Handbook of Safety and Health for the Service IndustryIndustrial Safety and Health for Goods and Materials Services Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services Industrial Sa
Trang 2Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services
Trang 3Handbook of Safety and Health for the Service Industry
Industrial Safety and Health for Goods and Materials Services
Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services
Industrial Safety and Health for Administrative Services
Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services
Trang 4SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR THE SERVICE INDUSTRY
Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services
Charles D Reese
Trang 5CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S Government works
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reese, Charles D.
Industrial safety and health for people-oriented services / Charles D Reese.
p cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-5384-5 (alk paper)
1 Service industries United States Safety measures 2 Service
industries Employees Health and hygiene United States 3 Human
services United States Employees I Title
Trang 6Preface xxi
Author xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Service Industry 1
1.1 NAICS 2
1.2 Employment in the Service Industry 2
1.3 Safety 3
1.4 Why Trauma Prevention? 5
1.5 Accidents or Incidents 5
1.6 Comprehensive Accident Prevention 6
1.7 Fatality and Injury Profile for the Service Industry 7
1.8 Occupational Illnesses in the Service Industry 10
References 11
Chapter 2 Educational Services 13
2.1 Educational Services 14
2.2 Profile of Educational Service Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses 16
2.2.1 Deaths 16
2.2.2 Injuries 16
2.2.3 Illnesses 16
2.3 Hazards Faced by Educational Services Workers 16
2.4 Occupations 19
2.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations 21
References 22
Chapter 3 Health Care and Social Assistance 23
3.1 Health Care 24
3.2 Social Assistance 26
3.3 Profile of Health Care and Social Assistance Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses 27
3.3.1 Deaths 27
3.3.2 Injuries 27
3.3.3 Illnesses 27
3.4 Hazards Faced by Health and Social Care Service Workers 30
3.5 Occupations 30
3.5.1 Health Care Services 30
3.5.2 Social Assistance 32
v
Trang 73.6 Applicable OSHA Regulations 33
3.6.1 Health and Social Care Services 34
References 35
Chapter 4 Leisure and Hospitality Sectors 37
4.1 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 38
4.1.1 Live Performances or Events 38
4.1.2 Historical, Cultural, or Educational Exhibits 39
4.1.3 Recreation or Leisure Activities 39
4.1.4 Work Conditions 40
4.2 Profile of Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses 41
4.2.1 Deaths 41
4.2.2 Injuries 42
4.2.3 Illnesses 42
4.3 Hazards Faced by Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Workers 44
4.4 Occupations 45
4.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations 49
Reference 50
Chapter 5 Accommodation and Food Services 51
5.1 Hotels and Other Accommodations 52
5.2 Food Services and Drinking Places 55
5.3 Profile of Accommodation and Food Services Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses 57
5.3.1 Deaths 57
5.3.2 Injuries 57
5.3.3 Illnesses 58
5.4 Occupations 58
5.4.1 Hotels and Other Accommodations 58
5.4.2 Food Services and Drinking Places 62
5.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations 64
Reference 66
Chapter 6 Other Services 67
6.1 Maintenance and Repair Workers—General 68
6.2 Building Cleaning Workers 70
6.3 Profile of Other Services Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses 72
6.3.1 Deaths 72
6.3.2 Injuries 72
6.3.3 Illnesses 74
Trang 86.4 Hazards Faced by Other Services Workers 75
6.5 Occupations 76
6.6 Applicable OSHA Regulations 76
Reference 79
Chapter 7 Managing Safety and Health People Service Sectors 81
7.1 Principles of Management 82
7.2 Safety and Health Program 83
7.2.1 Reasons for Building a Safety and Health Program 85
7.2.2 Building a Safety and Health Program 86
7.2.3 Other Required Written Programs 86
7.2.4 OSHA Guidelines for a Safety and Health Program 87
7.2.5 Safety and Health Program Elements 88
7.3 Summary 92
Chapter 8 Summary of 29 CFR 1910 93
8.1 Part 1910—Occupational Safety and Health Standards 94
8.1.1 Subpart A—General 94
8.1.2 Subpart B—Adoption and Extension of Established Federal Standards 94
8.1.3 Subpart C—[Removed and Reserved] 95
8.1.4 Subpart D—Walking–Working Surfaces 95
8.1.5 Subpart E—Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans 97
8.1.6 Subpart F—Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platforms 98
8.1.7 Subpart G—Occupational Health and Environmental Control 99
8.1.8 Subpart H—Hazardous Materials 99
8.1.9 Subpart I—Personal Protective Equipment 101
8.1.10 Subpart J—General Environmental Controls 102
8.1.11 Subpart K—Medical and First Aid 103
8.1.12 Subpart L—Fire Protection 103
8.1.13 Subpart M—Compressed-Gas and Compressed-Air Equipment 104
8.1.14 Subpart N—Materials Handling and Storage 105
8.1.15 Subpart O—Machinery and Machine Guarding 106
8.1.16 Subpart P—Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Other Handheld Equipment 107
8.1.17 Subpart Q—Welding, Cutting, and Brazing 108
8.1.18 Subpart R—Special Industries 109
8.1.19 Subpart S—Electrical 110
8.1.20 Subpart T—Commercial Diving Operations 112
8.1.21 Subparts U–Y [Reserved] 113
8.1.22 Subpart Z—Toxic and Hazardous Substances 113
Trang 9Chapter 9 Safety Hazards 115
9.1 Hazard Identification 115
9.2 Worksite Hazard Analysis 117
9.3 Training on Hazard Identification 117
9.4 Worksite Hazard Identification 118
9.5 Hazard Assessment Guide 119
9.5.1 Organize the Data 120
9.5.2 Analyze the Data 120
9.5.3 Selection of Controls 120
9.5.4 Fitting the PPE 121
9.5.5 Reassessment of the Hazards 121
9.6 Controlling Hazards 122
9.6.1 Managing the Safety Controls 122
9.6.2 Technical Aspects of Hazard Control 123
9.7 Source Control 124
9.7.1 Elimination 124
9.7.2 Substitution 124
9.7.3 Redesign 124
9.7.4 Isolation 124
9.7.5 Automation 124
9.8 Control along the Path from the Hazard to the Worker 124
9.8.1 Barriers 125
9.8.2 Absorption 125
9.8.3 Dilution 125
9.9 Control at the Level of the Worker 125
9.9.1 Administrative Controls 125
9.9.2 Work Procedures, Training, and Supervision 125
9.9.3 Emergency Planning 126
9.9.4 Housekeeping, Repair, and Maintenance Programs 126
9.9.5 Hygiene Practices and Facilities 126
9.9.6 Selecting Controls 126
9.10 Personal Protective Equipment 126
9.10.1 Eye and Face Protection 127
9.10.2 Head Protection 127
9.10.3 Foot Protection 127
9.10.4 Hand Protection 127
9.10.5 Upper=Lower Body Protection 128
9.10.6 Cleaning and Maintenance 128
9.11 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Controls 128
9.12 Summary 128
9.12.1 Job Safety Assessment 129
9.12.2 Controls 129
9.12.3 Accident Reporting 130
Trang 109.12.4 Incident Reporting Procedures 131
9.12.5 Training 131
9.12.6 Program Audits 131
Chapter 10 Health Hazards 133
10.1 Identifying Health Hazards 134
10.1.1 Prepare a List of Known Health Hazards in the Workplace 134
10.1.2 Review Floor Plans and Work Process Diagrams 135
10.1.3 Interview Workers, Supervisors, and Managers 135
10.1.4 Use Your Five Senses 135
10.1.5 Quick Health Hazard Identification Checklist 135
10.1.6 Health Hazards Assessment 136
10.2 Chemical Hazards 136
10.3 Biological Hazards 136
10.4 Physical Health Hazards 137
10.4.1 Noise 138
10.4.2 Vibration 138
10.4.3 Heat and Cold 138
10.4.4 Radiation 138
10.5 Ergonomic Hazards 139
10.5.1 Stress Hazards 140
10.6 Summary 141
Chapter 11 Biological Safety 143
11.1 Biosafety Levels 143
11.1.1 Biosafety Level 1 143
11.1.2 Biosafety Level 2 144
11.1.3 Biosafety Level 3 144
11.1.4 Biosafety Level 4 144
11.2 Requirements of Biosafety Level 1 145
11.2.1 Standard Microbiological Practices for BSL-1 145
11.2.2 Safety Equipment for BSL-1 145
11.2.3 Facilities for BSL-1 145
11.3 Biosafety Level 2 Requirements 146
11.3.1 Standard Microbiological Practices for BSL-2 146
11.3.2 Special Practices for BSL-2 147
11.3.3 Safety Equipment for BSL-2 148
11.3.4 Facilities (Secondary Barriers) for BSL-2 149
11.4 Biological Spills 149
11.4.1 Decontamination of Spills 151
11.4.2 Biological Spill on a Person 152
11.5 Infectious Waste Management 152
11.5.1 Separation and Packaging of Infectious Waste 152
11.5.2 Storage and Transport of Infectious Waste 153
Trang 1111.5.3 Infectious Waste Treatment 153
11.5.4 Steam Sterilization 153
11.5.5 Incineration 153
11.5.6 Chemical Disinfection 153
11.6 Bloodborne Pathogens 154
Chapter 12 Chemical Safety 159
12.1 Hazardous Chemicals 159
12.1.1 Ignitability 160
12.1.2 Corrosivity 160
12.1.3 Reactivity 160
12.2 Definition of a Hazardous Chemical 161
12.2.1 Health Hazard 161
12.2.2 Physical Hazard 161
12.2.3 Additional Hazardous Chemicals 161
12.3 Chemical Hazards 161
12.4 Toxic Effects 162
12.4.1 Other Types of Toxins 163
12.4.2 Carcinogens 163
12.5 Working with Toxins 169
12.5.1 Guidelines for Using Toxins 170
12.5.2 Guidelines for Using Acute Toxins 171
12.5.3 Guidelines for Using Chronic Chemicals, Carcinogens, and Reproductive Toxins 172
12.6 Storing Hazardous Chemicals 173
12.6.1 Storage Facilities 173
12.6.2 Inspection of Stored Chemicals 174
12.6.3 Refrigerator Storage 175
12.7 Transportation of Hazardous Chemicals 175
12.7.1 Use Secondary Containers 175
12.8 Chemical Waste Management 175
12.8.1 Storage 176
12.8.2 Waste Minimization 176
12.9 Hazardous Chemical Emergency Procedures 176
12.9.1 Procedures for Spills of Volatile, Toxic, or Flammable Materials 176
12.9.2 Incidental Spills 177
12.9.3 Major Spills 178
12.10 Worker Contamination 178
12.10.1 Chemical Spill on a Worker 178
12.10.2 Procedure for Cryogenic Liquid Spill on a Person 179
12.11 Chemicals and Worker Health 179
12.11.1 Medical Surveillance 179
12.11.2 Medical Consultation and Evaluation 180
Trang 12Chapter 13 Preventing Musculoskeletal Disorders 183
13.1 Musculoskeletal Disorders 183
13.2 Organized Approach 184
13.2.1 Provide Management Support 184
13.2.2 Involve Employees 185
13.2.3 Identify Problems 185
13.2.4 Implement Solutions 187
13.3 Back and Back Injuries 190
13.3.1 Factors Associated with Back Disorders 191
13.3.2 Types of Injuries from Lifting Tasks 192
13.3.3 Inherent Hazards 193
13.4 Prevention and Control 193
13.4.1 Engineering Controls 193
13.4.2 Work Practices 194
13.4.3 Adjustment to Work 194
13.4.4 Other Solutions 195
13.5 Summary 197
13.5.1 Lifting 197
Chapter 14 Electrical Safety 199
14.1 Electrical Dangers 199
14.2 Electrical Pathways 200
14.3 Result of Electrical Contact 200
14.4 Voltage 201
14.5 Current 202
14.6 Electrical Burns 203
14.6.1 Voltage Burns 203
14.6.2 Arcing Burns 204
14.6.3 Thermal Burns 204
14.7 Handling Electrical Hazards 204
14.7.1 Identify Hazards 204
14.7.2 Evaluate Hazards 204
14.7.3 Control Hazards 204
14.8 Identifying Hazards 205
14.9 Specific Hazards 206
14.9.1 Inadequate Wiring Hazards 206
14.9.2 Exposed Electrical Parts Hazards 206
14.9.3 Overhead Power Line Hazards 206
14.9.4 Defective Insulation Hazards 207
14.9.5 Improper Grounding Hazards 207
14.9.6 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter 208
14.9.7 Overload Hazards 208
14.9.8 Wet Conditions Hazards 209
Trang 1314.10 Safe Use of Electrical Power Tools 209
14.11 Safe Use of Power Cords 210
14.12 Applicable OSHA Regulations 210
14.12.1 Electrical (29 CFR 1910.303, 304, 305, 331, and 333) 210
14.13 Summary 212
Chapter 15 Emergency and Fire Safety 215
15.1 Emergency Action Plans 216
15.1.1 Chain of Command 217
15.1.2 Emergency Response Teams 217
15.1.3 Response Activities 218
15.1.4 Training 218
15.1.5 Personal Protection 219
15.1.6 Medical Assistance 219
15.2 Exits and Exit Routes 219
15.2.1 Requirements for Exits 220
15.2.2 Safety Features for Exit Routes 220
15.2.3 Design and Construction Requirements 221
15.3 Fire Prevention Plans 221
15.4 Portable Fire Suppression Equipment 222
15.4.1 Scope, Application, and Definitions—1910.155 222
15.4.2 Fire Brigades—1910.156 223
15.4.3 Portable Fire Extinguishers—1910.157 224
15.4.4 Standpipe and Hose Systems—1910.158 225
15.4.5 Fixed Fire Suppression Equipment—1910.159 227
15.4.6 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, General—1910.160 227
15.4.7 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Dry Chemical—1910.161 228
15.4.8 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Gaseous Agent—1910.162 228
15.4.9 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Water Spray and Foam—1910.163 229
15.4.10 Fire Detection Systems—1910.164 229
15.4.11 Employee Alarm Systems—1910.165 229
15.5 Fire Protection Summary 230
15.6 Fire Protection Techniques 231
15.6.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids 231
15.6.2 Electricity 232
15.6.3 Housekeeping 232
15.6.4 Hot Work 232
15.6.5 Checklist 233
Chapter 16 Hot Processes 235
16.1 Physiology of Hot Processes 236
16.1.1 Safety Problems 237
16.1.2 Health Problems 237
Trang 1416.2 Physical Effects of Hot Processes 239
16.2.1 General Hazards 239
16.2.2 Identifying Burn Hazards 240
16.3 Prevention of Hot Process Accidents 241
16.3.1 Lessening Hot Process Conditions 242
16.3.2 Controlling Thermal Conditions 243
16.3.3 Protective Clothing 243
16.3.4 Special Considerations 244
16.3.5 Protection against Hazards 244
16.3.6 Safety Practices and Procedures 246
16.4 Hot Processes in the Service Industry 248
16.5 Summary of OSHA Regulations 248
16.6 Checklist for Hot Processes 249
16.7 Summary 250
Chapter 17 Ionizing Radiation 251
17.1 Ionizing Radiation 251
17.2 Types of Radiation 253
17.2.1 Alpha Particles 253
17.2.2 Beta Particles 254
17.2.3 Gamma Rays=X-Rays 255
17.2.4 Neutron Particles 256
17.3 Sources of Radiation 257
17.3.1 Natural Radiation 257
17.3.2 Man-Made Radiation 257
17.3.3 Sources of Exposure 257
17.4 Preventing Exposures from Ionizing Radiation 258
17.4.1 Exposure and Dose 259
17.4.2 External Radiation Protection 260
17.4.3 Internal Exposure Protection 261
17.4.4 Preventive Steps 262
17.5 Human Exposure Outcomes 262
17.5.1 Health Effects of Radiation Exposure 262
17.5.2 Results of Exposure 263
17.5.3 Chronic Exposure 263
17.5.4 Acute Exposure 263
17.5.5 Risks of Health Effects 265
17.5.6 Personal Monitoring 266
17.6 Training 267
17.7 Radiation Areas 268
17.8 Specific Emergency Procedures 270
17.9 Summary of Applicable Regulations 271
17.9.1 Summary 271
Trang 15Chapter 18 Machine=Equipment Safeguarding 273
18.1 Machine=Equipment Safeguarding 273
18.2 Principles for Machine Guarding 273
18.3 Conducting an Assessment 274
18.4 Guidance on Assessing Machine=Equipment Safeguards 275
18.4.1 Assessing Safeguarding Risks 275
18.4.2 Evaluating Effectiveness of Safeguards 275
18.4.3 Assessing Management of Safeguards 277
18.4.4 Further Machine-Related Issues 277
18.4.5 Control and Machines 278
18.4.6 Operator Training 278
18.5 Typical Machines=Equipment Requiring Safeguards 279
18.6 Safeguards 280
18.7 Areas to be Safeguarded 280
18.7.1 Danger Point or Zone 281
18.7.2 Point of Operation 281
18.7.3 Power Transmission Device 281
18.7.4 Lockout 282
18.8 Types of Safeguards 282
18.8.1 Barrier Guards 282
18.8.2 Redundant Safeguards 282
18.9 Controls and Control Systems 283
18.10 Control System Function 283
18.11 Types of Control Devices 283
18.11.1 Presence-Sensing Devices 284
18.11.2 Two-Hand Control Devices 284
18.11.3 Brake Monitor 285
18.11.4 Restraint=Pull Back Device 285
18.11.5 Location=Distance 286
18.12 Training 286
18.13 Maintenance 286
18.14 Enforcement 286
18.15 Periodic Review 286
18.16 Applicable OSHA Regulations 287
18.16.1 Machine Guarding (29 CFR 1910.212 and 219) 287
18.16.2 Mechanical Power Presses (29 CFR 1910.217) 288
18.16.3 Power Transmission Equipment Guarding (29 CFR 1910.219) 288
18.17 Summary 289
Trang 16Chapter 19 Nonionizing Radiation 291
19.1 Nonionizing Radiation 291
19.1.1 Understanding and Evaluating Nonionizing Radiation Hazards 292
19.1.2 Biological Effects 293
19.1.3 Other Areas of Concern with NIR 293
19.1.4 Personal Protection for NIR 295
19.2 Visible Light Radiation 295
19.3 Lasers 296
19.3.1 Laser Health Issues 299
19.3.2 Laser Protective Equipment 300
19.3.3 Laser Radiation 302
19.4 Noncoherent Light Source Safety 303
19.5 Ultraviolet Radiation 303
19.5.1 Ultraviolet Skin Hazards 304
19.5.2 Ultraviolet Eye Hazards 305
19.6 Infrared Radiation 305
19.6.1 Infrared Radiation Hazards 305
19.7 Microwave and Radiofrequency Radiation Safety 306
19.7.1 Microwave=RF Radiation Sources 306
19.7.2 Factors Affecting Exposure to Microwave=RF Radiation 306
19.7.3 Potential Biological Effects of Exposure to Microwave=RF Radiation 307
19.7.4 Standards for Microwave=RF Radiation Exposure Protection 307
19.7.5 Antennas and Antenna Arrays 307
19.7.6 Wireless Local Area Networks 307
19.7.7 Other Potential Microwave=RF Radiation Sources (Leakage Sources) 307
19.7.8 Microwave Ovens 308
19.7.9 Power Supplies 309
19.8 Extremely Low-Frequency Radiation Safety 309
19.8.1 ELF Radiation 309
19.8.2 ELF Potential Human Health Hazards 309
19.8.3 Protection Standards for ELF Exposure 310
19.8.4 Normal ELF Field 310
19.9 Static Magnetic Field Safety 310
19.9.1 Factors Affecting Static Magnetic Field Hazards 310
19.9.2 Biological Effects of Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields 311
19.9.3 Kinetic Energy Hazards 311
19.9.4 Standards for Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields 311
19.9.5 Magnetic Field Measurements 311
19.9.6 Posting of Magnetic Field Hazards 312
19.9.7 Access Restrictions 312
19.9.8 Use of NIR Hazard Signs and Warning Labels 312
19.10 Summary 312
Trang 17Chapter 20 Visitor=Client Safety and Health 315
20.1 Walk Through 316
20.2 Hazard Identification 316
20.2.1 Weather 317
20.2.2 Traffic 317
20.2.3 Parking 317
20.2.4 Hazardous Processes 317
20.2.5 Emergencies 317
20.2.6 Chemicals 318
20.2.7 Radiation 318
20.2.8 Excessive Noise 319
20.2.9 Fire 319
20.2.10 Violence=Weapons 319
20.2.11 Other Hazards 320
20.3 Other Controls 320
20.3.1 Housekeeping 320
20.3.2 Signage 320
20.3.3 Handrails 321
20.3.4 Maintenance 321
20.4 Training 321
20.5 OSHA Applicable Regulations 321
Chapter 21 Personal Protective Equipment 323
21.1 Personal Protective Equipment and Hazard Prevention 324
21.1.1 Requirement for PPE 325
21.1.2 Hazard Assessment 325
21.2 Selecting PPE 326
21.3 Training Employees in the Proper Use of PPE 327
21.4 Eye and Face Protection 328
21.4.1 Prescription Lenses 328
21.4.2 Eye Protection for Exposed Workers 328
21.4.3 Types of Eye Protection 329
21.5 Unique Eye Protection 331
21.5.1 Welding Operations 331
21.5.2 Laser Operations 331
21.6 Head Protection 332
21.6.1 Types of Hard Hats 333
21.6.2 Size and Care Considerations 333
21.7 Foot and Leg Protection 334
21.8 Special Purpose Shoes 336
21.8.1 Care of Protective Footwear 336
21.9 Hand and Arm Protection 337
21.9.1 Types of Protective Gloves 337
21.9.2 Leather, Canvas, or Metal Mesh Gloves 338
Trang 1821.9.3 Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves 338
21.9.4 Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves 338
21.10 Body Protection 339
21.11 Hearing Protection 340
21.12 Respiratory Protection 342
Chapter 22 Workplace Security and Violence 343
22.1 Risk Factors 344
22.2 Prevention Strategies 344
22.2.1 Environmental Designs 344
22.2.2 Administrative Controls 345
22.2.3 Behavioral Strategies 346
22.2.4 Perpetrator and Victim Profile 346
22.3 Cost of Violence 347
22.4 Prevention Efforts 347
22.5 Program Development and Essential Elements 348
22.5.1 Management Commitment and Employee Involvement 348
22.5.1.1 Commitment by Top Management 348
22.5.1.2 Employee Involvement 349
22.5.2 Hazard Identification and Analysis 350
22.5.2.1 Record Review 350
22.5.2.2 Identification of Security Hazards 350
22.5.3 Hazard Prevention and Control 351
22.5.3.1 General Building, Work Station, and Area Designs 351
22.5.3.2 Maintenance 352
22.5.3.3 Engineering Control 353
22.5.3.4 Administrative Controls and Work Practices 355
22.5.4 Training and Education 357
22.5.4.1 Training Program 358
22.5.4.2 Job-Specific Training 359
22.5.4.3 Initial Training Program 359
22.5.4.4 Training for Supervisors and Managers, Maintenance and Security Personnel 359
22.5.5 Medical Management 360
22.5.6 Recordkeeping 362
22.5.7 Evaluation of the Program 363
22.6 Types of Workplace Violence Events 364
22.6.1 Type I Events 365
22.6.1.1 Prevention Strategies for Type I Events 365
22.6.2 Type II Events 366
22.6.2.1 Prevention Strategies for Type II Events 367
22.6.3 Type III Events 368
22.6.3.1 Prevention Strategies for Type III Events 368
Trang 1922.6.4 Types I, II, and III Violence Events Checklist 369
22.6.4.1 Pre-Event Measures 369
Chapter 23 Other Hazards 373
23.1 Aisles and Passageways (29 CFR 1910.17, 22, and 176) 373
23.2 Compressors and Compressed Air (29 CFR 1910.242) 373
23.3 Compressed-Gas Cylinders (29 CFR 1910.101 and 253) 374
23.4 Compressed Gases (29 CFR 1910.101, 102, 103, 104, 106, and 253) 375
23.5 Control of Hazardous Energy Sources [Lockout=Tagout] (29 CFR 1910.147) 376
23.6 Elevated Surfaces 378
23.7 Flammable and Combustible Liquids (29 CFR 1910.106) 378
23.8 Flammable and Combustible Materials 379
23.9 Floors [General Conditions] (29 CFR 1910.22 and 23) 379
23.10 Forklift Trucks (Powered Industrial Trucks) (29 CFR 1910.178) 380
23.11 Hand Tools (29 CFR 1910.242) 381
23.12 Housekeeping (29 CFR 1910.22) 382
23.13 Ladders, Fixed (29 CFR 1910.27) 382
23.14 Ladders, Portable (29 CFR 1910.25 and 26) 384
23.15 Material Handling (29 CFR 1910.176) 386
23.16 Motor Vehicle Safety 386
23.17 Portable (Power-Operated) Tools and Equipment (29 CFR 1910.243) 387
23.18 Pressure Vessels (29 CFR 1910.106, 216, and 217) 390
23.19 Railings (29 CFR 1910.23) 392
23.20 Scaffolds (29 CFR 1910.28) 393
23.21 Skylights (29 CFR 1910.23) 393
23.22 Spray-Finishing Operations (29 CFR 1910.107) 393
23.23 Stairs, Fixed Industrial (29 CFR 1910.23 and 24) 394
23.24 Storage (29 CFR 1910.176) 395
23.25 Tire Inflation 396
23.26 Toeboards (29 CFR 1910.23) 396
23.27 Transporting Employees and Materials 396
23.28 Walking=Working Surfaces (29 CFR 1910.21 and 22) 397
23.29 Welding, Cutting, and Brazing (29 CFR 1910.251, 252, 253, 254, and 255) 397
Chapter 24 Summary 399
24.1 Biological Hazards 399
24.2 Bloodborne Pathogens 400
24.3 Chemicals 401
24.4 Compressed-Gas Cylinders (CGCs) 401
24.5 Electrical 402
Trang 2024.6 Emergency Response and Planning 404
24.7 Ergonomics 405
24.7.1 Manual Material Handling 405
24.7.2 Physical Energy Demands 405
24.7.3 Other Musculoskeletal Demands 406
24.7.4 Computer Workstation 406
24.7.5 Environment 406
24.7.6 General Workplace 406
24.7.7 Tools 407
24.7.8 Gloves 407
24.7.9 Administration 407
24.8 Fire Protection and Prevention 407
24.9 Hazard Communication 409
24.10 Heat Hazards 410
24.11 Ionizing Radiation 410
24.12 Machine Guarding and Safety 410
24.13 Material Handling 412
24.13.1 Material-Handling Equipment 412
24.13.2 Storage Areas 412
24.13.3 Housekeeping 413
24.14 Means of Exit 413
24.15 Medical Services and First Aid 413
24.16 Nonionizing Radiation 414
24.17 PPE 414
24.18 Security 415
24.19 Slips, Trips, and Falls 416
24.20 Violence 416
24.21 Walking–Working Surfaces 416
24.21.1 Walkways 417
24.21.2 Floor and Wall Openings 417
24.21.3 Stairs and Stairways 418
24.21.4 Elevated Surfaces 419
Appendix A Common Exposures or Accident Types 421
A.1 Accident Types 421
A.1.1 Struck-Against Types of Accidents 421
A.1.2 Struck-By Types of Accidents 421
A.1.3 Contact-By and Contact-With Types of Accidents 422
A.1.4 Caught-In and Caught-On Types of Accidents 422
A.1.5 Caught-Between Types of Accidents 422
A.1.6 Fall-to-Same-Level and Fall-to-Below Types of Accidents 422
A.1.7 Overexertion and Exposure Types of Accidents 423
Appendix B Glove Selection Chart 425
Trang 21Appendix C Workplace Security Program 429
C.1 Responsibility 429
C.2 Compliance 429
C.3 Communication 430
C.4 Hazard Assessment 431
C.5 Incident Investigations 432
C.6 Hazard Correction 433
C.7 Training and Instruction 434
Bibliography 437
Index 441
Trang 22Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services deals with education;health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodationand food services; and other services sectors These sectors provide a host of services
to the general public including all types of educational services such as schoolingfrom the elementary to the university level The health care and social assistanceareas include physicians; dentists; ambulances; other health professionals; hospitals;and mental health; and residential care for substance abuser, the mentally ill, and theelderly The arts, entertainment, and recreation consist of performing arts, sportsevents, theaters, museums, historic sites, amusement parks, gambling establish-ments, and fitness centers Accommodation and food services are comprised ofhotels, motels, and restaurants while other services encompass automotive repair,most other repair services, laundry, death care, religious organizations, labor unions,and civic organizations
Since these sectors are very people oriented, they face hazards that are inherent inthe specific services that they provide The workers in these sectors face similaroccupationally related safety and health hazards such as biological hazards, chemicalhazards, electrical hazards, lifting, ergonomic issues, equipment,fire, hot processes,ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation, violent individuals, and slip=trips=falls
Although the aforementioned hazards are not the only hazards faced by workers
in these sectors, they are the most common ones Because of the diversity in oriented services, other job-specific hazards may result
people-This workforce constantly interacts with the public and must therefore workcarefully so as to guarantee the safety of their patrons and clients At times thetraining needed may be very extensive to perform in a safe and efficient manner.However, these hazards can be managed by applying the principles identification,intervention, and prevention, all of which are proven techniques of occupationalsafety and health
In today’s work environment, workers must be trained for emergencies andsecurity must be provided for both workers and patrons By adhering to acceptablesafe work practices and occupational safety and health regulations, the safety andhealth of the workforce can be ensured while running a productive business Thisbook serves as a guide in achieving this objective
Dr Charles D Reese
xxi
Trang 24For 30 years, Charles D Reese, PhD, has been involved with occupational safetyand health as an educator, manager, and consultant In his early career, Dr Reesewas an industrial hygienist at the National Mine Health and Safety Academy Helater became manager for the nation’s occupational trauma research initiative at theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Division of Safety Research
Dr Reese has played an integral role in trying to ensure workplace safety and health
As the managing director for the Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of NorthAmerica, he was responsible for the welfare of the 650,000 members of the laborers’union in the United States and Canada
Dr Reese has developed many occupational safety and health training programs,which range from radioactive waste remediation to confined space entry He has alsowritten numerous articles, pamphlets, and books on related issues
Dr Reese, professor emeritus, was a member of the graduate and ate faculty at the University of Connecticut, where he taught courses on Occupa-tional Safety and Health Administration regulations, safety and health management,accident-prevention techniques, industrial hygiene, and ergonomics As professor ofenvironmental=occupational safety and health, he was instrumental in coordinatingthe safety and health efforts at the University of Connecticut He is often invited toconsult with industry on safety and health issues and is asked for expert consultation
undergradu-in legal cases
Dr Reese is also the principal author of the Handbook of OSHA ConstructionSafety and Health (Second Edition); Material Handling Systems: Designingfor Safety and Health; Annotated Dictionary of Construction Safety and Health;Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach; and Office
Building Safety and Health and Accident=Incident Prevention Techniques
xxiii
Trang 26Establishments that use and provide the same services are organized togetherinto industries Industries are in turn organized together into industry sectors These arefurther organized into subsectors Each of the industry groups requires workers withvarying skills and employs unique service techniques An example of this is found inutilities, which employs workers in establishments that provides electricity, naturalgas, and water The service industry is broken down into the following supersectors:
Trang 27Transportation and utilities
Financial and insurance sector (52)
Real estate and rental and leasing sector (53)
Professional and business services
Professional, scientific, and technical services (54)
Management of companies and enterprises (55)
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation (56)
Education and health services
Educational services sector (61)
Health care and social assistance sector (62)
Leisure and hospitality
Arts, entertainment, and recreation sector (71)
Accommodation and food sector (72)
Other services (81)
The service industry is the fastest growing industrial sector in the United Statesand has seen growth in the international arena The service industry accounts forapproximately 70% of the total economic activity in the United States according tothe U.S Bureau of Census This non-goods-producing industry, which includesretail trade, wholesale trade, and other service-related industries as previously men-tioned, has a very diverse grouping
1.1 NAICS
With the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it becameapparent that the long employed standard industrial classification (SIC) was nolonger very useful when dealing with industries found in Canada and Mexico.Consequently, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed a new system entitledthe North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS)
NAICS uses a six-digit hierarchical coding system to classify all economicactivity into 20 industry sectors Five sectors are mainly goods-producing sectorsand 15 are entirely services-producing sectors
1.2 EMPLOYMENT IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY
To have some idea of the numbers of employees addressed when speaking of theservice industry, the worker population in each of the service industry sector isprovided The fast growing service industry as well as the number and variety of
Trang 28occupations within each sector provides a window into the safety and health hazardsthat need to be addressed within each sector of the service industry’s workforce(Table 1.1).
1.3 SAFETY
One of the most telling indicators of working condition is an industry’s injury andillness rates Overexertion, being struck by an object, and falls on the same level areamong the most common incidents causing work-related injuries
The service industry is a large umbrella that encompasses many types ofbusinesses, each of which has its own safety and health issues Some of theservice industries’ businesses are more hazardous than others This book does notaddress each sector independently, but provides the tools and information needed toaddress the hazards and safety and health issues within each sector of the serviceindustry
The service industry is made up of a large number of widely dissimilar industrysectors Each sector has its own unique functions that result in each sector having itsown set of unique hazards that the individual workforces must face and that theiremployers must address
TABLE 1.1
Employment in the Service Industry (2004)
Service Industry Sectors Employment
Percentage of Service Industry (84,896,300)
Percentage of All Private Industries (107,551,800) Wholesale trade 5,642,500 6.6 5.2
Retail trade 15,060,700 17.7 14.0
Warehousing 555,800 0.65 0.52
Transportation 3,450,400 4.1 3.2
Utilities 583,900 0.69 0.54
Administrative and support and
waste management and remediation
7,829,400 9.2 7.3 Information 3,099,600 3.7 2.9
Finance and insurance 5,813,300 6.8 5.4
Real estate 2,077,500 2.4 1.9
Management of companies and enterprises 1,696,500 2.0 1.6
Professional, scientific, and technical services 6,768,900 8.0 6.3
Education services 2,079,200 2.4 1.9
Health and social services 14,005,700 16.5 13.0
Art, entertainment, and recreation 1,852,900 2.2 1.7
Accommodation and food services 10,614,700 12.5 9.9
Other services 3,785,200 4.5 3.5
Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics United States Department of Labor Available at http: ==www bls.gov, Washington, 2007.
Trang 29The functioning of each sector results in different types of energy being released,and therefore the differences in the types of accidents, incidents, injuries, andillnesses that occur Thus, the hazards and energy sources dictate the specificOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations that each sector
is compelled to be in compliance with
For these reasons, it is not possible to describe or address the service industry inthe same manner as construction, shipyard, or office building industries, whereworkforces perform similar tasks and thus face similar hazards
Each hazard is discussed based upon the type of energy released, and its ability
to cause specific accidents or incidents In each section that describes hazards, thebest practices for intervention and prevention of the release of the specific energy areemphasized This approach will allow for the identification and prevention of hazards,and for framing regulations by any service industry sector It will allow for a similarapproach to address areas where the service industry sectors are alike and can beaddressed as a collective industry rather than as individual sectors, for example, thesame sectors will need to address areas such as compliance with OSHA regulations,conducting training, and effective management of safety and health
The intent of this book is to provide a source for the identification and prevention
of most of the injuries and illnesses occurring in the service industry Also,
it summarizes applicable safety standards that impact the service industry as well asaddress how to work with and around OSHA to comply with its regulations The bookcovers safety hazards involved with confined spaces, electrical equipment, falls, fork-lifts, highway vehicles, preventive maintenance activities, handling chemicals, radi-ation, welding, etc The content describes the safety hazard as applied to the type ofenergy released or to the unique event that occurs from exposure to the hazard
The question that we should be asking, ‘‘is the kind of safety being practicedprevent the destruction that we see in the American workforce?’’ Maybe we ought to askhow we define safety for a start Here are some definitions of safety that may be useful:
1 Doing things in a manner so that no one will get hurt and so the equipment
and product will not get damaged
2 Implementation of good engineering design, personnel training, and the
common sense to avoid bodily harm or material damage
3 Systematic planning and execution of all tasks so as to produce safe
products and services with relative safety to people and property
4 Protection of persons and equipment from hazards that exceed normal risk
5 Application of techniques and controls to minimize the hazards involved in
a particular event or operation, considering both potential personal injury
and property damage
6 Employing processes to prevent accidents both by conditioning the
envi-ronment as well as conditioning the person toward safe behavior
7 Function with minimum risk to personal well-being and to property
8 Controlling exposure to hazards that could cause personal injury and
property damage
9 Controlling people, machines, and the environment that could cause
per-sonal injury or property damage
Trang 3010 Performing your daily tasks in the manner that they should be done, or
when you do not know, seek the necessary knowledge
11 Elimination of foreseen hazards and the necessary training to prevent
accidents or to provide limited acceptable risk to personnel and facilities
Do any of these definitions match the safety guidelines practiced in workplaceswhere you have responsibility? If so, have you had any deaths or injuries to any ofyour workforce? When injuries and illnesses are not occurring anymore then theultimate goals have been reached Now comes the task of maintaining what hasbeen gained
As one can see, safety can be defined in many different ways Nearly all of these
definitions include property damage as well as personal injury It shows that thethinking is in the right direction and that safety consists of a total loss-controlactivity The book’s content contains only one facet of a comprehensive safety effort,which is a never ending journey
1.4 WHY TRAUMA PREVENTION?
There are very real advantages when addressing trauma prevention, which do notexist when addressing illness prevention The advantages are
. Trauma occurs in real time with no latency period (an immediate sequence
of events)
. Accident=incident outcomes are readily observable (only have to
recon-struct a few minutes to a few hours)
. Root or basic causes are more clearly identified
. It is easy to detect cause and effect relationships.
. Traumas are not difficult to diagnose
. Trauma is highly preventable.
This definition for an accident underlies the basic foundation of this book Thephilosophy behind this book is that we can control these types of events ormishaps by addressing the existence of hazards and taking steps to remove or mitigatethem as part of the safety effort This is why we spend time identifying hazards anddetermining risk Thus, the striving for a safe workplace, where the associated risksare judged to be acceptable, is the goal of safety This will result in freedom from
Trang 31those circumstances that can cause injury or death to workers, and damage to or loss
of equipment or property
The essence of this book’s approach is that we can control those factors,which are the causing agents of accidents Hazard prevention described in thisbook is addressed both from practical and regulatory approaches
1.6 COMPREHENSIVE ACCIDENT PREVENTION
Accident prevention is very complex because of interactions that transpire within theworkplace These interactions are between
is not the only environment that has an impact upon the accident prevention effort incompanies The social environment is also an interactive factor that encompasses ourlives at work and beyond Government entities that establish rules and regulationsleave their mark upon the workplace But others in the social arena such as unions,family, peer pressure, friends, and associates also exert pressure on the workplaceenvironment The extent of the interactions that must be attended to for having asuccessful accident prevention effort is paramount
Many workplaces have high accident incidence rates because they are hazardous.Hazards are dangerous situations or conditions that can lead to accidents The morehazards present, the greater the chance of accidents Unless safety procedures arefollowed, there will be a direct relationship between the number of hazards in theworkplace and the number of accidents that will occur there
In most industries, people work together with machines in an environment thatcauses employees to face hazards that can lead to injury, disability, or even death Toprevent industrial accidents, the people, machines, and other factors, which can causeaccidents, including the energies associated with them, must be controlled This can
be done through education and training, good safety engineering, and enforcement.Many accidents can be prevented One study showed that 88% were caused byhuman failure (unsafe acts), 10% by mechanical failure (unsafe conditions), and only2% were beyond human control (acts of God)
If workers are aware of what hazards are, and what can be done to eradicatethem, many accidents can be prevented For a situation to be called an accident, itmust have certain characteristics The personal injury may be considered minor when
it requires no treatment or only first aid Personal injury is considered serious if itresults in a fatality or in a permanent, partial, or temporary total disability (lost-timeinjuries) Property damage may also be minor or serious
Trang 321.7 FATALITY AND INJURY PROFILE FOR THE SERVICE INDUSTRY
In 2005, there were 5702 occupationally related deaths in all of private industry, whilethe service industry had 2736 (48%) of these fatalities the goods-producing industryhad 42% fatalities In Table 1.2, the major contributors to these fatalities are depicted.Injuries are examined somewhat differently and the statistical data are presentedusually in four different ways These are as follows:
1 Nature of injury or illness names the principal physical characteristic of a
disabling condition, such as sprain=strain, cut=laceration, or carpal tunnel
syndrome
2 Part of body affected is directly linked to the nature of injury or illness cited,
for example, back sprain,finger cut, or wrist and carpal tunnel syndrome
3 Source of injury or illness is the object, substance, exposure, or bodily
motion that directly produced or inflicted the disabling condition cited
Examples are a heavy box, a toxic substance,fire=flame, and bodily motion
of injured=ill worker
4 Event or exposure (type of accident) signifies the manner in which the
injury or illness was produced or inflicted, for example, overexertion while
lifting or fall from a ladder (see Appendix A)
Tables 1.3 through 1.6 allow us to start identifying the most common facets of aninjury profile The total employment for the service industry in 2004 was 84,896,300and the total number of injuries was 850,930 The data in the tables denote the mostfrequently occurring factor resulting in the injury=incident or resulting from theinjury=incident
It would appear from a rough observation of Tables 1.3 through 1.6 that a serviceindustry employee would suffer a sprain or strain to the trunk and in most cases theback or possibly the lower or upper extremities because of one of the three causes:worker motion=position; floors, walkways, or ground surfaces; or containers thatresulted in an overexertion=lifting or fall on the same level As it can be seen, these
TABLE 1.2Occupational Death Cause in Percent
Cause Service Industry (%) All Private Industries (%)
Homicides 16 10
Struck-by 7 11 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2005.
Available at http: ==bls.gov.
Trang 33TABLE 1.3Nature of Injury by Number and Percentfor the Service Industry
Nature of Injury Number Percent Sprains =strains a
377,760 44 Fractures a 55,450 6.5 Cuts=punctures a
63,220 7 Bruises a 82,610 10 Heat burns 12,780 1.5 Chemical burns 4,330 0.5 Amputations 2,710 0.3 Carpal tunnel syndrome 10,810 1.3 Tendonitis 3,950 0.4 Multiple traumaa 34,450 4 Back pain (only) 28,600 3 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor.
Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http: ==bls.gov.
a Five most frequently occurring conditions.
TABLE 1.4Body Part Injured by Number and Percentfor the Service Industry
Body Part Injured Number Percent
Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http: ==bls.gov.
a Five most frequently injured body parts.
Trang 34TABLE 1.5Source of Injury by Number and Percentfor the Service Industry
Sources of Injuries Number Percent Parts and materials 51,680 6 Worker motion =position a 119,340 14 Floor, walkways, or ground surfacesa 168,620 20 Hand tools 29,420 3.5 Vehicles a 88,830 10 Health care patienta 57,220 6.7 Chemicals and chemical products 11,070 1.3 Containersa 124,700 15 Furniture and fixtures 36,700 4 Machinery 40,940 4.8 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department
of Labor Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004.
Available at http: ==bls.gov.
a Five most frequent sources of injury.
TABLE 1.6Exposure=Accident Type by Number and Percentfor the Service Industry
Type of Accidents Number Percent Struck by an objecta 101,390 12 Struck against an object 51,670 6 Caught in or compressed or crushed 25,290 3 Fall to lower level 46,820 5.5 Fall on same levela 130,260 15 Slips or trips without a fall 27,400 3 Overexertiona 227,350 27 Lifting a 126,380 15 Repetitive motion 27,180 3.2 Exposure to harmful substance
or environment
36,070 4 Transportation accidentsa 51,070 6 Fires and explosions 1,100 0.1 Assaults =violent acts 22,790 2.7 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department
of Labor Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004.
Available at http: ==bls.gov.
a Five most frequent exposures or type of accidents that led to an injury.
Trang 35data give us some information to start our search for the hazards that contributed tothese injuries.
1.8 OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY
Occupational illnesses have always been underreported For this reason, they donot seem to get the same attention as injuries since their numbers or causes are not
of epidemic proportions The reasons why illnesses are not reported include thefollowing:
. Not occurring in real time and usually having a latency period before signs
and symptoms occur
. Not readily observable and have been linked to personal habits and
expo-sure from hobbies There is the question of multiple expoexpo-sures and
syner-gistic effects on-the-job and off-the-job
. Not always easy to detect cause and effect relationships.
. Often difficult to diagnose since many exhibit flu or cold symptoms
These are not excuses for not pursuing preventive strategies, but an explanation ofwhy occupational illnesses are more difficult to accurately describe and identify theirroot cause The 84,896,300 employees experienced 131,500 (53%) cases of illnessduring 2004 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics This compares to the totalnumber of illnesses reported by all of industry that equaled 249,000 of which 53%was attributed to the service industry The most common reported types of occupa-tional illnesses for this period are found in Table 1.7
The remainder of this book is directed toward managing, preventing, and ling hazards that occur within the goods and material service sector of the serviceindustry This includes the wholesale trade, retail trade, and warehousing sectors
control-It is important to keep in mind that because of the complexity and diversitywithin the industry sectors of the service industry, no cookie cutter approach could
be used nor is a one-size-fits-all approach possible There has to be a mixing of
TABLE 1.7Occupational Illnesses by Number of Cases and Percentfor the Service Industry
Illness Type Number Percent Skin diseases and disorders 24,900 19 Respiratory conditions 13,000 10 Poisoning 2,000 1.5 Hearing loss 4,000 3 All others 87,400 66.5 Source: From Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor.
Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004 Available at http: ==bls.gov.
Trang 36information and data from diverse sources such as the NAICS and the outdated SIC,
since all agencies have not changed to the new system Also, even within the
supersectors and the sectors themselves there is not a common approach to
the management of safety and health, identification of hazards compatible, or the
same approach for each varied sector, nor should we expect these to be This is
the reason that by consulting the table of contents of this book and Industrial Safety
and Health for Goods and Materials Services, Industrial Safety and Health
for Infrastructure Services, and Industrial Safety and Health for Administrative
Services, decisions can be made regarding which book would be most useful to
your particular business In some cases, one book will fulfill a company’s safety and
health needs while in other cases all the four books will be most beneficial
REFERENCES
Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Available at http:==www.bls
gov, Washington, 2007
Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor National Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries in 2005 Available at http:==bls.gov
Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor Workplace Injuries and
Illnesses in 2004 Available at http:==bls.gov
Trang 382 Educational Services
The education and health services supersector comprises two divisions: the
educa-tional services sector (sector 61), and the health care and social assistance sector
(sector 62) Only privately owned establishments are included in this discussion;
publicly owned establishments that provide education or health services are included
in government
The educational services sector (61) comprises establishments that provide
instruction and training in a wide variety of subjects Instruction and training are
provided by specialized establishments, such as schools, colleges, universities, and
training centers
The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) categorizes the
health care and social assistance sector in the following manner:
Educational services (61)
Educational services (611000)
Elementary and secondary schools (611100)
Junior colleges (6112000)
College, universities, and professional Schools (611300)
Business school and computer and management training (611400)
Technical and trade schools (611500)
Other schools and instruction (611600)
Educational support services (611700)
A typical university building with students coming and going
13
Trang 392.1 EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
Educational Services have some factors that make them unique About one in fourAmericans are enrolled in educational institutions Educational services is the secondlargest industry, accounting for about 13 million jobs Most teaching positions—which constitute almost half of all educational services jobs—require at least abachelor’s degree, and some require a master’s or doctoral degree Retirements in anumber of education professions will create many job openings
Education is an important part of life The amount and type of education thatindividuals receive are a major influence on both the types of jobs they are able tohold and their earnings Lifelong learning is important in acquiring new knowledgeand upgrading one’s skills, particularly in this age of rapid technological andeconomic changes The educational services industry includes a variety of institu-tions that offer academic education, vocational or career and technical instruction,and other education and training to millions of students each year
Because school attendance is compulsory until at least age 16 in all 50 states andthe District of Columbia, elementary, middle, and secondary schools are the mostnumerous of all educational establishments They provide academic instruction tostudents in kindergarten through grade 12 in a variety of settings, including publicschools, parochial schools, boarding and other private schools, and military acad-emies Some secondary schools offer a combination of academic and career andtechnical instruction
Postsecondary institutions—universities, colleges, professional schools, nity or junior colleges, and career and technical institutes—provide education andtraining in both academic and technical subjects for high-school graduates and otheradults Universities offer bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees, while collegesgenerally offer only the bachelor’s degree Professional schools offer graduatedegrees in fields such as law, medicine, business administration, and engineering.The undergraduate bachelor’s degree typically requires 4 years of study, whilegraduate degrees require additional years of study Community and junior collegesand technical institutes offer associate degrees, certificates, or other diplomas,typically involving 2 years of study or less Career and technical schools providespecialized training and services primarily related to a specific job They includecomputer and cosmetology training institutions, business and secretarial schools,correspondence schools, and establishments that offer certificates in commercial artand practical nursing
commu-This industry also includes institutions that provide training and services toschools and students, such as curriculum development, student exchanges, andtutoring Also included are schools or programs that offer nonacademic or self-enrichment classes, such as automobile driving and cooking instruction, amongother things
School conditions often vary from town to town Some schools in poorerneighborhoods may be rundown, have few supplies and equipment, and lack airconditioning Other schools may be new, well equipped, and well maintained.Conditions at postsecondary institutions are generally very good Regardless of thetype of conditions in elementary and secondary schools, seeing students develop and
Trang 40enjoy learning can be rewarding for teachers and other education workers However,
dealing with unmotivated students or those with social or behavioral problems can be
stressful and require patience and understanding
Most educational institutions operate 10 months a year, but summer sessions for
special education or remedial students are not uncommon; institutions that cater to
adult students, and those that offer educational support services, such as tutoring,
generally operate year-round as well Education administrators, office and
adminis-trative support workers, and janitors and cleaners often work the entire year Night
and weekend work is common for teachers of adult literacy and remedial and
self-enrichment education, for postsecondary teachers, and for library workers in
post-secondary institutions Part-time work is common for this same group of teachers, as
well as for teacher assistants and school bus drivers The latter often work a split
shift, driving one or two routes in the morning and afternoon Drivers are assigned to
drive students on field trips, to athletic and other extracurricular activities, or to
midday kindergarten programs work additional hours during or after school (see
Figure 2.1) Many teachers spend significant time outside of school preparing for
class, doing administrative tasks, conducting research, writing articles and books,
and pursuing advanced degrees
Despite occurrences of violence in some schools, educational services is a
relatively safe industry There were 2.7 cases of occupational injury and illness per
100 full-time workers in private educational establishments in 2003, compared with
5.0 in all industries combined
FIGURE 2.1 Qualified drivers utilized buses like these to safely transport students to all
types of events