Part Of Speech- Loại Từ.ppt

PowerPoint Presentation PART OF SPEECH & WORD FORMS 8 PARTS OF SPEECH Verbs Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections Verbs Meaning Types Forms 1 Meaning Ex[.]

PART OF SPEECH

&

WORD FORMS

 Meaning

 Types

 Forms

1 Meaning

Express action  action verb

clean, study, eat, etc

Express state of being  state verb live, become, feel, etc

Note:

action verb + adverb

She sings well

state verb + adjective

He feels tired

2 Types

Require an object  transitive verb

She buys a book.

Stand without an object 

intransitive verb

She lives in an apartment.

3 Forms

Tense form for main verbs

She buys a book (present simple)

She bought a book (past simple)

Other forms: infinitive (To-V), bare form (V), -ing form (V-ing), past

participle (V-ed/3)

She helps me do the exercise.

It is not easy to pass the exam.

We do not prefer items made in China.

3 Position in Sentence

Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such):

the tall, Indian doctor

this difficult word

my brown and white house

such crass stupidity

4 Function in a Sentence

Nouns have certain functions in a

sentence, for example:

subject of verb: Doctors work hard.

object of verb: He likes coffee.

subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students.

But the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun It could be a pronoun or a

phrase

E.g.: I like playing football.

Subject: I (pronoun)

Object: Playing football (gerund phrase)

The color of your bag is so ugly.

Subject: The color of your bag (noun phrase)

“Color” is the central noun of this noun phrase

 Functions and types

Functions and Types

Pronouns have all functions of nouns.

Subject pronouns: I, you, we, they,

He will not fix this problem According

to him, this problem is mine

SP

 Ending

 Position

1 Ending

E.g.: drinkable = can be drunk

Rely + -able  reliable = can be relied on or trusted Comprehension + -ible  comprehensible

= can be comprehended or understood

 Words ending -able quite often express the

opposite meaning by adding the prefix

-ful and -less

The suffix -ful often means ‘full of + the

meaning of the adjective

careful = full of care

painful = hurt a lot

The suffix -less means ‘without’ + the

meaning of the adjective

if you are careless, you do something ‘without

care’

2 Position

2.1 Adjectives before nouns

2 Position

2.2 Adjectives after stative verbs: be, seem, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, get, become, stay, remain, keep, grow, go, turn

The policemen became angry.

The soup looked, smelt and tasted good .

Adjectives only after stative verbs

adjectives begin with

a-awake, afloat, asleep, alive

2 Position

2.4 Adjective phrase after Noun

We are recruiting students capable of

achieving first-class degrees.

All bags more expensive than this one are put over there.

2 Position

Participles are placed after the nouns

which they define.

The shoes made in Italy are very fashionable.

I don’t like the man talking to Sam.

2 Position

2.5 Adjectives after most measurement

nouns

The fence around the estate was three

metres high, thirty-five kilometres long and one hundred and twenty years old.

2 Position

2.6 Adjectives after some-, any- and no- words

 This place doesn’t look very promising, but let’s try and find somewhere nice for dinner.

 I couldn’t find anything interesting on the television so I had an early night.

 There’s somebody outside who wants to speak

to you Shall I let him in?

 Nobody present at the meeting was able to offer me any useful advice.

Adverb types and their positions

1 Adverb of Manner

 Adj + -ly

slowly, carefully, happily

These adverbs are put behind the direct object (or behind the verb if there's no direct object).

2 Adverb of Place

here, there, behind, above

Like adverbs of manner, these adverbs are put behind the direct object or the verb

subject verb(s) direct

object adverb

I didn't see him here.

He stayed   behind.

3 Adverb of Time

recently, now, then, yesterday

Adverbs of time are usually put at the

end of the sentence or at the beginning

of the sentence

subject verb(s) indirect

object

direct object time

I will tell you the story tomorrow

.

4 Adverb of Frequency

never, sometimes, seldom, often,

usually, always

Adverbs of frequency are put directly

before the main verb If 'be' is the main verb and there is no auxiliary verb,

adverbs of frequency are put behind

'be' If there is an auxiliary verb, adverbs

of frequency are put before 'be'

4 Adverb of Frequency

subject

auxiliary

/ Be

adverb main verb object, place or time

swimming

in the evenings.

5 Adverb of Possibility

certainly - definitely - maybe - possibly clearly - obviously - perhaps - probably

maybe and perhaps usually come at

5 Adverb of Possibility

Other adverbs of possibility usually

come in front of the main verb:

He is certainly coming to the party.

Will they definitely be there?

We will possibly come to England next

year

but in after am, is, are, was, were:

She was obviously very surprised.

6 Adverb of Degree

hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.

Adverbs of degree are usually placed:

 before the adjective or adverb they are

modifying:

e.g The water was extremely cold.

 before the main verb:

e.g He was just leaving She has almost

finished.