The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law doc

The Protection of the Right to Education by International LawIncluding a Systematic Analysis of Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights by Klaus

by International Law

International Studies

in Human Rights

volume 82

The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law

Including a Systematic Analysis of Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights

by

Klaus Dieter Beiter

MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS

LEIDEN / BOSTON

Beiter, Klaus Dieter

The protection of the right to education by international law: including a systematic analysis of Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and

Cultural Rights / by Klaus Dieter Beiter

p cm — (International studies in human rights; v 82)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

© 2006 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers,

Martinus Nijho ff Publishers and VSP.

All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill

provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.

Fees are subject to change.

Printed in the Netherlands

my brother, my sister

&

Yvonne

Preface ixList of UN/UNESCO Documents & Bibliography xiTable of Cases xxvInternet Resources xliiiList of Abbreviations xlvExplanation of Document Symbols xlvii

Chapter One: Introduction 1

Part A: A General Analysis of the Protection of the Right to

Education by International Law 11

Chapter Two: History and Nature of the Right to Education 17

Chapter Three: The Right to Education and the Disputed

Category of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 47

Chapter Four: The Protection of the Right to Education by

International Legal Instruments 85

Chapter Five: The Protection of the Right to Education by

Regional Legal Instruments 155

Chapter Six: The Protection of the Right to Education

by Legal Instruments of the United Nations Specialised

Agencies 225

Chapter Seven: Promoting the Right to Education at the

International Level 315

Part B: A Systematic Analysis of the Right to Education

as Protected in Article 13 of the International Covenant

on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 339

Chapter Eight: The Supervisory System of the International

Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 345

Chapter Nine: The General Provisions of the International

Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 373

Chapter Ten: Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education 459

Chapter Eleven: The Right to Education in the Concluding Observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 571

Chapter Twelve: Strengthening Education as a Human Right, and Improving the Supervision of Article 13 of the ICESCR Under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 605

Annex 655

Outline of Structure 689

Index 705

This book originated as a doctoral thesis at the Universität in Munich, Germany Writing this preface concludes severalyears of hard but exciting work It took me three years to produce thethesis, which I handed in on 3 April 2003 Subsequently, I updated themanuscript so that the text of this book reflects the state of the law as on

Ludwig-Maximilians-15 March 2005 Certain earlier-dated legal materials not accessible to me

as on the latter date have not been taken into account It has been myambition to deal with the topic of the book in a comprehensive manner,

i.e. to cover all salient issues concerning the protection of the right to cation by international law in adequate detail to render the discussionmeaningful But, as one may imagine, it is virtually impossible to accom-plish this goal I therefore apologise, if aspects considered important havenot been addressed or have not been addressed in sufficient detail On atechnical point, unless indicated otherwise, the use of the masculine form

edu-in this book also edu-includes the femedu-inedu-ine form

It remains for me to thank all those who contributed in one way oranother to the preparation of this book At the same time, I emphasisethat solely I am responsible for its content and any mistakes it may con-tain The research for this book was mainly carried out at the Department

of Public International Law of the University of Munich My special thanks

go to Prof Dr Bruno Simma, formerly Head of Department (now Judge

at the International Court of Justice), for the research facilities granted to

me at his department, for having supervised the writing of the thesis andfor having written the first rapporteur’s report on the thesis I also wish

to thank Dr Markus Zöckler, attached to the department, for his trative and technical support I further thank Prof Dr Moris Lehner ofthe Institute for Political Science and Public Law who wrote the secondrapporteur’s report on the thesis Then I would like to thank Dr RichardLord of the University of Cape Town, South Africa, a friend of mine, forhaving proof-read the script Likewise, I wish to thank the German AcademicExchange Service for its financial assistance, which, in fact, made possible

adminis-my doctoral studies in Germany and the writing of this book Finally, Iexpress my deepest gratitude to Yvonne, whose moral support helped me

to bring this project to an end

In conclusion, may I state that I would appreciate receiving comments,suggestions and criticism concerning any aspect of this book at my e-mailaddress at klausbeiter@gmx.de

List of UN/UNESCO Documents

Commission on Human Rights

– Amor, A., Racial Discrimination, Religious Intolerance and Education, UN Doc.

A/CONF.189/PC.2/22 of 3 May 2001 (Study prepared by the SpecialRapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on Freedom of Religion

or Belief for the Preparatory Committee of the World Conference againstRacism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance,held at Durban, South Africa from 31 August to 8 September 2001).– Reports submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission onHuman Rights on the Right to Education:

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,

UN Doc E/CN.4/1999/49 (Preliminary Report submitted by theSpecial Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right

to Education) (1999a)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,

UN Doc E/CN.4/2000/6 (Progress Report submitted by the SpecialRapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right toEducation) (2000a)

* Reports/studies/articles/books in this list of documents/bibliography will be referred

to as follows in this book: author, date/year of publication, page/paragraph reference, e.g.

Alston, 1994, p 137 When there are two or more entries for an author with the same date/year of publication, the relevant entries will show in brackets the date/year of pub-

lication, as supplemented by small letters in an alphabetical order, e.g (2001a), (2001b), (2001c) etc., to facilitate referring to the reports/studies/articles/books in the book, e.g.

Toma “evski, 2001b, pp 14–17 In the case of documents, the UN/UNESCO document reference will always be mentioned, e.g Toma “evski, 2001a, paras 64–77 (UN Doc E/CN.4/2001/52).

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:

Mission to Uganda (26 June–2 July 1999), UN Doc E/CN.4/2000/

6/Add.1 (Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the mission on Human Rights on the Right to Education) (2000b)Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:

Com-Mission to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (England) (18–22 October 1999), UN Doc E/CN.4/2000/6/Add.2 (Report sub-

mitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on HumanRights on the Right to Education) (2000c)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,

UN Doc E/CN.4/2001/52 (Annual Report submitted by the SpecialRapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right toEducation) (2001a)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,

UN Doc E/CN.4/2002/60 (Annual Report submitted by the SpecialRapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right toEducation) (2002a)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:

Mission to the United States of America (24 September–10 October 2001), UN

Doc E/CN.4/2002/60/Add.1 (Report submitted by the SpecialRapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right toEducation) (2002b)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:

Mission to Turkey (3–10 February 2002), UN Doc E/CN.4/2002/60/Add.2

(Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission onHuman Rights on the Right to Education) (2002c)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,

UN Doc E/CN.4/2003/9 (Annual Report submitted by the SpecialRapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right toEducation) (2003a)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education: Mission to Indonesia (1–7 July 2002), UN Doc E/CN.4/2003/9/Add.1

(Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission onHuman Rights on the Right to Education) (2003b)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education: Mission to the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) (24 November–1 December 2002), UN Doc E/CN.4/2003/9/Add.2 (Report submitted by the

Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right

to Education) (2003c)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education,

UN Doc E/CN.4/2004/45 (Annual Report submitted by the SpecialRapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right toEducation) (2004a)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:

Mission to the People’s Republic of China (10 –19 September 2003), UN Doc.

E/CN.4/2004/45/Add.1 (Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur

of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to Education).(2004b)

Toma“evski, K., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Right to Education:

Mission to Colombia (1–10 October 2003), UN Doc E/CN.4/2004/

45/Add.2/Corr.1 (Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur of theCommission on Human Rights on the Right to Education) (2004c)– Background Papers prepared for the Intergovernmental Working Group

on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration andProgramme of Action:

Fontani, P., UNESCO’s Action to Combat Racism and Discrimination through Education, UN Doc E/CN.4/2004/WG.21/BP.6.

Toma“evski, K., Five Necessary Steps to Eliminate Racism and Xenophobia in

Education, and through Education: Recommendations by the Special Rapporteur

of the Commission on Human Rights on the Right to Education, UN Doc.

to the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2001/2 Hadden, T., International and National Action for the Protection of Minorities: The Role of the Working Group on Minorities, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/

AC.5/2004/WP.3 (Working Paper prepared for Working Group onMinorities)

Mehedi, M., Multicultural and Intercultural Education and Protection of Minorities,

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1999/WP.5 (Working Paper preparedfor Working Group on Minorities) (1999a)

Siemienski, G., Education Rights of Minorities: The Hague Recommendations,

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1997/WP.3 (Working Paper preparedfor Working Group on Minorities)

Report of the International Seminar on Intercultural and MulticulturalEducation, held at Montreal, Canada from 29 September–2 October

1999, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2000/WP.4

– Mehedi, M., The Realisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Realisation

of the Right to Education, including Education in Human Rights, UN Doc.

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/10 (Working Paper submitted to the mission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)

Sub-Com-Mehedi, M., The Realisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Realisation of the Right to Education, including Education in Human Rights: The Content of the Right to Education, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/10

(Working Paper submitted to the Sub-Commission on Prevention ofDiscrimination and Protection of Minorities) (1999b)

– Eide, A., The New International Economic Order and the Promotion of Human Rights: Report on the Right to Adequate Food as a Human Right, UN Doc.

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/23 (Final Report submitted by the SpecialRapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discriminationand Protection of Minorities on the Right to Food)

– Türk, D., The Realisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc.

E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/16 (Final Report submitted by the SpecialRapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discriminationand Protection of Minorities on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

– Basic reference documents:

“Status of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and CulturalRights and reservations, withdrawals, declarations and objections underthe Covenant”, as at 1 October 2001, UN Doc E/C.12/1993/3/Rev.6.Rules of Procedure, UN Doc E/C.12/1990/4/Rev.1

“Revised general guidelines regarding the form and contents of reports

to be submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of theInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”,

UN Doc E/C.12/1991/1

– Reports of UN agencies/organs, including the following three reports ofUNESCO: UN Docs E/1982/10, E/1988/7 and E/1990/8

– Information from NGOs

– Reports of states parties

– Concluding Observations: eighth session (May 1993) until thirty-first sion (November 2003)

ses-– Summary Records

– Reports of the Committee on the various sessions:

Report on the First Session (1987), UN Doc E/1987/28

Report on the Second Session (1988), UN Doc E/1988/14

Report on the Third Session (1989), UN Doc E/1989/22

Report on the Fourth Session (1990), UN Doc E/1990/23

Report on the Fifth Session (1990), UN Doc E/1991/23

Report on the Sixth Session (1991), UN Doc E/1992/23

Report on the Seventh Session (1992), UN Doc E/1993/22

Report on the Eighth and Ninth Sessions (1993), UN Doc E/1994/23

Report on the Tenth and Eleventh Sessions (1994), UN Doc E/1995/22.Report on the Twelfth and Thirteenth Sessions (1995), UN Doc E/1996/22.

Report on the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Sessions (1996), UN Doc E/1997/22

Report on the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Sessions (1997), UN Doc E/1998/22

Report on the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Sessions (1998), UN Doc.E/1999/22

Report on the Twentieth and Twenty-First Sessions (1999), UN Doc.E/2000/22

Report on the Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third and Twenty-Fourth Sessions(2000), UN Doc E/2001/22

Report on the Twenty-Fifth, Twenty-Sixth and Twenty-Seventh Sessions(2001), UN Doc E/2002/22

Report on the Twenty-Eighth and Twenty-Ninth Sessions (2002), UNDoc E/2003/22

Report on the Thirtieth and Thirty-First Sessions (2003), UN Doc.E/2004/22

– Background Papers submitted to Committee on Economic, Social andCultural Rights in view of the Day of General Discussion: Right toEducation (articles 13 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights):

Chapman, A and S Russell, Violations of the Right to Education, UN Doc.

Gomez del Prado, J., Comparative Analysis of the Right to Education as Enshrined

in Articles 13 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Provisions Contained in Other Universal and Regional Treaties, and the Machinery Established, if Any, for Monitoring its Implementation, UN

Kent, G., The Right to Quality Education, UN Doc E/C.12/1998/13 Meyer-Bisch, P., The Right to Education in the Context of Cultural Rights, UN

Doc E/C.12/1998/17

Toma“evski, K., The Right to Education, UN Doc E/C.12/1998/18

World University Service, The Right to Education, UN Doc E/C.12/1998/15 Zachariev, Z., Considerations on Indicators of the Right to Education, UN Doc.

E/C.12/1998/21

Committee on the Rights of the Child

– Basic reference documents:

“Overview of the reporting procedures”, UN Doc CRC/C/33 (1994).Provisional Rules of Procedure, UN Doc CRC/C/4 (1991)

“General guidelines regarding the form and content of initial reports to

be submitted by States parties under article 44, para 1(a), of theConvention”, UN Doc CRC/C/5 (1991)

“General guidelines regarding the form and content of periodic reports

to be submitted by States parties under article 44, para 1(b), of theConvention”, UN Doc CRC/C/58 (1996)

– Reports of states parties

– Concluding Observations: third session ( January 1993) until thirty-fourthsession (September/October 2003)

– Summary Records

– Reports of the Committee on the various sessions: second session(September/October 1992) until thirty-fourth session (September/October2003)

– Document on the first ten General Discussion Days, entitled “Committee

on the Rights of the Child: Reports of General Discussion Days”, piled by the UNHCHR

com-UNESCO Documents

UNESCO’s complaints procedure

– 104 EX/Decision 3.3 (1978)—“Study of the procedures which should

be followed in the examination of cases and questions which might besubmitted to UNESCO concerning the exercise of human rights in thespheres of its competence, in order to make its action more effective:Report of the Working Party of the Executive Board” (104 EX/3).– “Examination of the communications transmitted to the Committee onConventions and Recommendations” (2004) (UNESCO Doc 169 EX/CR/2)

The Convention, and the Recommendation against Discrimination in Education

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on theFirst Consultation, UNESCO Doc 15 C/11 (1968)

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on theSecond Consultation, UNESCO Doc 17 C/15 (1972)

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on theThird Consultation, UNESCO Doc 21 C/27 (1980)

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on theFourth Consultation, UNESCO Doc 23 C/72 (1985)

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on theFifth Consultation, UNESCO Doc 26 C/31 (1991)

– “Examination of the reports and responses received in the Sixth sultation of member states on the implementation of the Conventionand Recommendation against Discrimination in Education”, UNESCODoc 156 EX/21 (1999)

Con-– “Sixth Consultation of member states on the implementation of theConvention and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education”,UNESCO Doc 30 C/29 (1999)

– “Sixth Consultation of member states on the implementation of theConvention and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education”,

30 C/Resolution 15 of 17 November 1999

The Revised Recommendation concerning Technical and Vocational Education

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on theFirst Consultation (1974 version of the Recommendation), UNESCODoc 25 C/28 (1989)

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on theSecond Consultation (1974 version of the Recommendation), UNESCODoc 27 C/89 (1993)

The Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers, and the Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel

– Report of the Joint ILO/UNESCO Committee of Experts on theApplication of the Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers(CEART) on the First Consultation (Recommendation concerning theStatus of Teachers), Doc CEART/II/1970/4

– Report of the CEART on the Second Consultation (Recommendationconcerning the Status of Teachers), Doc CEART/III/1976/10.– Report of the CEART on the Third Consultation (Recommendationconcerning the Status of Teachers), Doc CEART/IV/1982/12.– Report of the CEART on the Fourth Consultation (Recommendationconcerning the Status of Teachers), Doc CEART/V/1988/5

– Report of the CEART of the Sixth Ordinary Session (Recommendationconcerning the Status of Teachers), Doc CEART/VI/1994/12.– Report of the CEART of the Seventh Session (Recommendation con-cerning the Status of Teachers, and Recommendation concerning theStatus of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel), Doc CEART/VII/2000/10.

– Report of the Joint ILO/UNESCO Committee of Experts on the cation of the Recommendations concerning Teaching Personnel (CEART)

Appli-of the Eighth Session (Recommendation concerning the Status Appli-of Teachers,and Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher-Education TeachingPersonnel), Doc CEART/VIII/2003/11

The Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding,

Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and

Fundamental Freedoms

– Synthesis of reports by member states in the context of the PermanentSystem of Reporting on Education for Peace, Human Rights, Democracy,International Understanding and Tolerance, First Consultation, UNESCODoc 25 C/30 (1989)

– Synthesis of reports by member states in the context of the PermanentSystem of Reporting on Education for Peace, Human Rights, Democracy,International Understanding and Tolerance, Second Consultation, Doc.ED-BIE/CONFINTED 44/INF.2 (1994)

– Synthesis of reports by member states in the context of the PermanentSystem of Reporting on Education for Peace, Human Rights, Democracy,International Understanding and Tolerance, Third Consultation, UNESCODoc 31 C/INF.5 (2001)

– (First) Sexennial Report on progress made in implementing the mendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-oper-ation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms, UNESCO Doc 26 C/32 (1991)

– (Second) Sexennial Report on progress made in implementing the mendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-oper-ation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms, UNESCO Doc 29 C/INF.4 (1997)

Recom-The Recommendation on the Development of Adult Education

– Report of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations on itsconsultation on the Recommendation on the Development of AdultEducation, UNESCO Doc 27 C/88 (1993)

Addo, M., “Justiciability re-examined” In: R Beddard and D Hill (eds.),

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Progress and Achievement New York: St.

Martin’s Press, 1992, pp 93–117 (Papers from two workshops held inMarch and September 1988, sponsored by the Human Rights Group

of the Centre for International Policy Studies, University of Southampton).Alfredsson, G., “Human rights education and minority rights” In: UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and Intercenter

(eds.), The Right to Education of Vulnerable Groups whilst Respecting their Cultural Identity Torino: Giappichelli, 2001, pp 125–137 (Proceedings of Inter-

national Colloquium on the topic, held at Messina, Italy from 16 to 18December 1999)

Alston, P., “Economic and social rights” In: L Henkin and J Hargrove

(eds.), Human Rights: An Agenda for the Next Century Washington: The

American Society of International Law, 1994, pp 137–166 (Studies inTransnational Legal Policy; No 26)

——, “Establishing a right to petition under the Covenant on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights” Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law: The Protection of Human Rights in Europe Florence: European University Institute, Vol 4, Book 2, 1993, pp 115 et seqq.

——, “International law and the human right to food” In: P Alston and

K Toma“evski (eds.), The Right to Food Utrecht/Dordrecht: StichtingStudie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten (SIM) (Utrecht University)/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984, pp 9–68 (International Studies inHuman Rights) (1984a)

——, “International law and the right to food” In: A Eide, W Barth

Eide, S Goonatilake, J Gussow and Omawale (eds.), Food as a Human Right Tokyo: The United Nations University, 1984, pp 162–174 (1984b)

——, “No right to complain about being poor: The need for an OptionalProtocol to the Economic Rights Covenant” In: A Eide and J Helgesen

(eds.), The Future of Human Rights Protection in a Changing World: Essays in Honour of Torkel Opsahl Oslo, 1991, pp 79 et seqq.

——, “Out of the abyss: The challenges confronting the new U.N

Com-mittee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 9, No 3, 1987, pp 332–381.

——, “Prevention versus cure as a human rights strategy” In: International

Commission of Jurists (ed.), Development, Human Rights and the Rule of Law.

The Hague: International Commission of Jurists, 1981, pp 31–109 port of a conference held at The Hague from 27 April to 1 May 1981)

(Re-——, “The United Nations’ Specialised Agencies and implementation ofthe International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”.

In: Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol 18, 1979, pp 79–118.

——, “U.S ratification of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights: The need for an entirely new strategy” In: American Journal of International Law, Vol 84, 1990, pp 365–393.

Alston, P and A Eide, “Advancing the right to food in international law”.In: A Eide, W Barth Eide, S Goonatilake, J Gussow and Omawale

(eds.), Food as a Human Right Tokyo: The United Nations University,

1984, pp 249–259

Alston, P and G Quinn, “The nature and scope of states parties’ ations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

oblig-Rights” In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 9, 1987, pp 156–229.

Alston, P and K Toma“evski (eds.), The Right to Food Utrecht/Dordrecht:Stichting Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten (SIM) (UtrechtUniversity)/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984 (International Studies onHuman Rights)

Ammoun, C., Study of Discrimination in Education (UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/

181/Rev.1), New York: United Nations, 1957 (UN Sales No 57.XIV.3).Andreassen, B.-A., T Skålnes, A Smith and H Stokke, “Assessing humanrights performance in developing countries: The case for a minimalthreshold approach to the economic and social rights” In: B.-A Andreassen

and A Eide (eds.), Human Rights in Developing Countries 1987/1988.

Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1988, pp 333–355

Andreassen, B.-A., A Smith and H Stokke, “Compliance with economicand social human rights: Realistic evaluations and monitoring in the

light of immediate obligations” In: A Eide and B Hagtvet (eds.), Human Rights in Perspective: A Global Assessment Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992,

pp 252–315 (74th Nobel Symposium 1988, Lysebu, Norway)

Arajärvi, P., “Article 26” In: A Eide, G Alfredsson, G Melander, L Adam

Rehof and A Rosas (eds.), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Commentary Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1992, pp 405–428.

Arambulo, K., “Improving supervision of the International Covenant onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: M Bulterman, A Hendriks

and J Smith (eds.), To Baehr in Our Minds: Essays on Human Rights from the Heart of the Netherlands Utrecht: Stichting Studie- en Informatiecentrum

Mensenrechten (SIM) (Utrecht University), 1998, pp 9–23 (SIM Special

Arambulo, K and B Toebes, “‘Valt er iets te klagen?’ De afdwingbaarheidvan economische, sociale en culturele rechten en de mogelijkheid vaneen klachtprocedure bij het IVESCR” [‘Is there anything to complainabout?’ The justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights and the

possibility of a complaints procedure to the ICESCR] In: NJCM-Bulletin

(Nederlands Juristen Comité voor de Mensenrechten-Bulletin), Vol 21,

within UNESCO’s sphere of competence] In: Festschrift für Hermann Mosler Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, 1983, pp 45 et seqq.

Bekker, G (ed.), A Compilation of Essential Documents on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Pretoria: Centre for Human Rights (University of Pretoria),

1999 (Economic and Social Rights Series; Vol 1)

Berger, V., Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte (Original title: Jurisprudence de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme German trans-

lation by K Proffen, assisted by U Arning.) Cologne/Berlin/Bonn/Munich:Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1987, pp 15–20 (“‘Belgischer Sprachenfall’:Belgische Rechtsvorschriften über Sprachenfragen im Unterrichtswesen”[‘Belgian Linguistic Case’: Belgian legal provisions on questions of lan-guages in the education system]), pp 75–78 (“Fall Kjeldsen, Busk Madsenund Pedersen: Obligatorische Sexualerziehung an den öffentlichenGrundschulen in Dänemark” [Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen case:Compulsory sex education in public primary schools in Denmark]) and

pp 165–169 (“Fall Campbell und Cosans: Körperliche Züchtigung instaatlichen Schulen Schottlands” [Campbell and Cosans case: Corporalpunishment in public schools in Scotland])

Beyani, C., “The prerequisites of education” In: Minority Rights Group

(eds.), Education Rights and Minorities United Kingdom: Minority Rights

Group, 1994, pp 14–17

Bitensky, S., “Every child’s right to receive excellent education” In:

International Journal of Children’s Rights, Vol 2, No 2, 1994, pp 137–147.

——, “Of originalism, reality, and a constitutional right to education” In:

Northwestern University Law Review, Vol 86, 1992, pp 1056 et seqq (1992a)

——, “Theoretical foundations for a right to education under the U.S.constitution: A beginning to the end of the national education crisis” In:

Northwestern University Law Review, Vol 86, 1992, pp 550 et seqq (1992b)

Bossuyt, M., “La distinction juridique entre les droits civils et politiques etles droits économiques, sociaux et culturels” [The legal distinction betweencivil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights] In:

Revue des Droits de l’Homme, Vol 8, 1975, pp 783–820.

——, “International human rights systems: Strengths and weaknesses” In:

K Mahoney and P Mahoney (eds.), Human Rights in the Twentieth Century.

Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, pp 47–55.Bradley, A., “Scope for review: The convention right to education and the

Human Rights Act 1998” In: European Human Rights Law Review, No 4,

1999, pp 395–410

Bueren, G van, The International Law on the Rights of the Child

Dordrecht/Bos-ton/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995, pp 232–261

Capotorti, F., Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/384/Rev.1), New York:United Nations, 1979 (UN Sales No E.78.XIV.1)

Cassese, A., “Can the notion of inhuman and degrading treatment be

applied to socio-economic conditions?” In: European Journal of International Law, 1991, pp 141–145.

Castermans-Holleman, M., “The protection of economic, social and

cul-tural rights within the UN framework” In: Netherlands International Law Review, Vol 42, No 3, 1995, pp 353–373.

Chapman, A., “A new approach to monitoring the International Covenant

on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: The Review (International Commission of Jurists), No 55, 1995, pp 23–37.

——, “A ‘violations approach’ for monitoring the International Covenant

on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: Human Rights Quarterly,

Vol 18, 1996, pp 23–66

Christopher, C., “‘Plyler v Doe’ and the right of undocumented alien dren to a free public education” In: Boston University International Law Journal, Vol 2, 1984, pp 513–536.

chil-Clarke, D., “Freedom of thought and educational rights in the European

Convention” In: The Irish Jurist, Vol 22, 1987, pp 28–54.

Claude, I., National Minorities: An International Problem, Cambridge, Mass.,

1955/1969

Cohen, M., “Bezuinigingen en het recht op onderwijs” [Rationalisation

and the right to education] In: NJCM-Bulletin (Nederlands Juristen Comité

voor de Mensenrechten-Bulletin), Vol 8, No 5, 1983, pp 379–388.Coomans, F., “Clarifying the core elements of the right to education” In:

F Coomans et al (eds.), The Right to Complain about Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights Utrecht: Stichting Studie- en Informatiecentrum

Mensen-rechten (SIM) (Utrecht University), 1995, pp 11–26 (SIM Special No 18)

——, “Identifying violations of the right to education” In: T van Boven,

C Flinterman and I Westendorp (eds.), The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations

of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Utrecht: Stichting Studie- en

Informa-tiecentrum Mensenrechten (SIM) (Utrecht University), 1998, pp 125–146(SIM Special No 20) (1998b)

——, De internationale bescherming van het recht op onderwijs [ The international

protection of the right to education] Leiden: Stichting NJCM-Boekerij,

1992 (Stichting NJCM-Boekerij; No 20), (doctoral dissertation)

——, “Stap voor stap: Naar een versterkt toezicht op de naleving van hetInternationaal Verdrag inzake Economische, Sociale en Culturele Rechten”[Step by step: Towards a strengthened supervision of compliance withthe International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]

In: NJCM-Bulletin (Nederlands Juristen Comité voor de

Mensenrechten-Bulletin), Vol 22, No 5, 1997, pp 553–568

——, “UNESCO and human rights” In: R Hanski and M Suksi (eds.),

An Introduction to the International Protection of Human Rights: A Textbook.

Second edition Åbo: Institute for Human Rights (Åbo Akademi University),

1999, chapter 13

Coomans, F and J Jansen, “Recht op kosteloos onderwijs: De les- en susgeldwet en het recht op onderwijs” [ The right to free education: The

cur-class and course fees act and the right to education] In: NJCM-Bulletin

(Nederlands Juristen Comité voor de Mensenrechten-Bulletin), Vol 16,

No 3, 1991, pp 187–197

Cranston, M., What are Human Rights London: Bodley Head, 1973.

Craven, M., “The domestic application of the International Covenant on

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: Netherlands International Law Review, Vol 40, No 3, 1993, pp 367–404.

——, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A tive on its Development Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995 (doctoral dissertation).

Perspec-——, “Towards an unofficial petition procedure: A review on the role

of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”

In: K Drzewicki, C Krause and A Rosas (eds.), Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge Åbo: Institute for Human Rights (Åbo

Akademi University), 1994, pp 91–113

Cullen, H., “Education rights or minority rights?” In: International Journal

of Law and the Family, Vol 7, No 2, 1993, pp 143–177.

Dankwa, E and C Flinterman, “The significance of the Limburg Principles”

In: P de Waart et al (eds.), International Law and Development Dordrecht/

Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988, pp 275–281.Dankwa, E., C Flinterman and S Leckie, “Commentary to the Maastricht

Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In:

Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 20, 1998, pp 705–730.

Daudet, Y and K Singh, The Right to Education: An Analysis of UNESCO’s Standard-Setting Instruments Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organisation, 2001 (Education Policies and Strategies; 2).Davis, D., “The case against the inclusion of socio-economic demands in

a bill of rights except as directive principles” In: South African Journal on Human Rights, Vol 8, Part 4, 1992, pp 475–490.

Delbrück, J., “The right to education as an international human right”

In: German Yearbook of International Law, Vol 35, 1992, pp 92–104 Delors, J et al., Learning: The Treasure Within: Report to UNESCO of the Inter- national Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century Paris: United

Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 1996

Dijk, P van and G van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention

on Human Rights Third edition The Hague: Kluwer Law International/

Utrecht: Stichting Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten (SIM)(Utrecht University), 1998

Donnelly, J and R Howard, “Assessing national human rights

perfor-mance: A theoretical framework” In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 10,

1988, pp 214–248

Dorsch, G., Die Konvention der Vereinten Nationen über die Rechte des Kindes [ The

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child] Munich, 1992,

pp 179–189 (Schriften zum Völkerrecht, 115), (doctoral dissertation).Eide, A., “Economic, social and cultural rights as human rights”

In: A Eide, C Krause and A Rosas (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,

1995, pp 21–40

——, “The Hague Recommendations Regarding the Education Rights of

National Minorities: Their objective” In: International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Vol 4, No 2, 1996–1997, pp 163–170.

——, “The international human rights system” In: A Eide, W Barth

Eide, S Goonatilake, J Gussow and Omawale (eds.), Food as a Human Right Tokyo: The United Nations University, 1984, pp 152–161.

——, “Realisation of social and economic rights and the minimum

thresh-old approach” In: Human Rights Law Journal, Vol 10, No 1–2, 1989,

pp 35–51 (1989a)

——, Right to Adequate Food as a Human Right (UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/

1987/23), New York: United Nations, 1989 (UN Sales No E.89.XIV.2).(1989b)

Eide, A., W Barth Eide, S Goonatilake, J Gussow and Omawale (eds.),

Food as a Human Right Tokyo: The United Nations University, 1984.

Eide, A., C Krause and A Rosas (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights:

A Textbook Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995 Evans, M (ed.), Blackstone’s International Law Documents Third edition London:

Blackstone Press Limited, 1996

Evrigenis, D., “Der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte und dasRecht auf Bildung” [The European Court of Human Rights and the right

to education] In: Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift, Vol 8, 1981, pp 637–639 Fernandez, A (ed.), International Declarations and Conventions on the Right to Education and the Freedom of Education Frankfurt/Main, 1998.

Feyter, K de, “De juridische gevolgen van de internationale erkenning vaneconomische, sociale en culturele rechten” [ The legal consequences ofthe international recognition of economic, social and cultural rights] In:

Mensenrechten: Jaarboek 1994 van het Interuniversitair Centrum Mensenrechten,

1994, pp 161–178

Foster, W and G Pinheiro, “Constitutional protection of the right to an

education” In: Dalhousie Law Journal, Vol 11, 1987–1988, pp 759–832 Freeman, M., “The European Court upholds school beating” In: International Journal of Children’s Rights, Vol 2, 1994, pp 81–82.

Frowein, J and W Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention: EMRK-Kommentar

[European Convention on Human Rights: ECHR Commentary] Secondedition Kehl am Rhein/Straßburg/Arlington: N.P Engel Verlag, 1996.Garcia-Sayan, D., “New path for economic, social and cultural rights” In:

The Review (International Commission of Jurists), No 55, 1995, pp 75–80.

Gebert, P., “Bildungswesen und Völkerrecht: Ein vernachlässigter Aspekt inder Diskussion um Sparmassnahmen” [Education and international law:

A neglected aspect in the discussion on rationalisation] In: LCH-Bulletin,

No 17, 1995, pp 1–7

——, Das Recht auf Bildung nach Art 13 des UNO-Paktes über wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte und seine Auswirkungen auf das schweizerische Bildungswesen [ The right to education in art 13 of the UNO Covenant

on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and its effects on the Swisseducation system] St Gallen: Leo Fürer AG, 1996 (doctoral dissertation).Ghandhi, S., “Spare the rod: Corporal punishment in schools and the

European Convention on Human Rights” In: International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol 33, 1984, pp 488–494.

Gomien, D., D Harris and L Zwaak, Law and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Social Charter Strasbourg Cedex:

Council of Europe Publishing, 1996

Gori, G., Towards an EU Right to Education The Hague/London/Boston:

Kluwer Law International, 2001 (European Monographs; Vol 28).Graham-Brown, S., “The role of the curriculum” In: Minority Rights

Group (eds.), Education Rights and Minorities United Kingdom: Minority

Rights Group, 1994, pp 27–32

Gundara, J., “Aspects of religion in secular education” In: Minority Rights

Group (eds.), Education Rights and Minorities United Kingdom: Minority

Rights Group, 1994, pp 24–26

The Hague Recommendations Regarding the Education Rights of National Minorities

& Explanatory Note, The Hague: Foundation on Inter-Ethnic Relations,

1996

Halvorsen, K., “Notes on the realisation of the human right to education”

In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 12, 1990, pp 341–364.

Hanski, R and M Suksi (eds.), An Introduction to the International Protection of Human Rights: A Textbook Second edition Åbo: Institute for Human Rights

(Åbo Akademi University), 1999

Harris, D., M O’Boyle and C Warbrick, Law of the European Convention on Human Rights London: Butterworths, 1995.

Häusermann, J., “The realisation and implementation of economic, social

and cultural rights” In: R Beddard and D Hill (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Progress and Achievement New York: St Martin’s Press,

1992, pp 47–73 (Papers from two workshops held in March andSeptember 1988, sponsored by the Human Rights Group of the Centrefor International Policy Studies, University of Southampton)

Haysom, N., “Constitutionalism, majoritarian democracy and

socio-eco-nomic rights” In: South African Journal on Human Rights, Vol 8, Part 4,

1992, pp 451–463

Hodgson, D., “The historical development and ‘internationalisation’ of the

children’s rights movement” In: Australian Journal of Family Law, Vol 6,

1992, pp 252–279

——, The Human Right to Education Aldershot/Brookfield

USA/Singa-pore/Sydney: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 1998 (Programme on InternationalRights of the Child; series editor: G van Bueren)

——, “The international human right to education and education

con-cerning human rights” In: International Journal of Children’s Rights, Vol 4,

1996, pp 237–262

Hoof, G van, “The legal nature of economic, social and cultural rights:

A rebuttal of some traditional views” In: P Alston and K Toma“evski

(eds.), The Right to Food Utrecht/Dordrecht: Stichting Studie- en

Informatie-centrum Mensenrechten (SIM) (Utrecht University)/Martinus NijhoffPublishers, 1984, pp 97–110 (International Studies in Human Rights).Hornyik, B., “Artikel 2/Erstes Zusatzprotokoll” [Article 2/First Protocol]

In: F Ermacora, M Nowak and H Tretter (eds.), Die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention in der Rechtsprechung der österreichischen Höchstgerichte.

Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, Universitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH,

1983, pp 631–641

Human Rights Features, “Education has become a traded service” In:

Human Rights Features, Vol 7, No 4, 2004, pp 7–8 (Interview with

Katarina Toma“evski)

Hunt, P., Reclaiming Social Rights: International and Comparative Perspectives.

Aldershot/Brookfield USA/Singapore/Sydney: Dartmouth, 1996

Imbert, P.-H., “Rights of the poor, poor rights? Reflections on economic,

social and cultural rights” In: The Review (International Commission of Jurists),

No 55, 1995, pp 85–97

Jacobs, F and R White, The European Convention on Human Rights Second

edition Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996

Jacquart, M., “Economic, social and cultural rights” In: M Bedjaoui (ed.),

International Law: Achievements and Prospects The Netherlands: United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 1991, pp 1083–1104.Jasudowicz, T., “The legal character of social rights from the perspective

of international law as a whole” In: K Drzewicki, C Krause and

A Rosas (eds.), Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge Åbo:

Institute for Human Rights (Åbo Akademi University), 1994, pp 23–42.Jones, C., “State education and minority rights” In: Minority Rights Group

(eds.), Education Rights and Minorities United Kingdom: Minority Rights

Group, 1994, pp 7–9

Jones, C and R Warner, “Language and education” In: Minority Rights

Group (eds.), Education Rights and Minorities United Kingdom: Minority

Rights Group, 1994, pp 18–23

Khol, A., “Zur Diskriminierung im Erziehungswesen: Das Sachurteil desEuropäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte vom 23 Juli 1968 inden belgischen Sprachenfällen” [Discrimination in the education system:The judgement on the merits of the European Court of Human Rights

of 23 July 1968 in the Belgian Linguistic Cases] In: Zeitschrift für ländisches ö ffentliches und Völkerrecht, Vol 30, 1970, pp 263–301.

aus-Knight, S., “Proposition 187 and international human rights law: Illegal

discrimination in the right to education” In: Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, Vol 19, No 1, 1995, pp 183–220.

Krönner, H (ed.), Die UNESCO-Konvention zur beru flichen Bildung [UNESCO’s

Convention on Technical and Vocational Education], Bonn, 1992.Kumado, K., “The monitoring of economic, social and cultural rights”

In: The Review (International Commission of Jurists), No 55, 1995, pp 99–104.

Leckie, S., “Another step towards indivisibility: Identifying the key features

of violations of economic, social and cultural rights” In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 20, 1998, pp 81–124 (1998a)

——, “Violations of economic, social and cultural rights” In: T van Boven,

C Flinterman and I Westendorp (eds.), The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations

of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Utrecht: Stichting Studie- en

Informatie-centrum Mensenrechten (SIM) (Utrecht University), 1998, pp 35–86(SIM Special No 20) (1998b)

“Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant

on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: Human Rights Quarterly,

Vol 9, 1987, pp 122–135

Lonbay, J., “Implementing the right to education in England” In: R Beddard

and D Hill (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Progress and ment New York: St Martin’s Press, 1992, pp 163–183 (Papers from

Achieve-two workshops held in March and September 1988, sponsored by theHuman Rights Group of the Centre for International Policy Studies,University of Southampton)

——, The Right to Education: An Analysis of International Law concerning the Right

to Education and its Application in Belgium, France and Ireland Florence:

European University Institute, 1988 (unpublished doctoral dissertation)

The Lund Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life & Explanatory Note, The Hague: Foundation on Inter-Ethnic

Relations, 1999

Lynch, T., “Education as a fundamental right: Challenging the Supreme

Court’s jurisprudence” In: Hofstra Law Review, Vol 26, No 1, 1998,

pp 953–1001

“Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights” In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 20, 1998, pp 691–704 Macdonald, R., F Matscher and H Petzold (eds.), The European System for the Protection of Human Rights Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus NijhoffPublishers, 1993

Marks, S., “UNESCO and human rights: The implementation of rights

relating to education, science, culture and communication” In: Texas International Law Journal, Vol 13, 1977, pp 35–67.

Martin, D., “The Limburg Principles turn ten: An impact assessment” In:

T van Boven, C Flinterman and I Westendorp (eds.), The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Utrecht: Stichting

Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten (SIM) (Utrecht University),

1998, pp 191–205 (SIM Special No 20)

Martínez Cobo, J., Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations (UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7 and Adds 1–4, Vol V),New York: United Nations, 1987 (UN Sales No E.86.XIV.3)

Mashava, L (ed.), A Compilation of Essential Documents on the Right to Education.

Pretoria: Centre for Human Rights (University of Pretoria), 2000 (Economicand Social Rights Series; Vol 2)

Melchiorre, A., At What Age? Are School-Children Employed, Married and Taken to Court?Second edition Right to Education Project, 2004 (Right toEducation Project, public access human rights resource, www.right-to-education.org).

Mialaret, G (ed.), The Child’s Right to Education Paris: United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 1979

Minority Rights Group (eds.), Education Rights and Minorities United Kingdom:

Minority Rights Group, 1994

Mureinik, E., “Beyond a charter of luxuries: Economic rights in the

con-stitution” In: South African Journal on Human Rights, Vol 8, Part 4, 1992,

pp 464–474

Nartowski, A., “The UNESCO system of protection of the right to

edu-cation” In: Polish Yearbook of International Law, Vol 6, 1974, pp 289–323.

Nørgaard, C., “Die Rechtsprechung der Europäischen Kommission fürMenschenrechte zum Recht auf Bildung” [ The jurisprudence of theEuropean Commission of Human Rights on the right to education] In:

Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift, Vol 8, 1981, pp 633–637.

Nowak, M., “The need for an Optional Protocol to the International

Cove-nant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: The Review (International Commission of Jurists), No 55, 1995, pp 153–165 (1995a)

——, “The right to education” In: A Eide, C Krause and A Rosas

(eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook Dordrecht/Boston/

London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995, pp 189–211 (1995b)

——, “The right to education: Its meaning, significance and limitations”

In: Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol 9, No 4, 1991, pp 418–425 Palm-Risse, M., Der völkerrechtliche Schutz von Ehe und Familie [ The inter-

national legal protection of marriage and the family] Berlin: Duncker

& Humblot GmbH, 1990, pp 367–396 (Schriften zum Völkerrecht,Vol 94)

Partsch, K., “La mise en oeuvre des droits de l’homme par l’UNESCO”

[ The implementation of human rights by UNESCO] In: Annuaire français

de droit international, 1990, pp 482 et seqq.

Reich, B and V Pivovarov (eds.), International Practical Guide on the Implementation

of the Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Co-Organisation, 1994

Riedel, E., “Bundesverfassungsgericht und Europäischer Gerichtshof fürMenschenrechte zur Frage der Sexualkunde an öffentlichen Schulen”[Federal Constitutional Court and European Court of Human Rights

on the issue of sex education in public schools] In: Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift, Vol 5, 1978, pp 264–268.

Rishmawi, M., “Towards global endorsement of the International Covenant

on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: The Review (International Commission of Jurists), No 55, 1995, pp 195–201.

Robertson, R., “Measuring state compliance with the obligation to devotethe ‘maximum available resources’ to realising economic, social and cul-

tural rights” In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 16, 1994, pp 693–714.

Rosas, A and M Scheinin, “Implementation mechanisms and remedies”

In: A Eide, C Krause and A Rosas (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,

1995, pp 355–380

Saba, H., “La Convention et la Recommandation concernant la lutte tre la discrimination dans le domaine de l’enseignement” [The Conventionand the Recommendation against Discrimination in Education] In:

con-Annuaire français de droit international, 1960, pp 646 et seqq.

——, “L’Unesco et les droits de l’homme” [UNESCO and human rights]

In: K Vasak (ed.), Les dimensions internationales des droits de l’homme Paris:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 1978,

pp 479 et seqq.

Samson, K and K Schindler, “The standard-setting and supervisory

sys-tem of the ILO” In: R Hanski and M Suksi (eds.), An Introduction to the International Protection of Human Rights: A Textbook Second edition Åbo:

Institute for Human Rights (Åbo Akademi University), 1999, chapter 12.Scheinin, M., “Direct applicability of economic, social and cultural rights:

A critique of the doctrine of self-executing treaties” In: K Drzewicki,

C Krause and A Rosas (eds.), Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge Åbo: Institute for Human Rights (Åbo Akademi University),

1994, pp 73–87

——, “Economic and social rights as legal rights” In: A Eide, C Krause

and A Rosas (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook

Dord-recht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995, pp 41–62.Scherer, L and S Hart, “Reporting to the UN Committee on the Rights

of the Child: Analyses of the first 49 state party reports on the tion articles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and a propo-

educa-sition for an experimental reporting system for education” In: International Journal of Children’s Rights, Vol 7, No 4, 1999, pp 349–363.

Scott, C., “The interdependence and permeability of human rights norms:Towards a partial fusion of the international covenants on human rights”

In: Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol 27, No 4, 1989, pp 769–878.

——, “Reaching beyond (without abandoning) the category of ‘economic,

social and cultural rights’” In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 21, 1999,

pp 633–660

Scott, C and P Macklem, “Constitutional ropes of sand or justiciableguarantees? Social rights in a new South African constitution” In:

University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol 141, No 1, 1992, pp 1–148 Shue, H., Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence and U.S Foreign Policy Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1980

——, “The interdependence of duties” In: P Alston and K Toma“evski

(eds.), The Right to Food Utrecht/Dordrecht: Stichting Studie- en

Informatie-centrum Mensenrechten (SIM) (Utrecht University)/Martinus NijhoffPublishers, 1984, pp 83–95 (International Studies in Human Rights).Siemienski, G and J Packer, “Integration through education: The origin

and development of the Hague Recommendations” In: International Journal

on Minority and Group Rights, Vol 4, No 2, 1996–1997, pp 187–198.

Simma, B., “Der Ausschuß für wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte(CESCR): Ein neues Menschenrechtsgremium der Vereinten Nationen”[ The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR):

A new human rights body of the United Nations] In: Vereinte Nationen,

——, “The implementation of the International Covenant on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights” In: F Matscher (ed.), The Implementation of Economic and Social Rights: National, International and Comparative Aspects Kehl

am Rhein/Straßburg/Arlington: N.P Engel Verlag, 1991, pp 75–94(Publications of the Austrian Human Rights Institute; Vol 3)

——, “Der Schutz wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Rechte durch die VereintenNationen” [ The protection of economic and social rights by the United

Nations] In: Verfassung und Recht in Übersee, 1992, pp 382–393.

Singh, K., “Non-discrimination, égalité des chances et droit à l’éducation:L’action de l’UNESCO” In: United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organisation and Intercenter (eds.), The Right to Education of Vulnerable Groups whilst Respecting their Cultural Identity Torino: Giappichelli,

2001, pp 55–69 (Proceedings of International Colloquium on the topic,held at Messina, Italy from 16 to 18 December 1999)

Suy, E., “Het arrest van Straatsburg over de taalregeling in het Belgischonderwijs” [ The Strasbourg judgement on the language regime in the

Belgian education system] In: Tijdschrift voor bestuurswetenschap en publiekrecht,

1969, pp 240–247

Sybesma-Knol, N., “Het Internationaal Verdrag inzake Economische, Sociale

en Culturele Rechten” [ The International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights] In: Mensenrechten: Jaarboek 1994 van het Interuniversitair Centrum Mensenrechten, 1994, pp 69–84.

Thornberry, P., “International standards” In: Minority Rights Group (eds.),

Education Rights and Minorities United Kingdom: Minority Rights Group,

1994, pp 10–13

Thornberry, P and D Gibbons, “Education and minority rights: A short

survey of international standards” In: International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Vol 4, No 2, 1996–1997, pp 115–152.

Toma“evski, K., Education Denied: Costs and Remedies London/New York:Zed Books, 2003 (2003d)

——, “Education: From lottery back to rights” In: Monitor, Vol 14, No 3,

2001, pp 14–17 (2001b)

——, Free and Compulsory Education for All Children: The Gap between Promise and Performance Gothenburg: Novum Grafiska AB, 2001 (Right to Education

Primers No 2) (2001c)

——, Human Rights in Education as Prerequisite for Human Rights Education.

Gothenburg: Novum Grafiska AB, 2001 (Right to Education Primers

No 4) (2001d)

——, Human Rights Obligations: Making Education Available, Accessible, Acceptable and Adaptable Gothenburg: Novum Grafiska AB, 2001 (Right to Education

Primers No 3) (2001e)

——, “Justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights” In: The Review (International Commission of Jurists), No 55, 1995, pp 203–218.

——, “Das Recht auf Schulbildung” [ The right to education]

In: A Müller, M Schwabe and S Herbst (eds.), Nahrung, Wohnung, Bildung wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Menschenrechte schützen! Bonn:

Missionszentrale der Franziskaner e.V., 1999, pp 39–48 (Missionszentraleder Franziskaner: Berichte, Dokumente, Kommentare; Vol 75, No 1).(1999b)

——, Removing Obstacles in the Way of the Right to Education Gothenburg:

Novum Grafiska AB, 2001 (Right to Education Primers No 1) (2001f )

——, “Right to education: Changing the global fate of education: Only

rights can halt and reverse wrongs” In: El Magazine, July, 2001, pp 4–5.

(2001g)

——, School Fees as Hindrance to Universalising Primary Education, 2003

(Back-ground Study for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2003/4) (2003e)Toma“evski, K and S Gustafsson, “Right to education for vulnerablegroups: From exclusion to inclusiveness, from separation to integration”.In: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

and Intercenter (eds.), The Right to Education of Vulnerable Groups whilst Respecting their Cultural Identity Torino: Giappichelli, 2001, pp 29–42 (Pro-

ceedings of International Colloquium on the topic, held at Messina, Italyfrom 16 to 18 December 1999).

Towsley, L., The Story of the UNESCO/ILO 1966 Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers: A Work of Justice and Progress, 1991, pp 1–19 (Paper

prepared for the 25th anniversary of the Recommendation’s adoption;World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession).Türk, D., “The United Nations and the realisation of economic, social and

cultural rights” In: F Matscher (ed.), The Implementation of Economic and Social Rights: National, International and Comparative Aspects Kehl am

Rhein/Straßburg/Arlington: N.P Engel Verlag, 1991, pp 95–121 lications of the Austrian Human Rights Institute; Vol 3)

(Pub-United Nations Children’s Fund (ed.), The State of the World’s Children 1999: Education New York: United Nations Children’s Fund, 2000.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (ed.),

Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2003/4: Gender and Education for All: The Leap to Equality Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and

Inter-center (eds.), The Right to Education of Vulnerable Groups whilst Respecting their Cultural Identity Torino: Giappichelli, 2001 (Proceedings of International

Colloquium on the topic, held at Messina, Italy from 16 to 18 December 1999)

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (ed.), Human Rights Fact Sheet No 16 (Rev 1): The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Geneva: United Nations, 1991.

——, Human Rights Fact Sheet No 10 (Rev 1): The Rights of the Child Geneva:

United Nations, undated

Vega, C de la, “The right to equal education: Merely a guiding principle

or customary international legal right?” In: Harvard Black Letter Law Journal, Vol 11, 1994, pp 37–60.

Vierdag, E., “The legal nature of the rights granted by the International

Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” In: Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, Vol 9, 1978, pp 69–105.

Viljanen, V.-P., “Abstention or involvement? The nature of state obligationsunder different categories of rights” In: K Drzewicki, C Krause and

A Rosas (eds.), Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge Åbo:

Institute for Human Rights (Åbo Akademi University), 1994, pp 43–66

Weissbrodt, D and R Farley, “The UNESCO human rights procedure:

An evaluation” In: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 16, 1994, pp 391–414.

Wet, E de, “Recent developments concerning the Draft Optional Protocol

to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”

In: South African Journal on Human Rights, Vol 13, Part 4, 1997, pp 514–548.

Wieruszewski, R., “Some comments concerning the concept of economicand social rights” In: K Drzewicki, C Krause and A Rosas (eds.),

Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge Åbo: Institute for Human

Rights (Åbo Akademi University), 1994, pp 67–71

Wildhaber, L., “Artikel 2: Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention/ErstesZusatzprotokoll” [Article 2: European Convention on Human Rights/FirstProtocol] In: H Golsong, W Karl, H Miehlser, H Petzold, E Riedel,

K Rogge, R Schweizer, T Vogler, L Wildhaber and S Breitenmoser

(eds.), Internationaler Kommentar zur Menschenrechtskonvention Cologne/Berlin/

Bonn/Munich: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG Loose-leaf publication, 1986:4th revision service, 2000

——, “Der belgische Sprachenstreit vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof fürMenschenrechte” [ The Belgian linguistic dispute before the European

Court of Human Rights] In: Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für internationales Recht,

Vol 26, 1969–1970, pp 9–38

——, “Die dänischen Sexual-Erziehungs-Fälle (Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen undPedersen c Dänemark): Anmerkung zum Urteil des EuropäischenGerichtshofes für Menschenrechte” [ The Danish sex education cases(Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen v Denmark): Comments on the

judgement of the European Court of Human Rights] In: Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift, Vol 3, 1976, pp 493–496.

——, “Right to education and parental rights” In: R Macdonald,

F Matscher and H Petzold (eds.), The European System for the Protection of Human Rights Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,

1993, pp 531–551

Wilson, D., Human Rights: Promoting Gender Equality in and through Education,

2003 (Background Study for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2003/4).Yudof, M., “Articles 13 and 14: Right to education” In: H Hannum and

D Fischer (eds.), US Ratification of the International Covenants on Human Rights.

New York: Transnational Publishers, Inc., 1993, pp 235–245

Permanent Court of International Justice

– Advisory Opinion in Access to German Minority Schools in Upper Silesia,

15 May 1931, Advisory Opinion No 19, Series A/B, No 40, text in:Hudson World Court Reports, Vol 2, 1935, pp 690–710 (9.3.3.3.3.1.)

– Advisory Opinion in Minority Schools in Albania, 6 April 1935, Advisory

Opinion No 40, Series A/B, No 64, text in: Hudson World CourtReports, Vol 3, 1938, pp 484–512 (9.3.3.3.3.1.)

– Judgement in Rights of Minorities in Upper Silesia (Minority Schools), Germany

v Poland, 26 April 1928, Judgement No 12, Series A, No 15, text in:Hudson World Court Reports, Vol 2, 1935, pp 268–319 (9.3.3.3.3.1.)

International Court of Justice

– South West Africa Cases (Second Phase) (1966) ICJ Reports 6 (6.2.2.1.2.2.) – Western Sahara Advisory Opinion (1975) ICJ Reports 12 (2.9.)

Human Rights Committee

– Adimayo M Aduayom, So fianou T Diasso and Yawo S Dobou v Togo, HRC,

Communications Nos 422/1990, 423/1990 and 424/1990, 19/08/1996,

– G and L Lindgren and L Holm, A and B Hjord, E and I Lundquist,

L Radko and E Stahl v Sweden, HRC, Communications Nos 298/1988

and 299/1988, 07/12/1990, UN Doc CCPR/C/40/D/298/1988(10.5.2.2.)

– Malcolm Ross v Canada, HRC, Communication No 736/1997, 26/10/2000,

UN Doc CCPR/C/70/D/736/1997 (10.4.1.3.1.)

– Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra and 19 other Mauritian women v Mauritius, HRC,

Communication No 35/1978, 09/04/1981, UN Doc CCPR/C/12/D/35/1978 (6.2.2.1.2.2.)

– S.W.M Broeks v the Netherlands, HRC, Communication No 172/1984,

09/04/1987, UN Doc CCPR/C/29/D/172/1984 (3.4.1., 9.3.2.2.)

Freedom of Association Committee (ILO)

– Complaint against the Government of Peru presented by the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession (WCOTP), Freedom of Association

Committee (ILO), Case No 1503, Report No 272 (May 1990) (10.4.1.1.2.)

– Complaint against the Government of Germany presented by the German Confederation

of Trade Unions (DGB) and the Educational and Scientific Trade Union (GEW),

Freedom of Association Committee (ILO), Case No 1528, Report No 277(March 1991) (10.4.1.1.2.)

– Complaint against the Government of Guinea presented by the Trade Union of Workers of Guinea (USTG), Freedom of Association Committee (ILO), Case

No 1863, Report No 304 (May 1996) (10.4.1.1.2.)

– Complaint against the Government of Canada (Ontario) presented by the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) and the Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation (OSSTF), Freedom of Association Committee (ILO), Case No 1951,

Report No 311 (November 1998), Report No 316 ( June 1999) andReport No 325 ( June 2001) (6.3.1.)

– Complaint against the Government of Togo presented by the National Union of Independent Trade Unions of Togo (UNSIT), Freedom of Association Committee

(ILO), Case No 2148, Report No 327 (March 2002) (6.3.1.)

– Complaint against the Government of Japan presented by the Okayama Prefectural High-School Teachers’ Union, Freedom of Association Committee (ILO),

Case No 2114, Report No 328 ( June 2002) (6.3.1.)

European Commission of Human Rights

– Application No 16278/90, Karaduman v Turkey, DR 74 (1993), p 93

(10.5.1.3.3.7.)

– Application No 4733/71, Karnell and Hardt v Sweden, Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights, Vol 14, p 664 (10.5.1.3.3.2.) – Application No 11674/85, Stevens v United Kingdom, Decision of 3 March

1986, cited by Bueren, G van, The International Law on the Rights of the Child, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995,

(5.2.1.1.2.)

– Application No 7527/76, X and Y v United Kingdom, DR 11 (1978),

p 147 (5.2.1.1.3., 5.2.1.1.4.)

Reports

– “Belgian Linguistic Case”, Report of 24 June 1965, Publications of the

European Court of Human Rights, Series B, Vol 3 (5.2.1.1.4., 9.3.3.2.)

– Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom, Report of 16 May 1980, Publications

of the European Court of Human Rights, Series B, Vol 42 (5.2.1.1.4.,10.4.1.3.2., 10.5.1.3.4.2.)

– Inhabitants of Les Fourons v Belgium, Report of 30 March 1971, Yearbook

of the European Convention on Human Rights, Vol 17, p 542 (9.3.3.2.) – Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen v Denmark, Report of 21 March 1975,

Publications of the European Court of Human Rights, Series B, Vol 21(5.2.1.1.4., 10.5.1.3.4.1., 10.5.1.3.6.)

– Olsson v Sweden, Report of 2 December 1986, Publications of the European

Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 130 (10.5.1.1.)

– Warwick v United Kingdom, Report of 18 July 1986, DR 36, p 49 (10.4.1.3.2.) – Y v United Kingdom, Report of 8 October 1991, Human Rights Law Journal,

Vol 12, 1991, p 61 (10.4.1.3.2.)

European Court of Human Rights

– A v United Kingdom, Judgement of 23 September 1998, European Court

of Human Rights, Reports of Judgements and Decisions 1998–VI(10.4.1.3.2.)

– Airey v Ireland, Judgement of 9 October 1979, Publications of the European

Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 32 (3.3.2., 3.4.1.)

– “Belgian Linguistic Case”—Case “relating to certain aspects of the laws on the use

of languages in education in Belgium” (Merits), Judgement of 23 July 1968,

Publications of the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 6(3.3.3., 5.2.1.1.3., 5.2.1.1.4., 5.2.1.1.5., 6.2.2.1.2.2., 9.2.2.5.2., 9.3.3.2.,10.4.1.3., 10.5.2.2.)

– Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom, Judgement of 25 February 1982,

Publications of the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 48(2.2., 5.2.1.1.1., 5.2.1.1.2., 5.2.1.1.4., 10.4.1.3.2., 10.5.1.3.4.2.)

– Costello-Roberts v United Kingdom, Judgement of 25 March 1993, Publications

of the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 247–C (10.4.1.3.2.)

– Cyprus v Turkey, European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber),

Judgement of 10 May 2001, Reports of Judgements and Decisions2001–IV (5.2.1.1.3., 9.3.3.2.)

– Dahlab v Switzerland, European Court of Human Rights (Second Section),

Application No 42393/98, Admissibility Decision of 15 February 2001,Reports of Judgements and Decisions 2001–V (10.5.1.3.3.7.)

– Deumeland v Germany, Judgement of 29 May 1986, Publications of the

European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 100 (3.4.1.)

– Efstratiou v Greece, Judgement of 18 December 1996, European Court of

Human Rights, Reports of Judgements and Decisions 1996–VI (10.5.1.3.3.5.)

– Feldbrugge v the Netherlands, Judgement of 29 May 1986, Publications of

the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 99 (3.4.1.)

– Handyside v United Kingdom, Judgement of 7 December 1976, Publications

of the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 24 (3.3.2.)

– Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen v Denmark, Judgement of 7 December

1976, Publications of the European Court of Human Rights, Series A,Vol 23 (5.2.1.1.1., 5.2.1.1.4., 10.5.1.3.2., 10.5.1.3.3.4., 10.5.1.3.4.1.,10.5.1.3.6.)

– Matthews v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights (Grand

Chamber), Judgement of 18 February 1999, Reports of Judgements andDecisions 1999–I (5.2.2.)

– Plattform “Ärzte für das Leben”, Judgement of 21 June 1988, Publications

of the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 139 (3.4.2.)– }ahin v Turkey, European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section),

Judgement of 29 June 2004, available on the website of the Court atwww.echr.coe.int (10.5.1.3.3.7.)

– Salesi v Italy, Judgement of 26 February 1993, Publications of the European

Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 257–E (3.4.1.)

– Schuler-Zgraggen v Switzerland, Judgement of 24 June 1993, Publications

of the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 263 (3.4.1.)

– Valsamis v Greece, Judgement of 18 December 1996, European Court of

Human Rights, Reports of Judgements and Decisions 1996–VI (10.5.1.3.3.5.)

– Williamson and Others v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights,

Application No 55211/00, Admissibility Decision, 2000 (10.4.1.3.2.)

– X and Y v the Netherlands, Judgement of 26 March 1985, Publications of

the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 91 (3.4.2.)

– Y v United Kingdom, Judgement of 29 October 1992, Publications of the

European Court of Human Rights, Series A, Vol 247–A (10.4.1.3.2.)

European Committee of Social Rights

– Autism—Europe v France, European Committee of Social Rights, Decision

on the Merits of 4 November 2003, Complaint No 13/2002, available

on the website of the Council of Europe at www.coe.int (5.2.1.2.)

– International Commission of Jurists v Portugal, European Committee of Social

Rights, Decision on the Merits of 9 September 1999, Complaint

No 1/1998, available on the website of the Council of Europe atwww.coe.int (5.2.1.2.)

European Court of Justice

– Case 147/86, Commission of the European Communities v Hellenic Republic,

Judgement of 15 March 1988, ECR 1988 p 1637 (5.2.2.)

– Case 293/85, Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium,

Judgement of 2 February 1988, ECR 1988 p 305 (5.2.2.)

– Case 9/74, Donato Casagrande v Landeshauptstadt München, Judgement of

– Case C-209/03, The Queen (on the application of Dany Bidar) v London Borough

of Ealing & Secretary of State for Education and Skills, Judgement of

15 March 2005, available on the website of the European Union athttp://europa.eu.int (5.2.2.)

– Case C-55/94, Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori

di Milano, Judgement of 30 November 1995, ECR 1995 p I–4165 (5.2.2.) – Case C-184/99, Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre public d’aide sociale d’Ottignies-Louvain- la-Neuve, Judgement of 20 September 2001, ECR 2001 p I–6193 (5.2.2.)