Tài liệu Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking docx

Hackney, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Leslie Leong, Central Connecticut State University, USA Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, University of Geneva, Switzerland Lorenzo Peccati, Boccon

I-LAB Centre for Research on the Digital Economy,

Bocconi University, Italy

Hershey • London • Melbourne • SingaporeIDEA GROUP REFERENCE

Acquisitions Editor: Renée Davies

Development Editor: Kristin Roth

Senior Managing Editor: Amanda Appicello

Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig

Copy Editors: Julie LeBlanc, Shanelle Ramelb, Sue VanderHook and Jennifer Young

Typesetters: Diane Huskinson, Sara Reed and Larissa Zearfoss

Support Staff: Michelle Potter

Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff

Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc.

Published in the United States of America by

Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.)

701 E Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200

Hershey PA 17033

Tel: 717-533-8845

Fax: 717-533-8661

E-mail: cust@idea-group.com

Web site: http://www.idea-group-ref.com

and in the United Kingdom by

Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.)

Web site: http://www.eurospan.co.uk

Copyright © 2005 by Idea Group Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.

Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of multimedia technology and networking / Margherita Pagani, ed.

p cm.

Summary: "This encyclopedia offers a comprehensive knowledge of multimedia information technology from an economic and technological perspective" Provided by publisher.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-59140-561-0 (hard cover) ISBN 1-59140-796-6 (ebook)

1 Multimedia communications Encyclopedias I Pagani, Margherita,

TK5105.15.E46 2005

2005005141

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.

Editorial Advisory Board

Raymond A Hackney, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Leslie Leong, Central Connecticut State University, USA

Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Lorenzo Peccati, Bocconi University, Italy

Steven John Simon, Stetson School of Business and Economics - Mercer University, USA

Andrew Targowski, Western Michigan University, USA

Nobuyoshi Terashima, Waseda University, Japan

Enrico Valdani, Bocconi University, Italy

List of Contributors

Ahmed, Ansary / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia

Ajiferuke, Isola / University of Western Ontario, Canada

Akhtar, Shakil / United Arab Emirates University, UAE

Ally, Mohamed / Athabasca University, Canada

Angehrn, Albert A / Center for Advanced Learning Technologies, INSEAD, France Angelides, Marios C / Brunel University, UK

Arbore, Alessandro / Bocconi University, Italy

Auld, Jonathan M / NovAtel Inc., Canada

Baralou, Evangelia / University of Sterling, Scotland

Barolli, Leonard / Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan

Benrud, Erik / American University, USA

Bhattacharya, Sunand / ITT Educational Services, Inc., USA

Bignall, Robert J / Monash University, Australia

Bradley, Randy V / Troy University, USA

Buche, Mari W / Michigan Technological University, USA

Butcher-Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA

Cannell, Jeremy C / Gannon University, USA

Cardoso, Rui C / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal

Cavallaro, Andrea / Queen Mary, University of London, UK

Chakrobartty, Shuvro / Minnesota State University, USA

Chan, Tom S / Southern New Hampshire University, USA

Chbeir, Richard / University of Bourgogne, France

Chen, Jeanne / HungKuang University, Taiwan

Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA

Chen, Tung-Shou / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan

Cheng, Meng-Wen / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan

Chochcliouros, Ioannis P / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A (OTE), Greece Cirrincione, Armando / SDA Bocconi School of Management, Italy

Connaughton, Stacey L / Purdue University, USA

Cragg, Paul B / University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Cruz, Christophe / University of Bourgogne, France

da Silva, Elaine Quintino / University of São Paulo, Brazil

da Silva, Henrique J A / Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal

Danenberg, James O / Western Michigan University, USA

de Abreu Moreira, Dilvan / University of São Paulo, Brazil

de Amescua, Antonio / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain

Dellas, Fabien / University of Geneva, Switzerland

Dhar, Subhankar / San Jose State University, USA

Di Giacomo, Thomas / University of Geneva, Switzerland

Diaz, Ing Carlos / University of Alcala, Spain

Dunning, Jeremy / Indiana University, USA

Duthler, Kirk W / The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA

El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA

Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada

Esteban, Luis A / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain

Falk, Louis K / Youngstown State University, USA

Farag, Waleed E / Zagazig University, Egypt

Fleming, Stewart T / University of Otago, New Zealand

Fraunholz, Bardo / Deakin University, Australia

Freeman, Ina / University of Birmingham, UK

Freire, Mário M / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal

Galanxhi-Janaqi, Holtjona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA

Gao, Yuan / Ramapo College of New Jersey, USA

García, Luis / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain

Ghanem, Hassan / Verizon, USA

Gibbert, Michael / Bocconi University, Italy

Gilbert, A Lee / Nanyang Business School, Singapore

Goh, Tiong-Thye / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Grahn, Kaj J / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland

Grover, Akshay / Brigham Young University, USA

Guan, Sheng-Uei / National University of Singapore, Singapore

Gupta, P / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Gurãu, Cãlin / Centre d’Études et de Recherche sur les Organisations et la Management (CEROM),

France

Gutiérrez, Jairo A / The University of Auckland, New Zealand

Hackbarth, Klaus D / University of Cantabria, Spain

Hagenhoff, Svenja / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany

Handzic, Meliha / Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, BiH, Croatia

Hentea, Mariana / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA

Heywood, Malcolm I / Dalhousie University, Canada

Hin, Leo Tan Wee / Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University,

Singapore

Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Turkey

Hu, Wen-Chen / University of North Dakota, USA

Hughes, Jerald / Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA

Hulicki, Zbigniew / AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Hurson, Ali R / The Pennsylvania State University, USA

Iossifides, Athanassios C / COSMOTE S.A., Greece

Ishaya, Tanko / The University of Hull, UK

Janczewski, Lech J / The University of Auckland, New Zealand

Joslin, Chris / University of Geneva, Switzerland

Jovanovic-Dolecek, Gordana / INAOE, Mexico

Jung, Jürgen / Uni Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Kacimi, Mouna / University of Bourgogne, France

Kanellis, Panagiotis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Karaboulas, Dimitrios / University of Patras, Greece

Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland

Karoui, Kamel / Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Tunisia

Kaspar, Christian / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany

Kaur, Abtar / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia

Kaushik, A.K / Electronic Niketan, India

Kayacik, H Gunes / Dalhousie University, Canada

Kelic, Andjelka / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Kemper Littman, Marlyn / Nova Southeastern University, USA

Kinshuk / Massey University, New Zealand

Knight, Linda V / DePaul University, USA

Kontolemakis, George / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Kotsopoulos, Stavros A / University of Patras, Greece

Kou, Weidong / Xidian University, PR China

Koumaras, Harilaos / University of Athens, Greece

Kourtis, Anastasios / Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications NCSR Demokritos, Greece Koyama, Akio / Yamagata University, Japan

Kwok, Percy Lai-yin / Chinese University of Hong Kong, China

Labruyere, Jean-Philippe P / DePaul University, USA

Lalopoulos, George K / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A (OTE), Greece

Lang, Karl Reiner / Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA

Lang, Michael / National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

Larkin, Jeff / Brigham Young University, USA

Lawson-Body, Assion / University of North Dakota, USA

Lee, Chung-wei / Auburn University, USA

Lee, Maria Ruey-Yuan / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan

Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK

Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, China

Liehr, Marcus / University of Hohenheim, Germany

Lin, Joanne Chia Yi / The University of New South Wales, Australia

Lorenz, Pascal / University of Haute Alsace, France

Louvros, Spiros / COSMOTE S.A., Greece

Lowry, Paul Benjamin / Brigham Young University, USA

Lumsden, Joanna / National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada

Luo, Xin / Mississippi State University, USA

Ma, Keh-Jian / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan

Madsen, Chris / Brigham Young University, USA

Maggioni, Mario A / Università Cattolica di Milano, Italy

Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia / University of Geneva, Switzerland

Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy

Maris, Jo-Mae B / Northern Arizona University, USA

Markus, Alexander / University of Western Ontario, Canada

Martakos, Drakoulis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Mbarika, Victor / Southern University and A&M College, USA

McManus, Patricia / Edith Cowan University, Australia

Melliar-Smith, P M / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA

Mills, Annette M / University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Mitchell, Mark / Brigham Young University, USA

Mohamedally, Dean / City University London, UK

Monteiro, Paulo P / SIEMENS S.A and Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Morabito, Vincenzo / Bocconi University, Italy

Moser, L E / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA

Moyes, Aaron / Brigham Young University, USA

Mundy, Darren P / University of Hull, UK

Murphy, Peter / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Nah, Fiona Fui-Hoon / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA

Nandavadekar, Vilas D / University of Pune, India

Neveu, Marc / University of Burgundy, France

Ngoh, Lek Heng / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore

Nicolle, Christophe / University of Bourgogne, France

Nur, Mohammad M / Minnesota State University, USA

Nur Zincir-Heywood, A / Dalhousie University, Canada

O’Dea, Michael / University of Hull, UK

O’Hagan, Minako / Dublin City University, Ireland

Olla, Phillip / Brunel University, UK

Otenko, Oleksandr / University of Kent, UK

Pace, Stefano / Bocconi University, Italy

Pagani, Margherita / Bocconi University, Italy

Pai, Feng Yu / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan

Panjala, Shashidhar / Gannon University, USA

Pantic, Maja / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Pereira, Rui G / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal

Petrie, Helen / City University London, UK

Poole, Marshall Scott / Texas A&M University, USA

Portilla, J Antonio / University of Alcala, Spain

Portougal, Victor / The University of Auckland, New Zealand

Prata, Alcina / Higher School of Management Sciences, Portugal

Proserpio, Luigi / Bocconi University, Italy

Provera, Bernardino / Bocconi University, Italy

Pulkkis, Göran / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland

Rahman, Hakikur / SDNP, Bangladesh

Raisinghani, Mahesh S / Texas Woman’s University, USA

Rajasingham, Lalita / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Raju, P.K / Auburn University, USA

Ratnasingam, Pauline / Central Missouri State University, USA

Ripamonti, Laura Anna / Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy

Robins, Wiliam / Brigham Young University, USA

Rodrigues, Joel J P C / Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal

Rotvold, Glenda / University of North Dakota, USA

Rotvold, Justin / Techwise Solutions, LLC, USA

Rowe, Neil C / U.S Naval Postgraduate School, USA

Roy, Abhijit / Loyola College in Maryland, USA

Ruela, Jose / Faculdade de Engennaria da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Portugal Sánchez-Segura, Maria-Isabel / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain Sankar, Chetan S / Auburn University, USA

Schizas, Christos / University of Cyprus, Cyprus

Shankar P., Jaya / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore

Shepherd, Jill / Simon Fraser University, Canada

Shuaib, Khaled A / United Arab Emirates University, UAE

Singh, Richa / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Singh, Shawren / University of South Africa, South Africa

Sockel, Hy / Youngstown State University, USA

Sofokleous, Anastasis / Brunel University, UK

Sonwalkar, Nishikant / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou, Anastasia S / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A (OTE),

Greece

St.Amant, Kirk / Texas Tech University, USA

Standing, Craig / Edith Cowan University, Australia

Stephens, Jackson / Brigham Young University, USA

Stern, Tziporah / Baruch College, CUNY, USA

Still, Brian / Texas Tech University, USA

Subramaniam, R / Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University,

Singapore

Sun, Jun / Texas A&M University, USA

Suraweera, Theekshana / University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Swierzowicz, Janusz / Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Syed, Mahbubur R / Minnesota State University, USA

Szabados, Anna / Mission College, USA

Tan, Christopher Yew-Gee / University of South Australia, Australia

Tandekar, Kanchana / Dakota State University, USA

Tassabehji, Rana / University of Bradford, UK

Terashima, Nobuyoshi / Waseda University, Japan

Tiffin, John / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Ting, Wayne / The University of Auckland, New Zealand

Todorova, Nelly / University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Tong, Carrison KS / Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital and Tseung Kwan O Hospital,

Hong Kong

Torrisi-Steele, Geraldine / Griffith University, Australia

Uberti, Teodora Erika / Università Cattolica di Milano, Italy

Unnithan, Chandana / Deakin University, Australia

Vatsa, Mayank / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Vician, Chelley / Michigan Technological University, USA

Vitolo, Theresa M / Gannon University, USA

Voeth, Markus / University of Hohenheim, Germany

Volino, Pascal / University of Geneva, Switzerland

Wang, Pin-Hsin / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan

Warkentin, Merrill / Mississippi State University, USA

Wei, Chia-Hung / University of Warwick, UK

Wilson, Sean / Brigham Young University, USA

Wong, Eric TT / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

Wong-MingJi, Diana J / Eastern Michigan University, USA

Wright, Carol / Pennsylvania State University, USA

Yang, Bo / The Pennsylvania State University, USA

Yang, Jun / Carnegie Mellon University, USA

Yetongnon, Kokou / University of Bourgogne, France

Yusof, Shafiz A Mohd / Syracuse University, USA

Zakaria, Norhayati / Syracuse University, USA

Zaphiris, Panayiotis / City University London, UK

Zhuang, Yueting / Zhejiang University, China

Zwitserloot, Reinier / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

by Volume

VOLUME I

Adoption of Communication Products and the Individual Critical Mass / Markus Voeth and Marcus Liehr 1

Affective Computing / Maja Pantic 8

Agent Frameworks / Reinier Zwitserloot and Maja Pantic 15

Application of Genetic Algorithms for QoS Routing in Broadband Networks / Leonard Barolli and Akio Koyama 22

Application Service Providers / Vincenzo Morabito and Bernardino Provera 31

Assessing Digital Video Data Similarity / Waleed E Farag 36

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line / Leo Tan Wee Hin and R Subramaniam 42

ATM Technology and E-Learning Initiatives / Marlyn Kemper Littman 49

Biometric Technologies / Mayank Vatsa, Richa Singh, P Gupta and A.K Kaushik 56

Biometrics Security / Stewart T Fleming 63

Biometrics, A Critical Consideration in Information Security Management / Paul Benjamin Lowry, Jackson Stephens, Aaron Moyes, Sean Wilson and Mark Mitchell 69

Broadband Solutions for Residential Customers / Mariana Hentea 76

Challenges and Perspectives for Web-Based Applications in Organizations / George K Lalopoulos, Ioannis P Chochliouros and Anastasia S Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou 82

Collaborative Web-Based Learning Community / Percy Kwok Lai-yin and Christopher Tan Yew-Gee 89

Constructing a Globalized E-Commerce Site / Tom S Chan 96

Consumer Attitude in Electronic Commerce / Yuan Gao 102

Content Repurposing for Small Devices / Neil C Rowe 110

Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval / Chia-Hung Wei and Chang-Tsun Li 116

Context-Awareness in Mobile Commerce / Jun Sun and Marshall Scott Poole 123

Core Principles of Educational Multimedia / Geraldine Torrisi-Steele 130

Corporate Conferencing / Vilas D Nandavadekar 137

Cost Models for Telecommunication Networks and Their Application to GSM Systems / Klaus D Hackbarth, J Antonio Portilla and Ing Carlos Diaz 143

Critical Issues in Global Navigation Satellite Systems / Ina Freeman and Jonathan M Auld 151

Dark Optical Fibre as a Modern Solution for Broadband Networked Cities / Ioannis P Chochliouros, Anastasia S Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou and George K Lalopoulos 158

Decision Making Process of Integrating Wireless Technology into Organizations, The / Assion Lawson-Body, Glenda Rotvold and Justin Rotvold 165

Designing Web-Based Hypermedia Systems / Michael Lang 173

Digital Filters / Gordana Jovanovic-Dolecek 180

Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Applications / Ioannis P Chochliouros, Anastasia S Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou and George K Lalopoulos 197

Digital Watermarking Based on Neural Network Technology for Grayscale Images / Jeanne Chen, Tung-Shou Chen, Keh-Jian Ma and Pin-Hsin Wang 204

Digital Watermarking for Multimedia Security Management / Chang-Tsun Li 213

Distance Education Delivery / Carol Wright 219

Distanced Leadership and Multimedia / Stacey L Connaughton 226

Dynamics of Virtual Teams, The / Norhayati Zakaria and Shafiz A Mohd Yusof 233

E-Commerce and Usability / Shawren Singh 242

Educational Technology Standards / Michael O’Dea 247

Efficient Method for Image Indexing in Medical Application / Richard Chbeir 257

Elaboration Likelihood Model and Web-Based Persuasion, The / Kirk W Duthler 265

E-Learning and Multimedia Databases / Theresa M Vitolo, Shashidhar Panjala and Jeremy C Cannell 271

Electronic Commerce Technologies Management / Shawren Singh 278

Ethernet Passive Optical Networks / Mário M Freire, Paulo P Monteiro, Henrique J A da Silva and Jose Ruela 283

Evolution of GSM Network Technology / Phillip Olla 290

Evolution of Mobile Commerce Applications / George K Lalopoulos, Ioannis P Chochcliouros and

Anastasia S Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou 295

Exploiting Captions for Multimedia Data Mining / Neil C Rowe 302

Face for Interface / Maja Pantic 308

FDD Techniques Towards the Multimedia Era / Athanassios C Iossifides, Spiros Louvros and Stavros A Kotsopoulos 315

Fiber to the Premises / Mahesh S Raisinghani and Hassan Ghanem 324

Fiber-to-the-Home Technologies and Standards / Andjelka Kelic 329

From Communities to Mobile Communities of Values / Patricia McManus and Craig Standing 336

Future of M-Interaction, The / Joanna Lumsden 342

Global Navigation Satellite Systems / Phillip Olla 348

Going Virtual / Evangelia Baralou and Jill Stepherd 353

Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Using a Wireless ATM Platform / Spiros Louvros, Dimitrios Karaboulas, Athanassios C Iossifides and Stavros A Kotsopoulos 359

HyperReality / Nobuyoshi Terashima 368

Improving Student Interaction with Internet and Peer Review / Dilvan de Abreu Moreira and Elaine Quintino da Silva 375

Information Hiding, Digital Watermarking and Steganography / Kuanchin Chen 382

Information Security Management / Mariana Hentea 390

Information Security Management in Picture-Archiving and Communication Systems for the Healthcare Industry / Carrison KS Tong and Eric TT Wong 396

Information Security Threats / Rana Tassabehji 404

Information Systems Strategic Alignment in Small Firms / Paul B Cragg and Nelly Todorova 411

Information Technology and Virtual Communities / Chelley Vician and Mari W Buche 417

Integrated Platform for Networked and User-Oriented Virtual Clothing / Pascal Volino, Thomas Di Giacomo, Fabien Dellas and Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann 424

Interactive Digital Television / Margherita Pagani 428

Interactive Memex / Sheng-Uei Guan 437

Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education in Developing Countries / Hakikur Rahman 447

Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education Systems / Hakikur Rahman 454

International Virtual Offices / Kirk St.Amant 461

Internet Adoption by Small Firms / Paul B Cragg and Annette M Mills 467

Internet Privacy from the Individual and Business Perspectives / Tziporah Stern 475

Internet Privacy Issues / Hy Sockel and Kuanchin Chen 480

Interoperable Learning Objects Management / Tanko Ishaya 486

Intrusion Detection Systems / H Gunes Kayacik, A Nur Zincir-Heywood and Malcolm I Heywood 494

Investment Strategy for Integrating Wireless Technology into Organizations / Assion Lawson-Body 500

IT Management Practices in Small Firms / Paul B Cragg and Theekshana Suraweera 507

iTV Guidelines / Alcina Prata 512

Leadership Competencies for Managing Global Virtual Teams / Diana J Wong-MingJi 519

Learning Networks / Albert A Angehrn and Michael Gibbert 526

Learning through Business Games / Luigi Proserpio and Massimo Magni 532

Local Loop Unbundling / Alessandro Arbore 538

Local Loop Unbundling Measures and Policies in the European Union / Ioannis P Chochliouros, Anastasia S Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou and George K Lalopoulos 547

VOLUME II Making Money with Open-Source Business Initiatives / Paul Benjamin Lowry, Akshay Grover, Chris Madsen, Jeff Larkin and William Robins 555

Malware and Antivirus Procedures / Xin Luo and Merrill Warkentin 562

Measuring the Potential for IT Convergence at Macro Level / Margherita Pagani 571

Message-Based Service in Taiwan / Maria Ruey-Yuan Lee and Feng Yu Pai 579

Methods of Research in Virtual Communities / Stefano Pace 585

Migration to IP Telephony / Khaled A Shuaib 593

Mobile Ad Hoc Network / Subhankar Dhar 601

Mobile Agents / Kamel Karoui 608

Mobile Commerce Security and Payment / Chung-wei Lee, Weidong Kou and Wen-Chen Hu 615

Mobile Computing for M-Commerce / Anastasis Sofokleous, Marios C Angelides and Christos Schizas 622

Mobile Location Based Services / Bardo Fraunholz, Jürgen Jung and Chandana Unnithan 629

Mobile Multimedia for Commerce / P M Melliar-Smith and L E Moser 638

Mobile Radio Technologies / Christian Kaspar and Svenja Hagenhoff 645

Mobility over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks / Lek Heng Ngoh and Jaya Shankar P 652

Modeling Interactive Distributed Multimedia Applications / Sheng-Uei Guan 660

Modelling eCRM Systems with the Unified Modelling Language / Cãlin Gurãu 667

Multimedia Communication Services on Digital TV Platforms / Zbigniew Hulicki 678

Multimedia Content Representation Technologies / Ali R Hurson and Bo Yang 687

Multimedia Data Mining Concept / Janusz Swierzowicz 696

Multimedia Information Design for Mobile Devices / Mohamed Ally 704

Multimedia Information Retrieval at a Crossroad / Qing Li, Jun Yang, and Yueting Zhuang 710

Multimedia Instructional Materials in MIS Classrooms / Randy V Bradley, Victor Mbarika, Chetan S Sankar and P.K Raju 717

Multimedia Interactivity on the Internet / Omar El-Gayar, Kuanchin Chen and Kanchana Tandekar 724

Multimedia Proxy Cache Architectures / Mouna Kacimi, Richard Chbeir and Kokou Yetongnon 731

Multimedia Technologies in Education / Armando Cirrincione 737

N-Dimensional Geometry and Kinaesthetic Space of the Internet, The / Peter Murphy 742

Network Intrusion Tracking for DoS Attacks / Mahbubur R Syed, Mohammad M Nur and Robert J Bignall 748

Network-Based Information System Model for Research / Jo-Mae B Maris 756

New Block Data Hiding Method for the Binary Image, A / Jeanne Chen, Tung-Shou Chen and Meng-Wen Cheng 762

Objective Measurement of Perceived QoS for Homogeneous MPEG-4 Video Content / Harilaos Koumaras, Drakoulis Martakos and Anastasios Kourtis 770

Online Discussion and Student Success in Web-Based Education, The / Erik Benrud 778

Open Source Intellectual Property Rights / Stewart T Fleming 785

Open Source Software and International Outsourcing / Kirk St.Amant and Brian Still 791

Optical Burst Switching / Joel J P C Rodrigues, Mário M Freire, Paulo P Monteiro and Pascal Lorenz 799

Peer-to-Peer Filesharing Systems for Digital Media / Jerald Hughes and Karl Reiner Lang 807

Personalized Web-Based Learning Services / Larbi Esmahi 814

Picture Archiving and Communication System in Health Care / Carrison KS Tong and Eric TT Wong 821

Plastic Optical Fiber Applications / Spiros Louvros, Athanassios C Iossifides, Dimitrios Karaboulas and Stavros A Kotsopoulos 829

Potentials of Information Technology in Building Virtual Communities / Isola Ajiferuke and Alexander Markus 836

Principles for Managing Information Security / Rana Tassabehji 842

Privilege Management Infrastructure / Darren P Mundy and Oleksandr Otenko 849

Production, Delivery and Playback of 3D Graphics / Thomas Di Giacomo, Chris Joslin, and Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann 855

Public Opinion and the Internet / Peter Murphy 863

Quality of Service Issues Associated with Internet Protocols / Jairo A Gutiérrez and Wayne Ting 869

Reliability Issues of the Multicast-Based Mediacommunication / Gábor Hosszú 875

Re-Purposeable Learning Objects Based on Teaching and Learning Styles / Abtar Kaur, Jeremy Dunning, Sunand Bhattacharya and Ansary Ahmed 882

Risk-Control Framework for E-Marketplace Participation, A / Pauline Ratnasingam 887

Road Map to Information Security Management / Lech J Janczewski and Victor Portougal 895

Security Laboratory Design and Implementation / Linda V Knight and Jean-Philippe P Labruyere 903

Security Vulnerabilities and Exposures in Internet Systems and Services / Rui C Cardoso and Mário M Freire 910

Semantic Web / Rui G Pereira and Mário M Freire 917

Software Ad Hoc for E-Learning / Maria-Isabel Sánchez-Segura, Antonio de Amescua, Luis García and Luis A Esteban 925

Supporting Online Communities with Technological Infrastructures / Laura Anna Ripamonti 937

Teletranslation / Minako O’Hagan 945

Telework Information Security / Loreen Marie Butcher-Powell 951

Text-to-Speech Synthesis / Mahbubur R Syed, Shuvro Chakrobartty and Robert J Bignall 957

2G-4G Networks / Shakil Akhtar 964

Type Justified / Anna Szabados and Nishikant Sonwalkar 974

Ubiquitous Commerce / Holtjona Galanxhi-Janaqi and Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah 980

Understanding the Out-of-the-Box Experience / A Lee Gilbert 985

Unified Information Security Management Plan, A / Mari W Buche and Chelley Vician 993

Universal Multimedia Access / Andrea Cavallaro 1001

Usability / Shawren Singh 1008

Usability Assessment in Mobile Computing and Commerce / Kuanchin Chen, Hy Sockel and Louis K Falk 1014

User-Centered Mobile Computing / Dean Mohamedally, Panayiotis Zaphiris and Helen Petrie 1021

Using Semantics to Manage 3D Scenes in Web Platforms / Christophe Cruz, Christophe Nicolle and Marc Neveu 1027

Virtual Communities / George Kontolemakis, Panagiotis Kanellis and Drakoulis Martakos 1033

Virtual Communities on the Internet / Abhijit Roy 1040

Virtual Knowledge Space and Learning / Meliha Handzic and Joanne Chia Yi Lin 1047

Virtual Learning Communities / Stewart T Fleming 1055

Virtual Reality and HyperReality Technologies in Universities / Lalita Rajasingham and John Tiffin 1064

Web Content Adaptation Frameworks and Techniques / Tiong-Thye Goh and Kinshuk 1070

Web Site Usability / Louis K Falk and Hy Sockel 1078

Web-Based Learning / James O Danenberg and Kuanchin Chen 1084

Webmetrics / Mario A Maggioni and Teodora Erika Uberti 1091

Wireless Emergency Services / Jun Sun 1096

WLAN Security Management / Göran Pulkkis, Kaj J Grahn, and Jonny Karlsson 1104

Foreword

Multimedia technology and networking are changing at a remarkable rate Despite the telecoms crash of

2001, innovation in networking applications, technologies, and services has continued unabated Theexponential growth of the Internet, the explosion of mobile communications, the rapid emergence ofelectronic commerce, the restructuring of businesses, and the contribution of digital industries to growth andemployment, are just a few of the current features of the emerging digital economy

The Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking captures a vast array of the

compo-nents and dimensions of this dynamic sector of the world economy Professor Margherita Pagani and hereditorial board have done a remarkable job at compiling such a rich collection of perspectives on this fastmoving domain The encyclopaedia’s scope and content will provide scholars, researchers and professionalswith much current information about concepts, issues, trends and technologies in this rapid evolving industrialsector

Multimedia technologies and networking are at the heart of the current debate about economic growthand performance in advanced economies The pervasive nature of the technological change and itswidespread diffusion has profoundly altered the ways in which businesses and consumers interact As ITcontinues to enter workplaces, homes and learning institutions, many aspects of work and leisure arechanging radically The rapid pace of technological change and the growing connectivity that IT makespossible have resulted in a wealth of new products, new markets and new business models However, thesechanges also bring new risks, new challenges, and new concerns

In the multimedia and technology networks area broadband-based communication and entertainmentservices are helping consumer and business users to conduct business more effectively, serve customersfaster, and organise their time more effectively In fact, multimedia technologies and networks have a strongimpact on all economic activity Exponential growth in processing power, falling information costs andnetwork effects have allowed productivity gains, enhanced innovation, and stimulated further technicalchange in all sectors from the most technology intensive to the most traditional Broadband communicationsand entertainment services are helping consumer and business users conduct their business more effectively,serve customers faster, organise their time more effectively, and enrich options for their leisure time

At MIT, I serve as co-director of the Communications Futures Program, which spans the Sloan School

of Management, the Engineering School, and the Media Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(USA) By examining technology dynamics, business dynamics, and policy dynamics in the communicationsindustry, we seek to build capabilities for roadmapping the upcoming changes in the vast communicationsvalue chain We also seek to develop next-generation technological and business innovations that can createmore value in the industry

Furthermore, we hope that gaining a deeper understanding of the dynamics in communications will help

us not only to make useful contributions to that field, but also to understand better the general principles thatdrive industry and technology dynamics Biologists study fruit flies because their fast rates of evolution permitrapid learning that can then be applied to understanding the genetics of slower clockspeed species, likehumans We think of the communications industry as the industrial equivalent of a fruit fly; that is, a fast

xvii

clockspeed industry whose dynamics may help us understand better the dynamic principles that drive manyindustries

Convergence is among the core features of information society developments This phenomenon needs

to be analyzed from multiple dimensions: technological, economic, financial, regulatory, social, and political.The integrative approach adopted in this encyclopaedia to analyze multimedia and technology networking isparticularly welcome and highly complementary to the approach embraced by our work at MIT

I am pleased to be able to recommend this encyclopedia to readers, be they looking for substantivematerial on knowledge strategy, or looking to understand critical issues related to multimedia technology andnetworking

Professor Charles H Fine

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Sloan School of Management

Cambridge, October 2004

Preface

The term encyclopedia comes from the Greek words ăãêýêẻéỉò đáéảăưá , enkyklios paideia (Ộin a circle ofinstructionỢ)

compendium of human knowledge related to the emerging multimedia digital metamarket

Multimedia technology, networks and online interactive multimedia services are taking advantage of aseries of radical innovations in converging fields, such as the digitization of signals, satellite and fibre opticbased transmission systems, algorithms for signal compression and control, switching and storage devices,and others, whose combination has a supra-additive synergistic effect

The emergence of online interactive multimedia (OIM) services can be described as a new technologicalparadigm They can be defined by a class of new techno economic problems, a new pool of technologies(techniques, competencies and rules), and a set of shared assumptions The core of such a major shift in theevolution of information and communications services is the service provision function This shirt occurs even

if the supply of an online interactive multimedia service needs a wide collection of assets and capabilitiespertaining also to information contents, network infrastructure, software, communication equipment andterminals

By zooming in on the operators of telecommunications networks (common carriers or telecoms), it isshown that though leveraging a few peculiar capabilities in the technological and managerial spheres, theyare trying to develop lacking assets and competencies through the set-up of a network of collaborativerelations with firms in converging industries (mainly software producers, service providers, broadcasters,and media firms) This emerging digital marketplace is constantly expanding

As new platforms and delivery mechanisms rapidly roll out, the value of content increases, presentingcontent owners with both risks and opportunities In addition, rather than purely addressing the technicalchallenge of the Internet, wireless and interactive digital television, much more emphasis is now being given

to commercial and marketing issues Companies are much more focused on the creation of consistent andcompelling user experiences

The use of multimedia technologies as the core driving element in converging markets and virtualcorporate structures will compel considerable economic and social change

Set within the framework of IT as a strategic resource, many important changes have taken place overthe last years that will force us to change the way multimedia networks develop services for their users

techniques;

Ớ Modularization of hardware and software, emphasizing object assembly and processing (client servercomputing);

xix

• An imbalance between network operators and independent application developers in the value networkfor the provision of network dependent services;

• Telecommunications integrated into, and inseparable from, the computing environment;

• Need for integration of seemingly incompatible diverse technologies

The force behind these realities is the strategic use of IT Strategic management which takes intoconsideration the basic transformation processes of this sector will be a substantial success factor in securing

a competitive advantage within this deciding future market The change from an industrial to an informationsociety connected therewith, will above all else be affected by the dynamics of technological developments.This strategic perspective manifests itself in these work attributes:

• an appreciation of IT within the context of business value;

• a view of information as a critical resource to be managed and developed as an asset;

• a continuing search for opportunities to exploit information technology for competitive advantage;

• concern for aligning IT with organizational goals;

• a continuing re-evaluation of work assignments for added value;

• skill in adapting quickly to appropriate new technologies;

• an object/modular orientation for technical flexibility and speed in deployment

Accelerating economic, technological, social, and environmental change challenges managers and policymakers to learn at increasing rates, while at the same time the complexity of the systems in which we live

is growing

Effective decision making and learning in a world of growing dynamic complexity requires us to develop

tools to understand how the structure of complex systems creates their behaviour

THE EMERGING MULTIMEDIA MARKET

The convergence of information and communication technology has lead to the development of a variety ofnew media platforms that offer a set of services to a community of participants These platforms are defined

as media which enable the exchange of information or other objects such as goods and services (Schmid,1999)

Media can be defined as information and communication spaces, which based on innovative informationand communication technology (ICT), supports content creation, management and exchange within acommunity of agents Agents can be organizations, humans, or artificial agents (i.e., software agents).The multimedia metamarket—generated by the progressive process of convergence involving thetelevision, informatics and telecommunication industries—comes to represent the «strategic field of action»

of this study

According to this perspective, telecommunications, office equipment, consumer electronics, media, andcomputers were separate and distinct industries through the 1990s They offered different services withdifferent methods of delivery But as the computer became an “information appliance”, businesses moved

to take advantage of emerging digital technologies, virtual reality, and industry boundaries blurred

As a result of the convergence process, we cannot, therefore, talk about separate and different industriesand sectors (telecommunications, digital television, and informatics) Such sectors are propelled towards anactual merging of different technologies, supplied services and the users’ categories being reached A greatICT metamarket is thus originated

Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, education, entertainment,engineering, medicine, mathematics, and scientific research