encyclopedia of chemical processing

Asay = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.. Browning = Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science,

Encyclopedia

of Chemical Processing

volume 1

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Encyclopedia

of Chemical Processing

volume 1

Edited by:

Sunggyu Lee

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of Missouri - Columbia

Columbia, Missouri U.S.A.

Taylor & Francis Group

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New York, NY 10016

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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This Encyclopedia is dedicated to

my wife Kyung Paik Lee

who put up with me,

lovingly supported me,

and helped make this venture

a success

Sunggyu Lee Editor Department of Chemical Engineering University of Missouri–Columbia Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.

Editorial Advisory Board

Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.

Robert Fulton Dye

Dye Engineering & Technology, Sugar Land,

Ki-Jun Lee Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Chung-Chiun Liu Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Badie I Morsi University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Peter R Pujado UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A.

M M Sharma HONY, Chembur, Mumbai, India

James G Speight CD&W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.

David G Wood University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Jeffrey Yen Atofina Chemicals, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Kim Aasberg-Petersen = Haldor Topsøe A=S, Lyngby, Denmark

Mohamed O Abdalla = Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.A.Abdullah M Aitani = King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

G Akay = Process Intensification and Miniaturization Centre, School of Chemical Engineeringand Advanced Materials and Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology,

University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K

S Al-Malaika = Polymer Processing and Performance Research Unit, School of Engineering andApplied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K

Lyle F Albright = School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A

T L Alford = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University,

Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A

S W Allison = Engineering Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A

M Cengiz Altan = School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma,Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Ramin Amin-Sanayei = Arkema Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Paul Andersen = Coperion Corporation, Ramsey, New Jersey, U.S.A

Ee Lui Ang = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

Piero M Armenante = Otto H York Department of Chemical Engineering, New Jersey Institute ofTechnology, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A

David S J Arney = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

David B Asay = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Gabriel Ascanio = URPEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal,Quebec, Canada

W R Ashurst = University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A

Naveed Aslam = University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A

Victor Atiemo-Obeng = Engineering Science and Market Development, The Dow Chemical Company,Midland, Michigan, U.S.A

Andre´ Bakker = Fluent Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, U.S.A

Michael W Balakos = R&D, Su€d-Chemie Inc., Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.

Shankha K Banerji = Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of

Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Jimmie R Baran = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

Stanley M Barnett = University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A

Shubhayu Basu = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Roger N Beers = The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

Ce´line T Bellehumeur = Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary,Calgary, Alberta, Canada

T J Bencic = Optical Instrumentation Technology Branch, NASA John H Glenn Research Center atLewis Field, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A

ix

Jonathan W Bender = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina,

Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A

David A Benko = The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

Sujata K Bhatia = Dupont Central Research and Development, Wilmington,

Delaware, U.S.A

Surita R Bhatia = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts–Amherst,Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A

P R Bishnoi = Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary,

Calgary, Alberta, Canada

T Reg Bott = School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham,

Birmingham, U.K

Andrea Bozzano = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A

Mike Bradford = Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., Houston, Texas, U.S.A

Ian D Brindle = Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada

Edmundo Brito-De La Fuente = Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnologı´a, UNAM,

Me´xico, Me´xico

Michael C Brooks = U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Kerr Research Center,

Ada, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Nigel D Browning = Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science,

University of California Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,

Berkeley, California, U.S.A

David A Bruce = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University,Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A

Joel G Burken = Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University ofMissouri–Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A

J R Burns = Protensive Ltd., Bioscience Centre, Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K

Richard V Calabrese = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University ofMaryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A

Gregg Caldwell = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

Gerard T Caneba = Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,Houghton, Michigan, U.S.A

Giovanni Maria Carlomagno = Department of Energetics, Thermofluidynamics and EnvironmentalControl (DETEC), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy

C Carraro = University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A

Eldon D Case = Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Michigan State University,East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A

M R Cates = Engineering Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL),Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A

John C Chadwick = Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry,

Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Louay M Chamra = Southeast Cooling, Heating and Power Application Center, Department ofMechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, U.S.A.Jamal Chaouki = Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Vicki Chen = UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Zhilei Chen = Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

Hyoung J Choi = Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University,

Incheon, Korea

Kyu Yong Choi = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland,

College Park, Maryland, U.S.A

Pyoungho Choi = Albany Nanotech, The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE),State University of New York, Albany, New York, U.S.A

T C Chung = Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Matthew A Clarke = Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary,Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Gary Combes = School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University of

New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Richard F Cope = Fluid Mechanics and Mixing Group, The Dow Chemical Company,

Midland, Michigan, U.S.A

Richard Corkish = ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

R A Cottis = School of Materials, Corrosion and Protection Centre, University of Manchester,Manchester, U.K

Sean A Curran = Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A

Wayne R Curtis = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Teresa J Cutright = Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Akron,

Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

Qizhou Dai = Advanced Biomaterials Chemistry, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

A K Dalai = Catalysis and Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratories, Department of

Chemical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

Douglas A Dale = Genencor International, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A

Rohit P Datar = Technical Operations, CPKelco, Okmulgee, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Ravindra Datta = Fuel Cell Center, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester,

Massachusetts, U.S.A

Sharad M Dave = Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India

Forrest M Davidson, III = The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A

Frank Davis = Cranfield University, Silsoe, U.K

Mark DeDecker = Firestone Polymers, Bridgestone=Firestone Research LLC,

Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

Fariba Dehghani = School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University ofNew South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Shuguang Deng = Chemical Engineering Department, New Mexico State University,

Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A

Amy S Determan = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University,Ames, Iowa, U.S.A

Glenn B DeWolf = URS Corporation, Austin, Texas, U.S.A

Partha Dey = P.A Consulting, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A

R Dhib = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaHuu D Doan = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mildred S Dresselhaus = Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts, U.S.A

Nishith Dwivedi = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

New Delhi, India

Vahid Ebadat = Chilworth Technology, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A

Sina Ebnesajjad = DuPont Fluoroproducts, Chestnut Run Plaza, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A

Jeremy S Edwards = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware,

Newark, Delaware, U.S.A

Brian W Eggiman = Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A

J Richard Elliott, Jr = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Akron,

Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

xi

Morinobu Endo = Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Japan

Rolf Erni = Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of CaliforniaDavis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, U.S.A

Arthur W Etchells = DuPont Fellow, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

L.-S Fan = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Rajeev Farwaha = Celanese Polymers, Bridgewater, New Jersey, U.S.A

James J Feng = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of

Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

D Ferdous = Catalysis and Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratories, Department of

Chemical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

Jim C Fitch = Noria Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A

J F Forbes = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta,

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Neil R Foster = School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University of

New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Jonathan Francis = University of Central Lancashire, Preston, U.K

Matthew H Frey = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

Joanna D Fromstein = Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University ofToronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mina Gabriel = Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A

Alfred Gaertner = Genencor International, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A

Prabhu Ganesan = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina,

Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A

Shubhra Gangopadhyay = University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Hugo S Garcia = UNIDA, Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico

Dinesh Gera = Fluent Incorporated, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A

Richard Gilbert = Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University,

Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A

Giuseppe Giorleo = Department of Materials and Production Engineering (DIMP), University ofNaples Federico II, Napoli, Italy

S M Goedeke = Engineering Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A

Scott Gold = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

Vincent G Gomes = University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

James G Goodwin, Jr = Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University,

Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A

John R Grace = University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Brian P Grady = School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma,Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Dan F Graves = Firestone Polymers, Bridgestone=Firestone Research LLC, Akron,

Ohio, U.S.A

Erich Grotewold = Department of Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology and Plant BiotechnologyCenter, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Rajiv Grover = Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., Houston, Texas, U.S.A

Ronald W Gumbs = Gumbs Associates Ltd., East Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A

L Jay Guo = Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A

Ram B Gupta = Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University,

Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A

Byung Gwon Lee = Environment and Process Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science andTechnology, Cheongryang, Seoul, South Korea

Don C Haddox = Waterbury, Vermont, U.S.A

Joel M Haight = Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Pradeep Haldar = Albany Nanotech, The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE),State University of New York, Albany, New York, U.S.A

Ian Hamerton = University of Surrey, Surrey, U.K

Youssef K Hamidi = School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma,Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Tobias Hanrath = The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A

Douglas P Harrison = Gordon A and Mary Cain Department of Chemical Engineering,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A

Gareth P Harrison = Institute for Energy Systems, School of Engineering and Electronics,

University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K

Takuya Hayashi = Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Japan

Douglas G Hayes = Department Biosystems Engineering and Environmental Science, University ofTennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A

Donald T Haynie = Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Bionanosystems Engineering

Laboratory, Center for Applied Physics Studies, Louisiana Tech University,

Ruston, Louisiana, U.S.A

Roland H Heck = Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A

William L Hergenrother = Bridgestone Americas Center for Research and Technology,

Bridgestone=Firestone Research LLC, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

Andrew M Herring = Department of Chemical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,

Golden, Colorado, U.S.A

Se´amus P J Higson = Cranfield University, Silsoe, U.K

Charles G Hill, Jr = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of

Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A

John O Hill = La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Hugh W Hillhouse = Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A

B Keith Hodge = Southeast Cooling, Heating and Power Application Center,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University,

Mississippi State, Mississippi, U.S.A

J D Holladay = Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, U.S.A

W A Hollerman = Department of Physics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette,

Lafayette, Louisiana, U.S.A

W C Hsu = Sino-American Silicon Product Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC

X D Hu = R&D, Su€d-Chemie Inc., Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.

Yinlun Huang = Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University,Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A

Anton Huber = PolySaccharide Initiative, Institut fu¨r Chemie, Karl-Franzens, Universita¨t Graz,Graz, Austria

Kang Moo Huh = Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University,Daejeon, South Korea

Raymond L Huhnke = Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State Unviersity,

Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Steven C Hukvari = Parr Instrument Company, Moline, Illinois, U.S.A

Scott M Husson = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University,Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A

Sangchul Hwang = Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Puerto Rico,Mayagu€ez, Puerto Rico

Oleg Ilinich = Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey, U.S.A

xiii

R J J Jachuck = Process Intensification and Clean Technology (PICT) Group, Department ofChemical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, U.S.A.

Manish Jain = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

Krishnan Jayaraman = University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Nigil Satish Jeyashekar = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi,University, Mississippi, U.S.A

Myung S Jhon = Department of Chemical Engineering and Data Storage Systems Center,Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Tyler Johannes = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

Bob Johnson = School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology,Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Joshua Jurs = Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science,and Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University,

Houston, Texas, U.S.A

John F Kadla = Faculty of Forestry, Biomaterials Chemistry, The University of British Columbia,Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Kishore K Kar = Fluid Mechanics and Mixing Group, The Dow Chemical Company,

Midland, Michigan, U.S.A

Thomas E Karis = Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, San Jose Research Center,

San Jose, California, U.S.A

S Komar Kawatra = Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,Houghton, Michigan, U.S.A

David O Kazmer = Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell,Massachusetts, U.S.A

Jason M Keith = Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,Houghton, Michigan, U.S.A

Sunil Kesavan = Akebono Corporation, Farmington Hills, Michigan, U.S.A

Daeik Kim = University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A

Ji W Kim = Department of Chemical Engineering and Data Storage Systems Center,

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Jin-Kuk Kim = Centre for Process Integration, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.Seong H Kim = Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,

The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Yoong-Ahm Kim = Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano-shi, JapanBrian P Kirkmeyer = International Flavors and Fragrances, Union Beach, New Jersey, U.S.A.Dehong Kong = Chilworth Technology, Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, U.S.A

Brian A Korgel = The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A

Milivoje M Kostic = Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University,DeKalb, Illinois, U.S.A

J Kouvetakis = Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University,

Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A

Andrzej Kraslawski = Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland

Suzanne M Kresta = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta,Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Satoshi Kubo = Faculty of Forestry, Biomaterials Chemistry, The University of British Columbia,Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Mark A Kuehne = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A

Ashok Kumar = Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toledo,

Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A

Vimal Kumar = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

New Delhi, India

Arunabha Kundu = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

New Delhi, India

Charlotte T M Kwok = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

K S Lackner = Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University,

New York, New York, U.S.A

Harry J Lader = Harry Lader and Associates, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A

Yadunandan Lal Dar = Corporate Research, National Starch and Chemical Company,

Bridgewater, New Jersey, U.S.A

Joseph M Lambert, Jr = Parr Instrument Company, Moline, Illinois, U.S.A

C W Lan = Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University,

Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

H Bryan Lanterman = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Pierre Le-Clech = UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of ChemicalEngineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

James M Lee = Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington State University,

Pullman, Washington, U.S.A

L James Lee = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University,

Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Sunggyu Lee = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,

Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Yoon Seob Lee = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Youn-Woo Lee = Environment and Process Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science andTechnology, Cheongryang, Seoul, South Korea

Kwok-Wai Lem = Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A

Douglas E Leng = Leng Associates, Midland, Michigan, U.S.A

Alan G Letki = Alfa Laval Inc., Warminster, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Christopher Lew = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California

at Riverside, Riverside, California, U.S.A

Randy S Lewis = School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University,

Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Bingyun Li = Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Bionanosystems Engineering Laboratory,

Center for Applied Physics Studies, Louisiana Tech University,

Ruston, Louisiana, U.S.A

Jane C Li = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A

Jun Li = Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi,

Hattiesburg, Mississippi, U.S.A

Norman N Li = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A

Shuang Li = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California

at Riverside, Riverside, California, U.S.A

Wenping Li = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.Xiaodong Li = Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina,

Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A

Zijian Li = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California

at Riverside, Riverside, California, U.S.A

Michael K Lindell = Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, Texas A&M University,

College Station, Texas, U.S.A

Chung-Chiun Liu = Electronic Design Center and Chemical Engineering Department, Case WesternReserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A

Henry Liu = Freight Pipeline Company, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

xv

Daniel G Lo¨ffler = Quarens Technologies, Inc., Bend, Oregon, U.S.A.

Ali Lohi = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaStephen J Lombardo = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Helen H Lou = Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University,

Beaumont, Texas, U.S.A

Jorge A Lubguban = University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Douglas K Ludlow = Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Missouri–Rolla,

Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A

Adriane G Ludwick = Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.A.Juergen Lueske = Fluid Mechanics and Mixing Group, The Dow Chemical Company,

Niedersachsen, Germany

Xiaoliang Ma = Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute, and Department of

Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

R Maboudian = University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A

Sundararajan V Madihally = School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University,

Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Surya K Mallapragada = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University,Ames, Iowa, U.S.A

Raffaella Mammucari = School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University ofNew South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Elizabeth Marden Marshall = Fluent Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, U.S.A

T E Marlin = Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaStanley Marple = Chemical Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.Richard I Masel = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

Takeshi Matsuura = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa,

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

J W Mayer = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University,Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A

Kevin P Menard = PerkinElmer Thermal Laboratory, Materials Science Department, University ofNorth Texas, Denton, Texas, U.S.A

Carosena Meola = Department of Energetics, Thermofluidynamics and Environmental Control(DETEC), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy

John C Middleton = BHR Group Ltd., Cranfield, Bedfordshire, U.K

Jan D Miller = Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah,

Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A

Patrick L Mills = Chemical Science and Engineering Laboratory, DuPont Company,

Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A

Kishore K Mohanty = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston,

Houston, Texas, U.S.A

Sanat Mohanty = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

Satish C Mohapatra = Advanced Fluid Technologies, Inc., Dynalene Heat Transfer Fluids,

Whitehall, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Alexander B Morgan = Dow Chemical Company, Core R&D, Midland, Michigan, U.S.A

Sarah E Morgan = Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi,

Hattiesburg, Mississippi, U.S.A

Maximiliano Luis Munford = Group of Organic Optoelectronic Devices, Departamento de Fı´sica,Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, Parana´, Brazil

Balaji Narasimhan = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University,Ames, Iowa, U.S.A

Amarnath Nareddy = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University,Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.

Robert Naumann = University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A

Flora T T Ng = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo,

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Anh V Nguyen = Discipline of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle,

Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Zheng Ni = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

K D P Nigam = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

New Delhi, India

Takamasa Nonaka = Faculty of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry,Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto-shi, Japan

Paul O’Connor = Akzo Nobel Catalysts, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Kimberly Ogden = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona,Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A

Masahiro Ohshima = Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University,

Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

Cristina Otero = Departamento de Biocata´lisis, Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica, CSIC,Campus Universidad Autonoma, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain

Richard P Palluzi = ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey, U.S.A.A.-H Park = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Kinam Park = Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University,West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A

Jae Hyung Park = Department of Advanced Polymer and Fiber Materials, Kyung Hee University,Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

Kenneth R Parker = Ken Parker Consultant APL, West Midlands, U.K

Andre´ Avelino Pasa = Thin Films and Surfaces Group, Departamento de Fı´sica, Universidade Federal

de Santa Catarina, Floriano´polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Shwetal Patel = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware,

Newark, Delaware, U.S.A

Rajam Pattabiraman = Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India

Edward L Paul = Merck and Co., Inc., Sea Girt, New Jersey, U.S.A

Jing Peng = Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

A Penlidis = Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University ofWaterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

W Roy Penney = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A

Mario A Perez = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

Ronald W Perry = School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.Ralph W Pike = Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University,

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A

Branko N Popov = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina,

Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A

Mark A Prelas = Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri–Columbia,Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Todd Pugsley = University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Peter R Pujado´ = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A

Yunying Qi = Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc., Westhollow Technology Center, Houston,

Texas, U.S.A

xvii

Mehrdad Rafat = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa,

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Theodore W Randolph = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado,

Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A

Harish G Rao = LFR Inc., Elgin, Illinois, U.S.A

Sanjeev N Rao = University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

James F Rathman = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State

University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Louis G Reifschneider = Department of Technology, Illinois State University,

Normal, Illinois, U.S.A

David G Retzloff = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,

Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Richard W Rice = Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson,

South Carolina, U.S.A

J A Richardson = Anticorrosion Consulting, Durham, U.K

Peter L Rinaldi = Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

Clayt Robinson = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Ken K Robinson = Mega-Carbon Company, St Charles, Illinois, U.S.A

Alexander F Routh = Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield,Sheffield, U.K

Wolfgang Ruettinger = Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey, U.S.A

Gregory T Rushton = Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University,Kennesaw, Georgia, U.S.A

James M Ryan = Ryan Consulting, Inc., Fort Myers, Florida, U.S.A

Ajit Sadana = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Life Sciences Division,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A

Krishnendu Saha = Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri–Columbia,Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Sangrama K Sahoo = Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A

C Sanchez = Chimie de la Matie`re Condense´e, Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie,

Jussieu, Paris, France

Abhay Sardesai = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri–Columbia,

Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Robert J Schmidt = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A

Karl B Schnelle, Jr = Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,Tennessee, U.S.A

M J Scorah = Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University ofWaterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Edmund G Seebauer = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

Arup K Sengupta = Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University,

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Sukalyan Sengupta = Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts,Dartmouth, Massachusetts, U.S.A

Selim M Senkan = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California,

Los Angeles, California, U.S.A

Xinming Shao = Akebono Corporation, Farmington Hills, Michigan, U.S.A

Zengyi Shao = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

J M Shaw = Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta,

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

H H Sheena = Polymer Processing and Performance Research Unit, School of Engineering andApplied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K.

Ken D Shimizu = Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina,

Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A

Allen R Siedle = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

Michael R Simurdiak = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

Azad Singh = Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, IndiaShivaji Sircar = Chemical Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem,

Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Andrew W Sloley = VECO USA, Inc., Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A

Gary S Smith = Arkema lnc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

John M Smith = School of Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, U.K

Robin Smith = Centre for Process Integration, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K

Ryan G Soderquist = Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington State University,

Pullman, Washington, U.S.A

Stephen Sohn = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A

G J A A Soler-Illia = Unidad de Actividad Quı´mica, CNEA, Centro Ato´mico Constituyentes,San Martı´n, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Chunshan Song = Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute and Department of Energyand Geo-Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Richard Q Song = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A

James G Speight = CD & W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A

Vijay R Srinivas = Arkema lnc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Jason Stephenson = Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, andCenter for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, U.S.A

Michael R Stoner = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado,

Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A

Truman S Storvick = Chemical Engineering Department, University of Missouri–Columbia,

Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Kenneth Strawhecker = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Kyung W Suh = Midland, Michigan, U.S.A

Timothy P Sullivan = Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, U.S.A

Steve Sund = Honeywell International Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A

Aydin K Sunol = University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A

Sermin G Sunol = University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A

Kenji Takeuchi = Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Japan

Philippe A Tanguy = URPEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal,Quebec, Canada

Andreas Taubert = Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Maruicio Terrones = Advanced Materials Department, IPICyT, San Luis Potosı´, SLP, Me´xico

Francis Thibault = URPEI, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal,Quebec, Canada

Louis J Thibodeaux = Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A

Cristina U Thomas = 3M Company, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A

Karsten E Thompson = Gordon A and Mary Cain Department of Chemical Engineering,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A

Frank M Tiller = Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston,

Houston, Texas, U.S.A

xix

Maria P Torres = Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University,Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.

James M Tour = Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, andCenter for Nanoscale Science, and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, U.S.A

Linh T T Tran = Discipline of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle,

Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Drew D Troyer = Noria Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A

Maxwell Tsai = NL Chemical Technology, Inc., Mount Prospect, Illinois, U.S.A

Tom Chunghu Tsai = The Dow Chemical Company, Houston, Texas, U.S.A

Uday T Turaga = Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute and Department of Energyand Geo-Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,

Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Simant R Upreti = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Vikrant N Urade = Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A

Ivo F J Vankelecom = Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of InterphaseChemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,Leuven, Belgium

Charanya Varadarajan = Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toledo,

Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A

Angel Velez = Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri–Columbia,

Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Abhilash Vijayan = Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A

V V Viswanathan = Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, U.S.A

Dionisios G Vlachos = Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Catalytic Scienceand Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A

Tuan Vo-Dinh = Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A

Bipin V Vora = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A

Chun Wang = Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A

J R White = School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of NewcastleUpon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K

Kimberly A Woodhouse = Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University ofToronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Guy B Woodle = UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.A

Jiangning Wu = Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaEleanore T Wurtzel = Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University

of New York, Bronx, New York, U.S.A

Nicholas Patrick Wynn = Sulzer Chemtech GmbH, Neunkirchen, Germany

Xuekun Xing = NTK Powderdex, Inc., Wixom, Michigan, U.S.A and Department of

Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A

Yushan Yan = Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California

at Riverside, Riverside, California, U.S.A

Shang-Tian Yang = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Xiaobo Yang = Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Hanover,

Hanover, Germany

Hirotsugu K Yasuda = University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A

Mingli Ye = Departments of Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University,

West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A

Jeffrey H Yen = Arkema Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Teh Fu Yen = University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

W S Yip = Suncor Energy Inc., Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada

W C Yu = Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University

of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

John Zabasajja = MOS 12, Technology and Manufacturing, Motorola Semiconductor

Products Sector (SPS), Chandler, Arizona, U.S.A

Jacques L Zakin = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University,

Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Sergei V Zelentsov = Chemical Department, Nizhny Novgorod State University,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Nadezda V Zelentsova = Chemical Department, Nizhny Novgorod State University,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Ying Zhang = Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University,

Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A

Huimin Zhao = Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A

Haishan Zheng = Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,Houghton, Michigan, U.S.A

X.-Y Zou = Oilphase-DBR, Schlumberger, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

xxi

James M Ryan 57Animal Cell Culture = Shang-Tian Yang and Shubhayu Basu 67Antioxidants = S Al-Malaika and H H Sheena 81Biocatalysis = Tyler Johannes, Michael R Simurdiak, and Huimin Zhao 101Biofilms = T Reg Bott 111Biofuels and Bioenergy = Dinesh Gera 121Bioinformatics and Modeling Biological Systems = Shwetal Patel and

Jeremy S Edwards 131Biomass to Ethanol = Randy S Lewis, Rohit P Datar, and Raymond L Huhnke 143Biomaterials = Sujata K Bhatia and Surita R Bhatia 153BioMEMS = L James Lee 161Biomolecular Engineering = Zengyi Shao, Ee Lui Ang, and Huimin Zhao 171Bioprocess and Chemical Process Intensification = G Akay 183Bioprocessing = Ryan G Soderquist and James M Lee 199Bioremediation = Teresa J Cutright 207Bioseparations = Shubhayu Basu and Shang-Tian Yang 221Blowing Agent = Kyung W Suh 237Branching Level Detection in Polymers = M.J Scorah, R Dhib, and A Penlidis 251Bubble Cap Tray = Stanley Marple 269Bulk Molding and Sheet Molding Compounds = Sanjeev N Rao and

Krishnan Jayaraman 283Capsule Pipeline = Henry Liu 295Carbon Dioxide Capture and Disposal: Carbon Sequestration = K S Lackner,

A.-H Park, and L.-S Fan 305Carbon Fibers from Lignin-Recyclable Plastic Blends = Satoshi Kubo and

John F Kadla 317Carbon Nanotubes = Morinobu Endo, Yoong-Ahm Kim, Takuya Hayashi,

Kenji Takeuchi, Maruicio Terrones, and Mildred S Dresselhaus 333Catalyst Preparation = X D Hu and Michael W Balakos 345

xxiii

Catalytic Combustion for Thermal Energy Generation = Daniel G Lo¨ffler 361Catalytic Cracking = Paul O’Connor 371Catalytic Dehydrogenation = Bipin V Vora and Peter R Pujado´ 379Catalytic Naphtha Reforming = Abdullah M Aitani 397Centrifuges = Alan G Letki 407Ceramics = Stephen J Lombardo 417Chemical Mechanical Planarization in Integrated Circuit Manufacturing =

John Zabasajja 429Chemical Vapor Deposition = David G Retzloff 441Chiral Drug Separation = Bingyun Li and Donald T Haynie 449Chlorofluorocarbons = Byung Gwon Lee and Youn-Woo Lee 459CHP Technology/Systems = Louay M Chamra and B K Hodge 469Chromatographic Separations = Scott M Husson 481Coal–Water Slurries = S Komar Kawatra 495Computational Fluid Dynamics = Andre´ Bakker and Elizabeth Marden Marshall 505Computer-Aided Process Engineering = Andrzej Kraslawski 517Conductive Polymers = Ronald W Gumbs 527Contact Angles, Surface Tension, and Capillarity = Peter R Pujado´ 539Corrosion in the Process Industries = J A Richardson and R A Cottis 549Critical Phase Behavior = J Richard Elliott, Jr 563Cross-Linked Polyethylene = Carosena Meola, Giovanni Maria Carlomagno, and

Giuseppe Giorleo 577Crystal Growth = C W Lan, W C Yu, and W C Hsu 589Cumene Production = Robert J Schmidt 603Dehumidification = Louay M Chamra and B Keith Hodge 617Denitrogenation = Daeik Kim and Teh Fu Yen 627Design of Extrusion Dies = Milivoje M Kostic and Louis G Reifschneider 633Desulfurization = Chunshan Song, Uday T Turaga, and Xiaoliang Ma 651Detergent Alkylate = Bipin Vora, Andrea Bozzano, and Stephen Sohn 663Detergent Enzymes = Michael R Stoner, Douglas A Dale,

Alfred Gaertner, and Theodore W Randolph 673

Volume 2

Diamond Films = Angel L Velez and Mark A Prelas 685Diamond-Like Carbon Films = Angel Velez and Mark A Prelas 695Differential Scanning Calorimetry = John O Hill 699Dimethyl Ether = Abhay Sardesai 707Dimethylcarbonate = Byung Gwon Lee 719Distillation Column Design: Packing = Andrew W Sloley 729Distillation Column Design: Trays = Andrew W Sloley 749Drag Reducing Agents = Jacques L Zakin, Ying Zhang, and Yunying Qi 767Dust Explosion Hazard Assessment and Control = Vahid Ebadat 787Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis = Kevin P Menard 799Education on Plant Design = Truman S Storvick 813Electrodeposition = Andre´ Avelino Pasa and Maximiliano Luis Munford 821Electronic Chemical Sensors = Chung-Chiun Liu 833Electroplating = Helen H Lou and Yinlun Huang 839Electrostatic Precipitation = Kenneth R Parker 849

Emulsion Polymerization = Vincent G Gomes 863Enhanced Oil Recovery = Kishore K Mohanty and Gerard T Caneba 881Environmental Chemodynamics = Louis J Thibodeaux 891Environmental Law and Policy = Don C Haddox and Teresa J Cutright 899Epoxy Resins = Ian Hamerton 911Ethylbenzene = Guy B Woodle 929Fermentation Processes = Kimberly Ogden 941Fermenter Design = Kishore K Kar, Juergen Lueske, and Richard F Cope 951Fluid Flow = Theodore Reginald Bott 975Fluid Transport in Porous Media = Michael C Brooks 987Fluidization = A.-H Park and L.-S Fan 997Fluidized Bed Reactor = John R Grace, Jamal Chaouki, and Todd Pugsley 1009Fluorescent Coatings for High Temperature Phosphor Thermometry = S W Allison,

W A Hollerman, S M Goedeke, M R Cates, and T J Bencic 1021Fluoropolymers = Sina Ebnesajjad 1031Fouling of Heat Exchangers = T Reg Bott 1043Fractal Geometry: Applications = Douglas K Ludlow 1053Free-Radical Polymerization = Yadunandan Lal Dar, Rajeev Farwaha, and

Gerard T Caneba 1057Friction Materials = Sunil Kesavan and Xinming Shao 1071Fuel Cell Membranes = Andrew M Herring 1085Functional Biomaterials = Chun Wang 1099Gas Explosion Hazard: Prevention and Protection = Dehong Kong 1109Gas–Liquid Contactors = Kishore K Kar, Richard F Cope, and Juergen Lueske 1119Gas–Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors = John C Middleton,

John M Smith, and Piero M Armenante 1131Gas-Phase Lubrication of MEMS Devices: Using Alcohol Vapor Adsorption Isotherm

for Lubrication of Silicon Oxides = Kenneth Strawhecker,

David B Asay, and Seong H Kim 1143Gas–Solid Reactions = Douglas P Harrison 1151Gas-to-Liquid Mass Transfer = Huu D Doan, Simant R Upreti, and Ali Lohi 1163Geothermal Energy = Sunggyu Lee and H Bryan Lanterman 1175Greenhouse Gas Management for Multiplant Complexes = Ralph W Pike 1189Heat Exchanger Operation and Troubleshooting = T Reg Bott 1203Heat Transfer Fluids = Satish C Mohapatra 1211Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide) = Sharad M Dave 1221Heterogeneous Catalysis = Richard W Rice and James G Goodwin, Jr 1235High-Pressure Reactor Design = Joseph M Lambert, Jr and

Steven C Hukvari 1245Hollow Fiber Technology = Vicki Chen and Pierre Le-Clech 1253Hybrid Materials (Organic–Inorganic) = C Sanchez and G J A A Soler-Illia 1267Hydrocracking = James G Speight 1281Hydrodesulfurization = James G Speight 1289Hydrodynamics of Trickle-Bed Reactors = K D P Nigam and Arunabha Kundu 1297Hydrogels = Jae Hyung Park, Kang Moo Huh, Mingli, Ye, and Kinam Park 1307Hydrogen Bonding = J Richard Elliott, Jr 1319Hydrogenation = Xiaobo Yang 1325Hydrogenation Reactions in Dense Gas Systems = Gary Combes,

Fariba Dehghani, Raffaella Mammucari, and Neil R Foster 1337

xxv

Hydrophilic Polymers for Biomedical Applications = Frank Davis and

Se´amus P J Higson 1349Hydrotreating Catalysts and Processes: Current Status and Path Forward =

Arunabha Kundu, Nishith Dwivedi, Azad Singh, and K D P Nigam 1357

Volume 3

Immobilized Enzyme Technology = Charles G Hill, Jr., Cristina Otero, and

Hugo S Garcia 1367Incineration and Combustion = Selim M Senkan 1381Injection Molding = David O Kazmer 1401Ion Exchange = Sukalyan Sengupta and Arup K Sengupta 1411Ion Exchange Resin = Sukalyan Sengupta and Arup K SenGupta 1427Latex Processing = Alexander F Routh 1445Liquid–Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors = Richard V Calabrese,

Douglas E Leng, and Piero M Armenante 1457Lithium–Ion Battery = Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing 1469Loss Prevention in Chemical Processing = Joel M Haight 1483Low-Pressure Cascade Arc Torch = Hirotsugu Yasuda 1493Lubrication Performance Factors for Chemical Process Plant Machinery =

Jim C Fitch and Drew D Troyer 1511Mass Transfer Enhancement Because of Flow Instabilities = Vimal Kumar and

K D P Nigam 1531Materials Modeling = Sanat Mohanty, Gregg Caldwell, Manish Jain, and

Cristina U Thomas 1551Measuring Experimental Quantities Using Simple Fluorescence = W A Hollerman,

S W Allison, S M Goedeke, and M R Cates 1561Membrane Reactors = Ivo F J Vankelecom 1575Mesoporous Silica Films = Hugh W Hillhouse and Brian W Eggiman 1587Metallocene Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization = T C Chung 1599Microelectronics Fabrication = Edmund G Seebauer and Charlotte T M Kwok 1615Microfabrication = Chung-Chiun Liu 1627Microgravity Processing of Materials = Robert Naumann 1633Microreactors and Microreaction Engineering = Richard I Masel, Scott Gold, and

Zheng Ni 1643Microscale Fuel Cells = J D Holladay and V V Viswanathan 1663Microscopy of Ionomers = Andreas Taubert and Brian P Kirkmeyer 1673Microwave Processing of Ceramics = Eldon D Case 1687Mixing and Chemical Reactions = Edward L Paul, Suzanne M Kresta, and

Arthur W Etchells 1699Molecular Bioengineering = Sundararajan V Madihally 1709Molecular Modeling for Nonequilibrium Chemical Processes = Dionisios G Vlachos 1717Molecular Self-Assembly = Yoon Seob Lee and James F Rathman 1727Molecularly Imprinted Polymers = Gregory T Rushton and

Ken D Shimizu 1737Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells = Prabhu Ganesan, Branko N Popov, and

Rajam Pattabiraman 1747Multiphase Mixing and Solid–Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors =

Piero M Armenante, Victor Atiemo-Obeng, and W Roy Penney 1767Multiphase Reactors = Stanley M Barnett 1781

Nanoimprint Technology and Its Applications = L Jay Guo 1791Nanomaterials = David S J Arney, Jimmie R Baran, Allen R Siedle, and

Matthew H Frey 1803Nanoporous Dielectric Materials = Jorge A Lubguban and

Shubhra Gangopadhyay 1813Nanostructured Materials = Vikrant N Urade and Hugh W Hillhouse 1825Nanotribology = Jonathan W Bender and Xiaodong Li 1837Natural Gas Hydrates = P R Bishnoi and Matthew A Clarke 1849Natural Gas Utilization = Peter R Pujado´ 1865New Flame Retardant Materials: Nonhalogenated Additives from Brominated

Starting Materials and Inherently Low-Flammability Polymers =

Alexander B Morgan, Joshua Jurs, Jason Stephenson, and

James M Tour 1879Nickel–Cadmium Battery = Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing 1897NMR in Chemical Processing = Sangrama K Sahoo and Peter L Rinaldi 1907NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers in Solution = Sangrama K Sahoo and

Peter L Rinaldi 1919

NOxRemoval = Mike Bradford and Rajiv Grover 1935Numerical Computations for Chemical Process Analysis and Design =

David G Retzloff 1949Onsite and Offsite Emergency Preparedness for Chemical Facilities and

Chemical Transportation = Michael K Lindell and Ronald W Perry 1959Oriented Morphologies: Development in Polymer Processing = Mario A Perez 1973Osmotic Distillation = Bob Johnson 1985Ozone Treatment = Jiangning Wu 1993

Charanya Varadarajan 2231Polyanhydrides = Maria P Torres, Amy S Determan, Surya K Mallapragada, and

Balaji Narasimhan 2247

xxvii

Polybutadiene = William L Hergenrother, Mark DeDecker, and Dan F Graves 2259Polycarbonate (PC) = Sarah E Morgan and Jun Li 2277Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) = Teresa J Cutright and

Sangchul Hwang 2291Polymer Clay Nanocomposites = Hyoung J Choi, Ji W Kim, and Myung S Jhon 2301Polymer Composites = Youssef K Hamidi, M Cengiz Altan, and

Brian P Grady 2313Polymeric Membranes = Takeshi Matsuura and Mehrdad Rafat 2323Polymerization Reactions: Modeling, Design, and Control = Kyu Yong Choi 2335Polysaccharides = Anton Huber 2349Polyurethanes = Joanna D Fromstein and Kimberly A Woodhouse 2369Polyvinylidene Fluoride = Jeffrey H Yen and Ramin Amin-Sanayei 2379Porous Media = Karsten E Thompson 2391Powder Coating Application Processes = Harry J Lader 2405Power Factor = Peter R Pujado´ 2417Pressure-Relief Valve Design = Jonathan Francis 2423Process Optimization = Ralph W Pike 2439Processing of Pharmaceuticals Using Dense

Gas Technologies = R Mammucari, F Dehghani, and N R Foster 2451Propylene Production = Abdullah M Aitani 2461Protein Design = Zhilei Chen and Huimin Zhao 2467Protein Folding: Biomedical Implications = Ajit Sadana, Tuan Vo-Dinh, and

Nigil Satish Jeyashekar 2479Protein Production in Transgenic Plants: Development

and Commercialization = Wayne R Curtis 2489Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells = Pyoungho Choi, Pradeep Haldar, and

Ravindra Datta 2501Reactive Extrusion = Gerard T Caneba 2531Reactive Separation = Vincent G Gomes 2541Reactor Engineering = Ken K Robinson 2557Real-Time Optimization: Status, Issues, and Opportunities = J F Forbes,

T E Marlin, and W S Yip 2585Recent Advances in Catalytic Distillation = Flora T T Ng 2599Recycling of Spent Tires = Roger N Beers and David A Benko 2613Reformulated Gasoline = A K Dalai and D Ferdous 2625Renewable Energy = Gareth P Harrison 2635Reprocessing of Domestic Spent Nuclear Fuel = Truman S Storvick 2647Resid Conversion = James G Speight 2655

Volume 5

Rheology of Cellulose Liquid Crystalline Polymers = Qizhou Dai,

Richard Gilbert, and John F Kadla 2663Rotational Molding of Polymers = Ce´line T Bellehumeur 2677Rubber Devulcanization = David A Benko and

Roger N Beers 2691Scrubbers = S Komar Kawatra 2701Six Sigma Design: An Overview of Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) =

Sean A Curran, Kwok-Wai Lem, Steve Sund, and Mina Gabriel 2719

Size Reduction = Sunil Kesavan 2735Soave’s Modified Redlich–Kwong Equation of State = J Richard Elliott, Jr 2747Solid–Liquid Mixing: Numerical Simulation and Physical Experiments =

Philippe A Tanguy, Francis Thibault, Gabriel Ascanio, and

Edmundo Brito-De La Fuente 2753Solid–Liquid Separation = Frank M Tiller and Wenping Li 2769Solvent Refining Processes = Roland H Heck 2791Solvents = Satish C Mohapatra 2799Sonochemical Reaction Engineering = David A Bruce and Amarnath Nareddy 2811Sorbent Technology = Shuguang Deng 2825Spinning Disk Reactor = R J J Jachuck and J R Burns 2847Styrene = Guy B Woodle 2859Styrene–Butadiene Rubber = Jing Peng 2871Superabsorbents = Takamasa Nonaka 2881Supercritical CO2-Assisted Surface Coating Injection Molding =

Masahiro Ohshima 2897Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) = Ram B Gupta 2907Supercritical Fluid Technology: Reactions = Aydin K Sunol, Sermin G Sunol, and

Naveed Aslam 2915Supercritical Water Oxidation = Ram B Gupta 2927Synthesis Gas = Kim Aasberg-Petersen 2933Tar Sand = James G Speight 2947Theoretical Aspects of Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Polymers =

James J Feng 2955Thermal Analysis Techniques: Overview = John O Hill 2965Thermal Cracking of Hydrocarbons = Tom Chunghu Tsai and

Lyle F Albright 2975Thermal Desorption = Timothy P Sullivan 2987Thermal Stability of Chemical Reactors = Haishan Zheng and

Jason M Keith 2997Thermogravimetric Analysis = John O Hill 3009Thermomechanical Analysis = Kevin P Menard 3023Thermosets: Materials, Processes, and Waste Minimization = Kwok-Wai Lem,

Sean A Curran, Steve Sund, and Mina Gabriel 3031Thin Film Processes in MEMS and NEMS Technologies = W R Ashurst,

C Carraro and R Maboudian 3049Thin Film Science and Technology = T L Alford, J Kouvetakis, and

J W Mayer 3061Thin Liquid Film Deposition = Myung S Jhon and Thomas E Karis 3075Thiochemicals: Mercaptans, Sulfides, and Polysulfides = Jeffrey Yen,

Vijay R Srinivas, and Gary S Smith 3089Thiochemicals: Mercapto Acids and Organosulfur (IV/VI) Compounds = Jeffrey H Yen,

Gary S Smith, and Vijay R Srinivas 3101Tissue Engineering = Shang-Tian Yang and Clayt Robinson 3115Trace Elements = Ian D Brindle 3129Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Science = Rolf Erni and

Nigel D Browning 3139Tubular Reactors: Reactor Types and Selected Process Applications = Patrick L Mills and

Joseph M Lambert, Jr .3151Twin-Screw Extrusion = Paul Andersen 3167

xxix

Use of Lipases to Isolate Polyunsaturated and Oxygenated Fatty Acids

and Form Value-Added Ester Products = Douglas G Hayes 3179Vapor–Liquid–Solid Synthesis of Nanowires = Brian A Korgel, Tobias Hanrath, and

Forrest M Davidson, III 3191Water Gas Shift Reaction = Wolfgang Ruettinger and Oleg Ilinich 3205Water Reclamation = Mark A Kuehne, Norman N Li, Richard Q Song,

Maxwell Tsai, and Jane C Li 3217Wide Band-Gap Electronics Materials = Mark A Prelas and Krishnendu Saha 3227Zeolite Membranes = Yushan Yan, Zijian Li, Shuang Li, and Christopher Lew 3237Ziegler–Natta Catalysis = John C Chadwick 3247Index

Topical Table of Contents

Advanced Materials

Carbon Nanotubes = Morinobu Endo, Yoong-Ahm Kim, Takuya Hayashi,

Kenji Takeuchi, Maruicio Terrones, and Mildred S Dresselhaus 333Ceramics = Stephen J Lombardo 417Conductive Polymers = Ronald W Gumbs 527Diamond Films = Angel Velez and Mark A Prelas 685Diamond-Like Carbon Films = Angel Velez and Mark A Prelas 695Electrodeposition = Andre´ Avelino Pasa and Maximiliano Luis Munford 821Friction Materials = Sunil Kesavan and Xinming Shao 1071Fuel Cell Membranes = Andrew M Herring 1085Functional Biomaterials = Chun Wang 1099Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide) = Sharad M Dave 1221Hollow Fiber Technology = Vicki Chen and Pierre Le-Clech 1253Hybrid Materials (Organic–Inorganic) = C Sanchez and G J A A Soler-Illia 1267Hydrogels = Jae Hyung Park, Kang Moo Huh, Mingli Ye, and Kinam Park 1307Ion Exchange Resin = Sukalyan Sengupta and Arup K Sengupta 1427Materials Modeling = Sanat Mohanty, Gregg Caldwell, Manish Jain, and

Cristina U Thomas 1551Membrane Reactors = Ivo F J Vankelecom 1575Mesoporous Silica Films = Brian W Eggiman and Hugh W Hillhouse 1587Molecularly Imprinted Polymers = Gregory T Rushton and Ken D Shimizu 1737Nanostructured Materials = Vikrant N Urade and Hugh W Hillhouse 1825New Flame Retardant Materials: Nonhalogenated Additives from Brominated

Starting Materials and Inherently Low-Flammability Polymers =

Alexander B Morgan, Joshua Jurs, Jason Stephenson, and James M Tour 1879Photovoltaic Materials = Richard Corkish 2129Polyanhydrides = Maria P Torres, Amy S Determan, Surya K Mallapragada, and

Balaji Narasimhan 2247Porous Media = Karsten E Thompson 2391Superabsorbents = Takamasa Nonaka 2881Theoretical Aspects of Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Polymers =

James J Feng 2955Thin Film Processes in MEMS and NEMS Technologies = W R Ashurst,

C Carraro, and R Maboudian 3049Thin Film Science and Technology = T L Alford, J Kouvetakis, and

J W Mayer 3061Thin Liquid Film Deposition = Myung S Jhon and Thomas E Karis 3075Wide Band-Gap Electronics Materials = Mark A Prelas and Krishnendu Saha 3227Zeolite Membranes = Yushan Yan, Zijian Li, Shuang Li, and Christopher Lew 3237

xxxi

Analytical Methods and Characterization

Branching Level Detection in Polymers = M J Scorah, R Dhib, and A Penlidis 251Chromatographic Separations = Scott M Husson 481Contact Angles, Surface Tension, and Capillarity = Peter R Pujado´ 539Differential Scanning Calorimetry = John O Hill 699Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis = Kevin P Menard 799Fluorescent Coatings for High Temperature Phosphor Thermometry = S W Allison,

W A Hollerman, S M Goedeke, M R Cates, and T J Bencic 1021Measuring Experimental Quantities Using Simple Fluorescence =

W A Hollerman, S W Allison, S M Goedeke, and M R Cates 1561Microscopy of Ionomers = Andreas Taubert and Brian P Kirkmeyer 1673NMR in Chemical Processing = Sangrama K Sahoo and Peter L Rinaldi 1907NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers in Solution = Sangrama K Sahoo and

Peter L Rinaldi 1919Thermal Analysis Techniques: Overview = John O Hill 2965Thermogravimetric Analysis = John O Hill 3009Thermomechanical Analysis = Kevin P Menard 3023Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Science = Rolf Erni and

Nigel D Browning 3139

Batteries and Fuel Cells

Alkaline Zn–MnO2Batteries = Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing 51Fuel Cell Membranes = Andrew M Herring 1085Lithium–Ion Battery = Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing 1469Microscale Fuel Cells = J D Holladay and V V Viswanathan 1663Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells = Prabhu Ganesan, Branko N Popov, and

Rajam Pattabiraman 1747Nickel–Cadmium Battery = Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing 1897Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells = Pyoungho Choi, Pradeep Haldar, and

Ravindra Datta 2501

Biomaterials, Materials for Biological and Biomedical Applications

Biomaterials = Sujata K Bhatia and Surita R Bhatia 153BioMEMS = L James Lee 161Biomolecular Engineering = Zengyi Shao, Ee Lui Ang, and Huimin Zhao 171Chiral Drug Separation = Bingyun Li and Donald T Haynie 449Detergent Enzymes = Michael R Stoner, Douglas A Dale, Alfred Gaertner, and

Theodore W Randolph 673Functional Biomaterials = Chun Wang 1099Hydrogels = Jae Hyung Park, Kang Moo Huh, Mingli Ye, and Kinam Park 1307Hydrophilic Polymers for Biomedical Applications = Frank Davis and

Se´amus P J Higson 1349Materials Modeling = Sanat Mohanty, Gregg Caldwell, Manish Jain, and

Cristina U Thomas 1551Molecular Bioengineering = Sundararajan V Madihally 1709Molecularly Imprinted Polymers = Gregory T Rushton and Ken D Shimizu 1737

Polyanhydrides = Maria P Torres, Amy S Determan, Surya K Mallapragada, and

Balaji Narasimhan 2247Processing of Pharmaceuticals Using Dense Gas Technologies = Raffaella Mammucari,

Fariba Dehghani, and Neil R Foster 2451Protein Folding: Biomedical Implications = Ajit Sadana, Tuan Vo-Dinh, and

Nigil Satish Jeyashekar 2479Protein Production in Transgenic Plants: Development and Commercialization =

Wayne R Curtis 2489Tissue Engineering = Shang-Tian Yang and Clayt Robinson 3115

Biotechnology and Biological Processing

Animal Cell Culture = Shang-Tian Yang and Shubhayu Basu 67Biocatalysis = Tyler Johannes, Michael R Simurdiak, and Huimin Zhao 101Biofilms = T Reg Bott 111Biofuels and Bioenergy = Dinesh Gera 121Bioinformatics and Modeling Biological Systems = Shwetal Patel and

Jeremy S Edwards 131Biomass to Ethanol = Randy S Lewis, Rohit P Datar, and Raymond L Huhnke 143Biomolecular Engineering = Zengyi Shao, Ee Lui Ang, and Huimin Zhao 171Bioprocess and Chemical Process Intensification = G Akay 183Bioprocessing = Ryan G Soderquist and James M Lee 199Bioremediation = Teresa J Cutright 207Bioseparations = Shubhayu Basu and Shang-Tian Yang 221Chiral Drug Separation = Bingyun Li and Donald T Haynie 449Detergent Enzymes = Michael R Stoner, Douglas A Dale, Alfred Gaertner, and

Theodore W Randolph 673Fermentation Processes = Kimberly Ogden 941Fermenter Design = Kishore K Kar, Juergen Lueske, and Richard F Cope 951Immobilized Enzyme Technology = Charles G Hill, Jr., Cristina Otero, and

Hugo S Garcia 1367Molecular Bioengineering = Sundararajan V Madihally 1709Molecular Self-Assembly = Yoon Seob Lee and James F Rathman 1727Plant Metabolic Engineering = Eleanore T Wurtzel and Erich Grotewold 2191Polysaccharides = Anton Huber 2349Protein Design = Zhilei Chen and Huimin Zhao 2467Protein Folding: Biomedical Implications = Ajit Sadana, Tuan Vo-Dinh, and

Nigil Satish Jeyashekar 2479Protein Production in Transgenic Plants: Development and Commercialization =

Wayne R Curtis 2489Tissue Engineering = Shang-Tian Yang and Clayt Robinson 3115Trace Elements = Ian D Brindle 3129Use of Lipases to Isolate Polyunsaturated and Oxygenated Fatty Acids and Form

Value-Added Ester Products = Douglas G Hayes 3179

Catalysis and Catalyst Preparation

Alkylation Processes to Produce High-Quality Gasolines = Lyle F Albright and

James M Ryan 57Biocatalysis = Tyler Johannes, Michael R Simurdiak, and Huimin Zhao 101

xxxiii

Catalysis and Catalyst Preparation (cont’d)

Catalyst Preparation = X D Hu and Michael W Balakos 345Catalytic Combustion for Thermal Energy Generation = Daniel G Lo¨ffler 361Catalytic Cracking = Paul O’Connor 371Catalytic Dehydrogenation = Bipin V Vora and Peter R Pujado´ 379Catalytic Naphtha Reforming = Abdullah M Aitani 397Dimethyl Ether = Abhay Sardesai 707Heterogeneous Catalysis = Richard W Rice and James G Goodwin, Jr 1235Hydrocracking = James G Speight 1281Hydrodesulfurization = James G Speight 1289Hydrogenation = Xiaobo Yang 1325Hydrogenation Reactions in Dense Gas Systems = Gary Combes, Fariba Dehghani,

Raffaella Mammucari, and Neil R Foster 1337Hydrotreating Catalysts and Processes: Current Status and Path Forward =

Arunabha Kundu, Nishith Dwivedi, Azad Singh, and K D P Nigam 1357Metallocene Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization = T C Chung 1599Recent Advances in Catalytic Distillation = Flora T T Ng 2599Resid Conversion = James G Speight 2655Water Gas Shift Reaction = Wolfgang Ruettinger and Oleg Ilinich 3205Ziegler–Natta Catalysis = John C Chadwick 3247

Electrochemical Processes and Products

Electrodeposition = Andre´ Avelino Pasa and Maximiliano Luis Munford 821Electronic Chemical Sensors = Chung-Chiun Liu 833Electroplating = Helen H Lou and Yinlun Huang 839Electrostatic Precipitation = Kenneth R Parker 849

Energy Processing and Renewable Energy

Biofuels and Bioenergy = Dinesh Gera 121Biomass to Ethanol = Randy S Lewis, Rohit P Datar, and Raymond L Huhnke 143Capsule Pipeline = Henry Liu 295Carbon Dioxide Capture and Disposal: Carbon Sequestration = K S Lackner,

A.-H Park, and L.-S Fan 305CHP Technology/Systems = Louay M Chamra and B K Hodge 469Coal–Water Slurries = S Komar Kawatra 495Geothermal Energy = Sunggyu Lee and H Bryan Lanterman 1175Natural Gas Hydrates = P R Bishnoi and Matthew A Clarke 1849Natural Gas Utilization = Peter R Pujado´ 1865Photovoltaic Materials = Richard Corkish 2129Renewable Energy = Gareth P Harrison 2635Reprocessing of Domestic Spent Nuclear Fuel = Truman S Storvick 2647Resid Conversion = James G Speight 2655Synthesis Gas = Kim Aasberg-Petersen 2933Tar Sand = James G Speight 2947

Environmental Technology and Regulations

Activated Sludge Process = Shankha K Banerji 11Advanced Oxidation = Sangchul Hwang 41Bioremediation = Teresa J Cutright 207Carbon Dioxide Capture and Disposal: Carbon Sequestration = K S Lackner,

A.-H Park, and L.-S Fan 305Carbon Fibers from Lignin-Recyclable Plastic Blends = Satoshi Kubo and

John F Kadla 317Catalytic Combustion for Thermal Energy Generation = Daniel G Lo¨ffler 361Chlorofluorocarbons = Byung Gwon Lee and Youn-Woo Lee 459Denitrogenation = Daeik Kim and Teh Fu Yen 627Desulfurization = Chunshan Song, Uday T Turaga, and Xiaoliang Ma 651Dust Explosion Hazard Assessment and Control = Vahid Ebadat 787Electrostatic Precipitation = Kenneth R Parker 849Environmental Chemodynamics = Louis J Thibodeaux 891Environmental Law and Policy = Don C Haddox and Teresa J Cutright 899Gas Explosion Hazard: Prevention and Protection = Dehong Kong 1109Greenhouse Gas Management for Multiplant Complexes = Ralph W Pike 1189Incineration and Combustion = Selim M Senkan 1381

NOxRemoval = Mike Bradford and Rajiv Grover 1935Ozone Treatment = Jiangning Wu 1993Photodegradation of Polymers = J R White 2101Phytoremediation = Joel G Burken 2139Pollution Prevention = Ashok Kumar, Harish G Rao, Abhilash Vijayan, and

Charanya Varadarajan 2231Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) = Teresa J Cutright and Sangchul Hwang 2291Recycling of Spent Tires = Roger N Beers and David A Benko 2613Rubber Devulcanization = David A Benko and Roger N Beers 2691Scrubbers = S Komar Kawatra 2701Sorbent Technology = Shuguang Deng 2825Thermosets: Materials, Processes, and Waste Minimization = Kwok-Wai Lem,

Sean A Curran, Steve Sund, and Mina Gabriel 3031Trace Elements = Ian D Brindle 3129Water Reclamation = Mark A Kuehne, Norman N Li, Richard Q Song,

Maxwell Tsai, and Jane C Li 3217

Mass Transfer and Mixing

Gas–Liquid Contactors = Kishore K Kar, Richard F Cope, and Juergen Lueske 1119Gas–Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors = John C Middleton,

John M Smith, and Piero M Armenante 1131Gas-to-Liquid Mass Transfer = Huu D Doan, Simant R Upreti, and Ali Lohi 1163Liquid–Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors = Richard V Calabrese,

Douglas E Leng, and Piero M Armenante 1457Mass Transfer Enhancement Because of Flow Instabilities = Vimal Kumar and

K D P Nigam 1531Mixing and Chemical Reactions = Edward L Paul, Suzanne M Kresta, and

Arthur W Etchells 1699

xxxv

Mass Transfer and Mixing (cont’d)

Multiphase Mixing and Solid–Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors =

Piero M Armenante, Victor Atiemo-Obeng, and W Roy Penney 1767Multiphase Reactors = Stanley M Barnett 1781Solid–Liquid Mixing: Numerical Simulation and Physical Experiments =

Philippe A Tanguy, Francis Thibault, Gabriel Ascanio, and

Edmundo Brito-De La Fuente 2753

Materials Application and Processing

BioMEMS = L James Lee 161Ceramics = Stephen J Lombardo 417Chemical Mechanical Planarization in Integrated Circuit Manufacturing =

John Zabasajja 429Chemical Vapor Deposition = David G Retzloff 441Crystal Growth = C W Lan, W C Yu, and W C Hsu 589Gas-Phase Lubrication of MEMS Devices: Using Alcohol Vapor Adsorption Isotherm

for Lubrication of Silicon Oxides = Kenneth Strawhecker,

David B Asay, and Seong H Kim 1143Microelectronics Fabrication = Edmund G Seebauer and Charlotte T M Kwok 1615Microfabrication = Chung-Chiun Liu 1627Microgravity Processing of Materials = Robert Naumann 1633Microwave Processing of Ceramics = Eldon D Case 1687Photoresists = Sergei V Zelentsov and Nadezda V Zelentsova 2111Plasma Etching = David G Retzloff 2201

Nanotechnology

Carbon Nanotubes = Morinobu Endo, Yoong-Ahm Kim, Takuya Hayashi,

Kenji Takeuchi, Maruicio Terrones, and Mildred S Dresselhaus 333Molecular Self-Assembly = Yoon Seob Lee and James F Rathman 1727Nanoimprint Technology = L Jay Guo 1791Nanomaterials = David S J Arney, Jimmie R Baran, Allen R Siedle, and

Matthew H Frey 1803Nanoporous Dielectric Materials = Jorge A Lubguban and Shubhra Gangopadhyay 1813Nanostructured Materials = Vikrant N Urade and Hugh W Hillhouse 1825Nanotribology = Jonathan W Bender and Xiaodong Li 1837Photoresists = Sergei V Zelentsov and Nadezda V Zelentsova 2111Polymer Clay Nanocomposites = Hyoung J Choi, Ji W Kim, and Myung S Jhon 2301Vapor–Liquid–Solid Synthesis of Nanowires = Brian A Korgel, Tobias Hanrath, and

Forrest M Davidson, III 3191

Petrochemicals and Petrochemical Processing

Cumene Production = Robert J Schmidt 603Detergent Alkylate = Bipin Vora, Andrea Bozzano, and Stephen Sohn 663Dimethyl Ether = Abhay Sardesai 707Dimethylcarbonate = Byung Gwon Lee 719Ethylbenzene = Guy B Woodle 929Propylene Production = Abdullah M Aitani 2461Solvents = Satish C Mohapatra 2799Styrene = Guy B Woodle 2859Thiochemicals: Mercaptans, Sulfides, and Polysulfides = Jeffrey Yen,

Vijay R Srinivas, and Gary S Smith 3089Thiochemicals: Mercapto Acids and Organosulfur (IV/VI) Compounds =

Jeffrey H Yen, Gary S Smith, and Vijay R Srinivas 3101

Petroleum and Fuel Processing

Alkylation Processes to Produce High-Quality Gasolines = Lyle F Albright and

James M Ryan 57Catalytic Cracking = Paul O’Connor 371Catalytic Dehydrogenation = Bipin V Vora and Peter R Pujado´ 379Catalytic Naphtha Reforming = Abdullah M Aitani 397Denitrogenation = Daeik Kim and Teh Fu Yen 627Desulfurization = Chunshan Song, Uday T Turaga, and Xiaoliang Ma 651Enhanced Oil Recovery = Kishore K Mohanty and Gerard T Caneba 881Hydrocracking = James G Speight 1281Hydrodesulfurization = James G Speight 1289Hydrogenation = Xiaobo Yang 1325Hydrotreating Catalysts and Processes: Current Status and Path Forward =

Arunabha Kundu, Nishith Dwivedi, Azad Singh, and K D P Nigam 1357Natural Gas Utilization = Peter R Pujado´ 1865Petroleum Refinery Distillation = Stanley Marple 2053Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) = Teresa J Cutright and Sangchul Hwang 2291Propylene Production = Abdullah M Aitani 2461Reformulated Gasoline = A K Dalai and D Ferdous 2625Resid Conversion = James G Speight 2655Solvent Refining Processes = Roland H Heck 2791Synthesis Gas = Kim Aasberg-Petersen 2933Tar Sand = James G Speight 2947Thermal Cracking of Hydrocarbons = Tom Chunghu Tsai and Lyle F Albright 2975

xxxvii

Polymer Processing

Blowing Agent = Kyung W Suh 237Bulk Molding and Sheet Molding Compounds = Sanjeev N Rao and

Krishnan Jayaraman 283Cross-Linked Polyethylene = Carosena Meola, Giovanni Maria Carlomagno, and

Giuseppe Giorleo 577Design of Extrusion Dies = Milivoje M Kostic and Louis G Reifschneider 633Drag Reducing Agents = Jacques L Zakin, Ying Zhang, and Yunying Qi 767Injection Molding = David O Kazmer 1401Latex Processing = Alexander F Routh 1445Oriented Morphologies: Development in Polymer Processing = Mario A Perez 1973Polymer Clay Nanocomposites = Hyoung J Choi, Ji W Kim, and Myung S Jhon 2301Polymer Composites = Youssef K Hamidi, M Cengiz Altan, and Brian P Grady 2313Powder Coating Application Processes = Harry J Lader 2405Reactive Extrusion = Gerard T Caneba 2531Rotational Molding of Polymers = Ce´line T Bellehumeur 2677Rubber Devulcanization = David A Benko and Roger N Beers 2691Supercritical CO2-Assisted Surface Coating Injection Molding = Masahiro Ohshima 2897Twin-Screw Extrusion = Paul Andersen 3167

Polymeric Materials and Polymerization

Branching Level Detection in Polymers = M J Scorah, R Dhib, and A Penlidis 251Bulk Molding and Sheet Molding Compounds = Sanjeev N Rao and

Krishnan Jayaraman 283Carbon Fibers from Lignin-Recyclable Plastic Blends = Satoshi Kubo and

John F Kadla 317Conductive Polymers = Ronald W Gumbs 527Cross-Linked Polyethylene = Carosena Meola, Giovanni Maria Carlomagno, and

Giuseppe Giorleo 577Emulsion Polymerization = Vincent G Gomes 863Epoxy Resins = Ian Hamerton 911Fluoropolymers = Sina Ebnesajjad 1031Free-Radical Polymerization = Yadunandan Lal Dar, Rajeev Farwaha, and

Gerard T Caneba 1057Fuel Cell Membranes = Andrew M Herring 1085Hydrogels = Jae Hyung Park, Kang Moo Huh, Mingli Ye, and Kinam Park 1307Hydrophilic Polymers for Biomedical Applications = Frank Davis and

Se´amus P J Higson 1349Ion Exchange Resin = Sukalyan Sengupta and Arup K Sengupta 1427Latex Processing = Alexander F Routh 1445Metallocene Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization = T C Chung 1599Microscopy of Ionomers = Andreas Taubert and Brian P Kirkmeyer 1673Molecularly Imprinted Polymers = Gregory T Rushton and Ken D Shimizu 1737New Flame Retardant Materials: Nonhalogenated Additives from Brominated

Starting Materials and Inherently Low-Flammability Polymers =

Alexander B Morgan, Joshua Jurs, Jason Stephenson, and James M Tour 1879NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers in Solution = Sangrama K Sahoo and

Peter L Rinaldi 1919

Oriented Morphologies: Development in Polymer Processing = Mario A Perez 1973Phenolic Resins = Adriane G Ludwick and Mohamed O Abdalla 2089Photodegradation of Polymers = J R White 2101Plasma Polymerization Coating = Hirotsugu K Yasuda 2215Polyanhydrides = Maria P Torres, Amy S Determan, Surya K Mallapragada, and

Balaji Narasimhan 2247Polybutadiene = William L Hergenrother, Mark DeDecker, and Dan F Graves 2259Polycarbonate (PC) = Sarah E Morgan and Jun Li 2277Polymer Clay Nanocomposites = Hyoung J Choi, Ji W Kim, and Myung S Jhon 2301Polymer Composites = Youssef K Hamidi, M Cengiz Altan, and Brian P Grady 2313Polymeric Membranes = Takeshi Matsuura and Mehrdad Rafat 2323Polymerization Reactions: Modeling, Design, and Control = Kyu Yong Choi 2335Polyurethanes = Joanna D Fromstein and Kimberly A Woodhouse 2369Polyvinylidene Fluoride = Jeffrey H Yen and Ramin Amin-Sanayei 2379Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells = Pyoungho Choi, Pradeep Haldar, and

Ravindra Datta 2501Rheology of Cellulose Liquid Crystalline Polymers = Qizhou Dai,

Richard Gilbert, and John F Kadla 2663Styrene–Butadiene Rubber = Jing Peng 2871Superabsorbents = Takamasa Nonaka 2881Theoretical Aspects of Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Polymers = James J Feng 2955Thermosets: Materials, Processes, and Waste Minimization = Kwok-Wai Lem,

Sean A Curran, Steve Sund, and Mina Gabriel 3031Ziegler–Natta Catalysis = John C Chadwick 3247

Process Design, Control, Optimization, and Simulation

Bioprocess and Chemical Process Intensification = G Akay 183CHP Technology/Systems = Louay M Chamra and B K Hodge 469Computational Fluid Dynamics = Andre´ Bakker and Elizabeth Marden Marshall 505Computer-Aided Process Engineering = Andrzej Kraslawski 517Dust Explosion Hazard Assessment and Control = Vahid Ebadat 787Education on Plant Design = Truman S Storvick 813Fractal Geometry: Applications = Douglas K Ludlow 1053Greenhouse Gas Management for Multiplant Complexes = Ralph W Pike 1189Lubrication Performance Factors for Chemical Process Plant Machinery =

Jim C Fitch and Drew D Troyer 1511Molecular Modeling for Nonequilibrium Chemical Processes = Dionisios G Vlachos 1717Numerical Computations for Chemical Process Analysis and Design = David G Retzloff 1949Pilot Plant and Minipilot Units = Richard P Palluzi 2147Pinch Design and Analysis = Robin Smith and Jin-Kuk Kim 2165Power Factor = Peter R Pujado´ 2417Process Optimization = Ralph W Pike 2439Real-Time Optimization: Status, Issues, and Opportunities = J F Forbes,

T E Marlin, and W S Yip 2585Six Sigma Design: An Overview of Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) =

Sean A Curran, Kwok-Wai Lem, Steve Sund, and Mina Gabriel 2719Solid–Liquid Mixing: Numerical Simulation and Physical Experiments =

Philippe A Tanguy, Francis Thibault, Gabriel Ascanio, and

Edmundo Brito-De La Fuente 2753

xxxix