will come to see you as soon as he I am ready
B She told Philip she will come to see her as soon as she was ready
C She told Philip she would come to see you as soon as she was ready
Trang 29D She told Philip she would come to see him as soon as she was ready.
22 “I wrote to him yesterday”
A She said to me I wrote to him the day before
B She told me she wrote to him yesterday
C She told me she had written to him yesterday
D She told me she had written to him the day before
23 “He is talking to your sister”, She said to me
A She told me he was talking to your sister B She told me she was talking to my sister
C She told me he was talking to my sister D She told me he was talking to her sister
24 “It is the time to check what you have done”, the father said to the boys
A The father said to the boys it was time to check what they had done
B The father told the boys it was time to check what they had done
C The father told the boys it was time to check what they have done
D The father told the boys it is time to check what they had done
25 “You will like my sister when you meet her”
A He told me you will like her sister when you meet her
B He told me I will like his sister when I met her
C He told me I would like his sister when I met her
D He told me I would be liked his sister when I met her
VII/ Choose the letter A, B, C, or D to show the underlined part that needs correction.
1 Mrs Emmanuelle told to Alice to give her a hand
Trang 301 Type 1:Câu điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
If + S + V1 / V s(es)(Nếu có not thì mượn trợ động từ:
don’t / doesn’t + V1)
S + will / can/ may + V1(won’t / can’t + V1)
Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.(Nếu tôi tìm thấy địa chỉ của cô ấy thì tôi sẽ gửi cho
cô ấy giấy mời)
If Mary doesn’t feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor.( Nếu Mary cảm thấy không tốt hơn vào ngày
mai thì cô ấy sẽ gặp bác sĩ)
2 Type 2:Câu điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại
If + S + V-ed / V2 (Nếu có not thì mượn trợ động từ: didn’t + V1)
To be: were / weren’t
S + would / could / should + V1 (wouldn’t / couldn’t + V1)
Ex: If I were you, I would tell the truth.( Nếu tôi là bạn thì tôi sẽ nói sự thật)
If she knew your address, she would send you a letter.(Nếu cô ấy biết địa chỉ của bạn thì cô ấy sẽ gửi cho
bạn 1 lá thứ)
3 Type 3: Câu điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ
If + S + had + P.P (Nếu có not thì thêm not sau had: hadn’t + P.P)
S + would / could / should + have + P.P (wouldn’t / couldn’t + have + P.P)
Ex: If I had known the answer, I would have told her.(Nếu tôi biết câu trả lời thì tôi sẽ nói với cô ấy)
I would have gotten the scholarship if I had studied harder.(Tôi sẽ có được học bổng nếu tôi học hành
chăm chỉ hơn)
4 Những cách khác để diễn đạt câu điều kiện:
a Unless = If….not(Trừ phi, nếu…không)
If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.(Nếu bạn không chăm chỉ thì bạn sẽ
không đủ tiến để sinh sống)
= Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.
b Suppose / Supposing (giả sử như), in case (trong trường hợp), even if (ngay cả khi, cho dù), as long as, so long as, provided (that), on condition (that) (miễn là, với điều kiện là)
Suppose the news is true, what will you do?(Giả sử tin tức đó đúng thì bạn sẽ làm gì?)
Trang 31I’ll change my decision provided that you accept my offer.(Tôi sẽ thay đổi quyết định của mình nếu bạn chấp nhận đề nghị của tôi)
In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.(Trong trường hợp tôi quên thì làm ơn nhắc nhỡ tôi về lời hứa của tôi)
c Without: không có
Without water, life wouldn’t exist.(Nếu không có nước, thì cuộc sống sẽ không tồn tại)
= If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist
*Note:
1 Có thể diễn tả câu điều kiện mà không cần dùng if hay unless bằng cách đảo chủ ngữ ra
sau should, were, had. (Không được làm với các động từ khác)
Ex:
Were I rich, I would help you.
= If I were rich, I would help you
Had I known her, I would have made friend with her.
= If I had known her, I would have made friend with her
If you should run into Peter, tell him to call me
= Should you run into Peter, tell him to call me.
2 Có thể kết hợp điều kiện 2 và điều kiện 3 trong một câu(Câu điều kiện pha trộn)
Ex: If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be so tired now (Kinh nghiệm: Thường có trạng từ đi
Ex: If we don’t water these flowers, they die.(Nếu chúng ta không tưới nước cho cây thì chúng sẽ chết)
4 Mệnh đề chính trong câu điều kiện loại 1 có thể là một câu đề nghị hoặc lời mời(Động từ chỉ mệnh lệnh)
Ex: If you are wrong, I am right (Nếu bạn sai thì tôi đúng)
If you see Peter at the meeting, please tell him to return my book.(Nếu bạn gặp Peter tại cược họp thì hãy
bảo anh ấy gửi lại cho tôi cuốn sách)
If you are free now, have a cup of coffee with me.(Nếu bây giờ bạn rảnh thì hãy uống cà-fê với tôi)
5 Đổi từ if sang unless:
Khẳng định Khẳng định (động từ trong mệnh đề chính đổi sang phủ định)
Phủ định Khẳng định (mệnh đề chính không thay đổi)
Ex: If it had more rain, my crop would grow faster
→ Unless it had more rain, my crop wouldn’t grow faster.(Nếu trời không mưa nhiều hơn thì mùa vụ
của tôi sẽ không tăng trưởng nhanh hơn)
If she doesn’t work harder, she will fail the exam
→ Unless she works harder, she will fail the exam.(Nếu cô ấy không chăm chỉ thì cô ấy sẽ hỏng bài
kiểm tra)
6 Dạng câu: Mệnh lệnh + or + Clause
- If you don’t + V1, Clause
- If you aren’t + …, Clause
Ex: Go away or I will call the police. → If you don’t go away, I will call the police.(tự dịch)
Be careful or you will cut yourself → If you aren’t careful, you will cut yourself.(tự dịch)
7 Dạng câu: Do you mind if I… / Would you mind if I…
To be = were(Không dùng was)
Do you mind/Would you mind + V-ing
Do you mind if I + Vinf
Trang 32Would you mind if I + Vpast simple
Ex1: A: Would you mind sitting in the front seat of the taxi?
8 Cấu trúc: As if/As though
S1 + Vpresent simple + As if/As though + S2 + Vpast simple S1 + Vpast simple + As if/As though + S2 + Vpast perfect
Ex1: The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer
He acts as though he were rich
He talks as if he knew everything in the world
Ex2: Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost
She talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize
B PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Choose the best anwer
1 If I ……….the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have
2 I………you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital
3 ………more help, I could call my neighbor
4 ………then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years
5 Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people……….the same language?
6 If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this,………this incident again
A I will never mention B I never mention C will I never mention D I don’t mention
7 I didn’t know you were asleep Otherwise, I……….so much noise when I came in
8 Unless you………all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you
9 Had you told me that this was going to happen, I…….….it
A would have never believedB don’t believe C hadn’t believed D can’t believe
10 If Jake……… to go on the trip, would you have gone?
11 When I stopped talking, Sam finished my sentence for me as though he……… my mind
12 If you……… , I’d have brought my friends over to your house to watch T.V, but I didn’t want to bother you
13 I wish I…….….you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself
14 If someone …… …in to the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”
15 “Here’s my phone number” “Thanks I’ll give you a call if I ………….some help tomorrow”
16 If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I……… in a bank
Trang 33A would be working B will work C have worked D work
17 The deathrate would decrease if hygienic conditions…………improved
18 The education in Japan…….… if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration
A would go down B would have gone down C went down D had gone down
19 If there………., the ricefields could have been more productive
A had been enough water B were enough water C would be enough water D are enough water
20 The patient could not recover unless he…… …an operation
21 If she…… … him, she would be very happy
22 If he………… a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post
23 If I had enough money, I……… …abroad to improve my English
24 The bench would collapse if they………on it
25 If it…………convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight,
26 If you……… …time, please write to me
27 I shouldn’t go there at night if I………… you
28 If I……….….get a pole, I will go fishing
29 If you had the chance, ……… ….you go fishing?
30 If you ……… a choice, which country would you visit?
31 He doesn’t buy this new car because he doesn’t have enough money
A If he had enough money, he can buy this new car
B If he has enough money, he could buy this new car
C If he had enough money, he could buy this new car
D If he had had enough money, he could buy this new car
32 She didn't know you were ill, so she didn't visit you
A If she had knew you were ill, she would have visit you
B If she knew you were ill, she would visit you
C If she had known you were ill, she would have visited you
D If she knew you are ill, she would visit you
33 The picnic was cancelled because it rained
A If it hadn't rained, the picnic wouldn't have been cancelled
B If it didn't rain, the picnic wouldn't be cancelled
C If it hadn't rained, the picnic wouldn't be cancelled
D If it didn't rain, the picnic wouldn't have been cancelled
34 I lost my key, so I had to wait in the snow
A If I hadn't lose my key, I wouldn't have to wait in the snow
B If I hadn't lost my key, I wouldn't have had to wait in the snow
C If I didn't lose my key, I wouldn't have had to wait in the snow
D If I didn't lose my key, I wouldn't have to wait in the snow
35 Mary didn't wear the raincoat, so she got a cold
Trang 34A If Mary had worn the raincoat, she wouldn't have got the cold.
B If Mary has worn the raincoat, she won't have got the cold
C If Mary wear the raincoat, she couldn't get a cold
D If Mary had worn the raincoat, She would have got the cold
36 Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes
A If Susan hadn’t eaten four cream cakes, she wouldn’t have felt sick
B If Susan hadn’t eaten four cream cakes, she wouldn’t feel sick
C If Susan ate four cream cakes, she would feel sick
D Susan eats four cream cakes, so she feels sick
37 My friend can’t speak English, so he can’t apply for a job
A If my friend can speak English, he can apply for a job
B If my friend couldn’t speak English, he could apply for a job
C If my friend couldn’t speak English, he couldn’t apply for a job
D If my friend could speak English, he could apply for a job
Exercise 2: Find out the mistakes:
1 If Lucia had been here now, she would find out the truth about her uncle’s accident
Trang 35RELATIVE CLAUSES - REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES – REDUCED CLAUSES
* PART I: THEORY
A RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose, which, that) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when, why) Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau danh từ Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ
Eg: The man who lives next door is very friendly.
Danh từ đứng trước
(Antecedent) Chủ ngữ (Subject) Tân ngữ (Object) Sở hữu cách (Possesive Case)
I Đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns)
1 WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ ngữ/ tân ngữ trong MĐQH
Eg: - I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend’s son
à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son
The girl is John’s sister You saw her at the concert
=> The girl who you saw at the concert is …
2 WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH
Eg:- I know the girl I spoke to this girl
à I know the girl whom I spoke to
3 WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ ngữ /tân ngữ trong MĐQH
Eg: - She works for a company It makes cars
à She works for a company which makes cars
The accident wasn’t very serious Daniel saw it
=> The accident which Daniel saw ……
* Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó – a connector
Eg: He passed his exam This pleased his parents
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
4 THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định (Mđ không có dấu phẩy)
Eg: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars
*Notes:
+ Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, anyone, nobody,…hoặc sau “ all, much , none, little ” được dùng như
đại từ.
Eg: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours./ These walls are all that are remains of the city.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất, các từ chỉ thứ tự : only, first, last, second, next…
Eg: - This is the most beautiful dress that I’ve ever had.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc : It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
It is/was not until + time/clause + that……(mãi tới khi….thì…)
Eg: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
It was not until 1990 that she became a member of the team
+ Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không hạn định
Eg: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher (sai)
- Sau giới từ
Trang 36Eg: The house in that I was born is for sale (sai)
+ Bắt buộc dùng THAT :
- Sau cụm từ vừa chỉ người và vật, bắt buộc dùng “that”:
Eg: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
We can see the farmers and their cattle that are going to the field.
- Trong cấu trúc : It be ……… that ………… (có thể dùng WHO khi chủ ngữ Hoặc tân ngữ đứng giữa
“It be N / O that ….” chỉ người
5 WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho các danh từ có tính từ sở hữu đi kèm (his-, her-, its-, their-)
Eg: - John found the cat Its leg was broken
à John found a cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken (Of which is informal)
- This is the student I borrowed his book
àThis is the student whose book I borrowed
*Các từ chỉ số lượng như (quantifiers): All of, None of, each of, most of, many of, neither of, the
majority of …=> có thể dùng với WHICH / WHOM/ WHOSE trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định:
Eg: - Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers.
à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
- He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them.
à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer
She has a teddy- bear Both of its eyes are brown
=> She has a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes are brown.
*Lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ:
1 Giới từ có thể đứng trước Whom và which.
- in formal written style: prep + which/ whom Eg:The man about whom you are talking is my brother.
- in informal style: giới từ thường đứng sau động từ:The man whom you are talking about is my brother.
Chú ý: Khi ĐTQH làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và giới từ đứng sau động từ trong mệnh
đề thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ
Eg: The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive.
- Nhưng khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ:
Eg: The picture at which you are looking is very expensive.
2 Giới từ không dùng trước That và Who:
3 Khi động từ trong mệnh đề là Phrasal verbs : không được chuyển giới từ lên trước ĐTQH whom /which:
Eg: Did you find the word which you were looking up?
The child whom I have looked after for a year is very naughty.
The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company
4 Without luôn đứng trước whom/ which:
Eg: The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane.
Fortunately we had a map without which we would have got lost.
5 Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ ( mà trước chúng không có giới từ ) trong mệnh đề quan hệ
xác định đều có thể lược bỏ Tuy nhiên trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thì không thể lược bỏ Eg: That’s the house (which) I have bought.
The woman (whom) you met yesterday works in advertising.(làm nghề quảng cáo)
Eg: Mr Tom, whom everybody suspected, turned out to be innocent.
II Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
1 WHERE: thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc thay cho (in/ at / on which), there / here.
Eg: - The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place
à The movie theater is the place where / at which we can see films
Eg: That is the house We used to live in it
=> That is the house where we used to live (= in which)
This is the table My teacher put his book on it
=> This is the table where my teacher put his book (= on which)
Trang 372 WHEN:thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian hoặc thay cho (in/ on/at which), then
Eg: - Do you remember the day We first met on that day
à Do you remember the day when/on which we first met ?
Eg: That was the time when he managed the company (= at which)
à Spring is the season when flowers of all kinds are in full bloom (= in which)
3 WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
Eg: - Tell me the reason You are so sad for that reason.
à Tell me the reason why/for which you are so sad
*Note:
- “Where” có thể được sử dụng mà không cần cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn.
Eg: Put it where we all can see it
- Không sử dụng giới từ trước “Where, When, Why”.
Eg: The building in where he lives/ where he lives in is very old (sai)
=> The building in which he lives is very old
III Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ (Defining & Non-Defining relative clauses)
1 Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính sẽ
không rõ nghĩa (modify the antecedent which is unclear in meaning)
Eg: - I saw the girl She helped us last week
à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week
• LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH hạn định
2 Non-Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ
đi thì mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa (modify the antecedent which is clear in meaning, so it’s just an extra
information)
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy (use commas to separate with main clause)
Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…+ N
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất
Eg: - My father is a doctor He is fifty years old
à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor
- Mr Brown is a very nice teacher We studied English with him
à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher
- The sun made the traveler thirsty It was hot at midday
à The Sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveler thirsty
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không hạn định
+ Không dùng THAT trong mệnh đề này
B
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
Điều kiện : Khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, trước ĐTQH không có giới từ.
1 Dùng phân từ:
a Dùng hiện tại phân từ (present participle) : V-ing -> Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng chủ động
Eg: + The man who is standing there is my brother.
=> The man standing there is my brother
+ Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house
=> Bill, wanting to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house.
* Notes: Không nên dùng HTPT để diễn đạt hành động đơn trong quá khứ
Eg: + The police wanted to interview the people who saw the accident.
=> The police wanted to interview the people seeing the accident (không nên)
But: + The people who saw the accident had to report it to the police.
=> The people seeing the accident had to report it to the police.
Trang 38b) Dùng quá khứ phân từ ( Past participle): Khi động từ trong mệnh đề ở dạng bị động
Eg: + The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital
=> The boy injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
+ Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported
=> Most of the goods made in this factory are exported.
+ Some of the people who have been invited to the party can’t come
=> Some of the people invited to the party can’t come.
2 ) Dùng cụm to inf : (To V/ For sb to V / to be + PII ) (2)
- Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây : The ONLY, LAST, FIRST, NEXT, SECOND
Eg: + This is the only student who can solve the problem (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
=> This is the only student to solve the problem.
+ She is the youngest player who won the game
=> She is the youngest player to win the game
- ĐTQH là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề, khi muốn diễn đạt mục đích, sự cho phép
Eg: + The children need a big yard which they can play in.
=> The children need a big yard to play in.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Eg: + Here is the form that you must fill in.
=> Here is the form for you to fill in.
+ There are six letters which have to be written today (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ : Trong phần to-inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ ngữ của 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì dùng for sb +to V.
Eg: + We have some picture books that children can read.
=> We have some picture books for children to read.
- Tuy nhiên nếu chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone thì có thể không cần
ghi ra
Eg: + Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about
=> Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronouns có giới từ thì phải đưa giới từ xuống cuối câu.
Eg: + We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
=> We have a peg to hang our coat on.
3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ/ ngữ đồng vị )
Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
Which/ Who + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ / CỤM GIỚI TỪ/ TÍNH TỪ (3)
Cách làm: bỏ who, which và be
Eg: Vo Nguyen Giap, who was the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago
=> Vo Nguyen Giap, the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago.
Eg: We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain
=> We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain.
PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN MĐQH:
Bước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề quan hệ nằm ở đâu
Bước 2: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm danh từ
1 Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không? Nếu có áp dụng công thức (3)
2 Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước ĐTQH có các dấu hiệu the first ,only, second, third /sosánh hơn nhất…, nếu có thì áp dụng công thức (2) Lưu ý thêm, xem 2 chủ ngữ có khác nhau không
3 Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-ing hay PII
C REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES:
* Điều kiện: Chủ từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng từ giống nhau
* Cách rút gọn:
- Bỏ các liên từ bắt đầu một mệnh đề trạng từ
Trang 39- Chuyển các hình thức động từ ở dạng chủ động thành present participle (đối với các thì đơn / tiếp diễn) hoặc having + past participle (P II ) (đối với các thì hoàn thành).
Example: + After he had finished his work, he went home.
à (After) having finished his work, he went home.
+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book
à Lying on the floor, he was reading a book
Or: He was lying on the floor, reading a book.
- Giữ nguyên hình thức động từ ở dạng bị động ở dạng past participle hoặc being + past participle (Đối với các thì đơn / tiếp diễn) hoặc having been + past participle (P II ) (đối với các thì hoàn thành).
Example:
+ He was punished by his father, he cried bitterly
à Being punished by his father, he cried bitterly
Or: Punished by his father, he cried bitterly.
+ After she had been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him
à Having been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him
a Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
- Hai hành động xảy ra song song :
+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book
-> He was lying on the floor, reading a book.
- Hai hành động xảy ra trước sau (thường rút ngắn mđ xảy ra trước)
+ When I came home, I turned on the lights
-> Coming home, I turned on the lights
b Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân.
+ Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle
à Being unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle.
+ She felt very confident because she had prepared well for the test
à Having prepared well for the test, she felt very confident
c Mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản.
+ Although I admit he is right, I do not like him
à Admitting he is right, I do not like him.
+ Although he is famous, he looks very simple
à Being famous, he looks very simple
d Mệnh đề điều kiện.
+ If you follow my advice, you can win the game
à Following my advice, you can win the game.
+ If you had gone to the party, you would have met her
à Having gone to the party, you would have met her.
e Mệnh đề kết quả: Khi hành động thứ 2 tạo thành một phần hoặc là kết quả của hành động 1, ta
có thể rút ngắn hành động 2 về hiện tại phân từ (V-ing).
+ As she went out, she slammed the door
à She went out, slamming the door.
+ He fired, wounding one of the bandits.
* PART II: PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer.
1 Sunday is the day I go to Water park with my kids
2 That was the reason he didn't marry her
3 An architect is someone deigns buildings
4 The boy to I lent my money is poor
Trang 40A who B whom C which D that
5 The land and the people I have met are nice
6 I can answer the question you say is very difficult
7 This is the place the battle took place ten years ago
8 Sunday is the day which we usually go fishing
9 This is the last time I speak to you
10 He talked about the books and the authors interested him
11 Bondi is the beautiful beach I used to sunbathe
12 Dec 26th, 05 was the day the terrible tsunami happened
13 The woman lives next my door is doctor
14 The boy Mary likes is my son
15 The boy eyes are brown is my son
16 The table legs are broken should be repaired
17 The town we are living is noisy and crowded
18 The year we came to live here was 1997
19 The worker house is next to mine died this morning
20 The lady son went on a picnic with us last weekend is a teacher at our school
21 Take measures you consider best
22 .difficulties you may encounter, I'm sure you'll succeed
23 I didn't get the job which I applied
27 She is the most beautiful girl ever lived
28 Jack has three brothers, all of are married
29 They gave us a lot of information, most of was useless
