Trương Hán Siêu ppt

lam cho Truang Hdn Sieu hien dien trong tdm thiic cdc the he tre Ninh Binh, rgng han niia lam cho ong hien dien trUdc nhieu bgn be tren the gidi dang ngdy cdng den Viet Nam nhieu han, k

F^ J i

" TriJcfng H a n Sieu

trxidc he't la mot danh

n h a n noi tie'ng b a c

n h a t ciia m a n h da't Triicrng Yen - N i n h Binh Khoi ggi lai sU nghiep TriJang H a n Sieu cOng de n h i m noi len rang, truyen

t h o n g v a n h o a ciia

N i n h B i n h k h d n g phai gan day mcfi co

ma da bieu hien riic

ra tiT nghin xUa, vcJi nhiing n h a n vat t a m

ca nhiTcon ngUcri nay"

(GS: Nguygn Hue Chi

Tap chi Vdn hoc

-so 4-1994)

TRlJdNG HAN SIEU

DUC THUY S d N

TRl/dNG HAN SIEU

DUC THUY S d N

TAI BAN LAN THlT NHAT

(Co sufa chvta v a

- TRUONG HAN SIEU LA ONG QUAN V A N HOC, VUOT HAN MOI N G U O I

(S^f than Ngo Si Lien-the ky XV)

- ONG (TRUONG HAN SIEU) LA N G U O I

UONG B U O N G V A N CHUONG CHINH SU DEU GIOI

(Phan Huy Chu (1782-1840))

- MAY T R A M N A M V E T R U O C CO M O T T A C

GIA (TRUONG HAN SIEU)

MAY T R A M N A M S A U CHANG CO AI HON

(Bang nhan Vu Duy Thanh (1807-1859))

- (TRUONG HAN SIEU) R U C R O L O I LAC

G I U A DAT T R O I - N H A TRAN DEN T H O I

THIEU PHONG (1341-1357), CAC BAG CO LAO CUU THAN CON LAI T H U A T H O T N H U L A

MUA THU, N H U S A O B U O I S O M TIEN SINH

(TRUONG HAN SIEU) LUC AY L A N G U O I NOI

BAT S U N G S U N G D U ( 3 C MOI N G U O I KY

VONG

(Cvi n h a n Vu P h a m Khai (1807-1872))

- T R U O N G YEN (PHU TRUONG YEN) L A

NOI DO HOI VAN VAT DAU TIEN vA PHUC

T H A N H (CHI TRUONG HAN SIEU) L A T H A I

S O N (NUI THAI SON), BAG DAU (SAO BAC

DAU) CUA R U N G N H O (NHO GIAO)

(Ciir n h a n Nguyin Tiif Man (1816-1901))

- SIEU (TRUONG HAN SIEU) LA MOT

N G U O I KIEN CUONG K H O N G CHIU KHUAT PHUC, CO VAN CHUONG CHINH SU, CO NHIEU CONG GIUP DAN

(Cu nhan Nguyin Tuf Man)

- TRUONG HAN SIEU LA MOT DANH NHAN VAN HOA, M O T NHA VAN L O N DOI TRAN

CO TAM VOC DAT NUOC-LA NHA VAN HANG

DAU

(Giao sU Nguyen Hue Chi

-Tap chi vdn hgc - so' 4-1994)

- TRUONG H A N S I E U L A MOT DANH N H A N

V A N H O A C U A DAT N U O C , CUNG L A N G U O I

D A C O CONG L O N D O I V O I M A N H DAT NINH BINH QUE HUONG ONG, 6 C H 6 T U RAT S O M

ONG DA P H A T H I E N , N G O I CA NUI NON

N U O C (DUC THUY SON), L A M CHO NO T R 6

T H A N H BAT T U , D U N G N H U MOT CAU THO

CUA NGUYfiN DU "THI T H A N H THAO THU

GIAI THIEN CO" (CAU THO LAM XONG THI

CAY CO DEU TRd NEN BAT Tlf) VI VAY,

NGOAl VI TRI HIEN NHIEN CUA ONG TRONG VAN HOC sU VA VAN HOA sU D A N T O C , DIA PHUONG TINH N H A NEN X A Y T U ( 3 N G CUA TRUONG H A N S I E U 6 HON NUI DANH

TIENG NAY"

(Giao sir NguySn Hue Chi Thu gijfi La Dang Bat ngay 22 t h a n g 6 n a m 1992)

-Uy vicii Ban chdp hanh Trung Ucmg Bdng, Bi thii Tinh iiy Ninh Binh Pham Minh Tuyen ddng hiicmg tai den

Truong Thdng Phil

Anh: THANH BINH

Hdu Cung den Cao Dd (Rd Nam) tha Truang Hdn Sieu

Anh: Tir lieu

GS Nguyen Bang Manh ddng hUcmg tai den

Trumg Thang Phu (Nmh Binh)

Tc Id o den Tii Xd (Hdi Duong) thd TrUong Hdn Sieu

Anh: Tif lieu

Tdc gid ddng huong tai den Truong Thdng Phu trong ngdy cdt bdng khanh thanh (15-11-2000) ; , „ ,.,

LCfl NOI DAU

La mot thay giao day van d trifdng trung hoc

pho thong, toi da day r a t nhieu lan bai Bach Bang

giangphil ciia Trirang Han Sieu trong chiTong trinh

van hoc Idp 10 Tru'ong Han Sieu lai la ngu'di Ninh

Binh, nen toi r a t t\i hao, t r a n trong va kinh yeu

dng

Ngay tCr khi tai lap tinh Ninh Binh nam 1992, day van d Tru'dng trung hoc pho thong Lucfng Van

Tuy, thi xa Ninh Binh, toi da budc dau nghien cxiu,

suXi tam cac ttf lieu cd lien quan den Trifong Han Sieu

Sach viet ve TriTOng Han Sieu qua it Dgi Viet

siC ky todn thu, tap 2, ghi ve than the va s\i nghiep

cua dng cung khdng nhieu

Tdi da bien thi/hdi Ban Van hoc cd can dai Viet Nam thude Vien Van hoc ve sy danh gia Trirang Han Sieu trong van hoc thdi Tran Ngay 22 thang

6 nam 1992, tdi da nhan dirge thir tra ldi cua Tnrdng ban Van hoc cd can dai Viet Nam-Gs Nguyen Hue Chi viet:

Ve Trdn Hung Dao vdi "Hick tUdng sy" nhU

thudng ggi, xet trong dong vdn hoc yeu niCdc ong cung Id mot trong nhitng tdc gid tieu bieu nhat, nhung rat tiec sdng tdc cila ong chi co the, nen cho

du ong CO cong lan trong viec danh giac giii nUdc

vd CO dong gdp rieng cila minh vao van hgc, vdn khong the vi the md xep ong len tren mot TrUang Hdn Sieu nhd vdn

Ngay 23 thang 10 n a m 1993, trong thir gijfi cho tdi, Gs Nguyen Hue Chi da khich le:

Toi rat vui vi anh qua Id mot thdy gido co tdm Idng gan bo vdi que huang vd danh nhdn cila que huang

Vi vay, de'n ngay 9 thang 3 nam 1994, nhan ky niem 640 nam Trirang Han Sieu mat, TriTdng trung hoc phd thdng LiTOng Van Tuy da td chufc dirge Hdi thao khoa hgc ve nha van Tri/ang Han Sieu'" Hdi thao da t h a n h cdng tdt dep Tong ke't hgi thao, Gs Nguyen Hue Chi danh gia:

- Cong viec day nhiet tinh cila cdc anh chi md toi

mudn xem nhu Id mot trdc nghiem tien phong trong viec dUa nghien cihi khoa hgc ve vdi ca so thUc tien Id mot viec co y nghia, chdc se gay niem hao hdng khong nho cho hoat dgng lien ket giita trUdng

(1) Xem bai Hoi thao khoa hoc ve nha van TrUting Han

Sieu cua Pham Ngoc Lan d phan Phu luc

pho thong vd cdc ca quan khoa hgc tu nhien cung nhu xd hgi trong nay mai

- Trong ldi de ddn md ddu hgi thao, nhd gido Ld Ddng Bat dd phac hga nhiing net chinh yeu nhdt- c6 le Cling khd long them bdt-ve tieu siC cila Truang Hdn Sieu vd moi trudng dia vdn hoa md ong dd sdng vd hog,t dgng

- Ket qua cila hgi thao that ddng phan khdi, khong khi ludn bdn cung rat nhiet tinh^^^

Sau n a y , t r o n g thiT de n g a y 7 t h a n g 9 n a m 1997, gijfi cho t d i , Gs N g u y e n H u e Chi cdn viet:

Chung toi vdn nhd mdi nhiing ngdy hgi thao TrUang Hdn Sieu d Ninh Binh vd nhiet tinh cua anh ciing nhd trUdng ddi vdi chiing toi Toi nghi nen kien tri van dgng de dung cho dugc mot tugng TrUang Hdn Siiu tren nili Due Thdy Do Id muc tieu cao vd xa cila chiing ta, cd phdi khong?

T h a n g 10 n a m 1994, Hdi V a n hgc N g h e t h u a t

N i n h B i n h da x u a t b a n cudn s a c h TrUang Hdn Nhd vdn lan thdi Trdn, danh nhdn van hoa dan tgc, t a p h g p cac bai v i e t ve Trirang H a n Sieu cua

Sieii-Gs Nguydn H u e Chi, Sieii-Gs Bui V a n Nguyen, P G s

T r a n Thi B a n g T h a n h , cac n h a n g h i e n cufu v a n hgc Nguydn P h a m H i m g , P h a m Nggc L a n va tdi

(1) Xem bai Nha van TrUdng Han Sieu td gdc nhin van

hoa-Gs Nguyen Hue Chi - Tap chi van hoc - so 4 nam 1994

Tdi tiep tuc viet mdt loat bai gidi thieu ve t h a n the, sir nghiep cua Trirang Han Sieu in t r e n cac

bao va tap chi: Nhdn ddn hdng thdng, Todn canh,

Phap lugt, Gido vien vd nhd trUang, Xila nay, Viet Nam huong sdc, The gidi trong ta, Khoa hgc vd Td qudc, Thiia Thien-Hue, Ninh Binh

De'n nam 1999, nhan ky niem 645 n a m nam Tru'ong Han Sieu mat, Hdi Van hgc Nghe thuat

Ninh Binh xuat ban cudn sach rieng cua tdi: Truong

Hdn Sieu-digc ddi, Su nghiep, Tha vdn

Ngay tir nam 1995, trong thiT giifi cho tdi, de ngay

3 thang 8, Gs Nguyen Hue Chi viet:

Toi rat quy tdm long cila anh ddi vdi danh nhdn vdn hoa TrUang Hdn Sieu cila Ninh Binh Nhung toi chdc roi trong tuang lai, se cd cdi nhin xac ddng vd se hieu cong lao cila anh

Qua dung nhir vay, sach Truang Hdn Sieu-Cugc

ddi, Su nghiep, Tha vdn da dirge n h a n giai thudng Vdn hgc Nghe thuat Truang Hdn Sieu lan thuf H

(1996-2001) do Uy ban nhan dan tinh Ninh Binh trao tang

Nam nay (2004), nhan ky niem 650 nam nam Trirang Han Sieu m a t (1354-2004), Hdi Van hgc

Nghe thuat Ninh Binh tai ban sach TrUang Hdn

Sieu-Cugc ddi, Su nghiep, Tha vdn, cd sufa chiJa va

bd sung vdi ten sach Truang Hdn Sieu-Duc Thuy

San

Mong mudn cua tdi gid'ng nhir Gs Nguyen Hue Chi viet:

lam cho Truang Hdn Sieu hien dien trong

tdm thiic cdc the he tre Ninh Binh, rgng han niia lam cho ong hien dien trUdc nhieu bgn be tren the gidi dang ngdy cdng den Viet Nam nhieu han, khi ddt nUdc md rgng cda chao ddn hg

Chdc chan mot ddng ngudi du lich se den thdm Non NiCdc (Due Thuy san) vd tim hieu lich sii "ngoi nhd bdo tdng thi ca hiing vi" cd mot khdng hai dd cila ddt nUdc Tdi tin rdng hinh tugng Truang Hdn Sieu neu dugc ddt that dilng chd, se con gdp phan lam giau cho ddt nUdc Ninh Binh tren con dudng tien mgnh vao hien dgi^^^

Nhan dip cudn sach dirge tai ban, tdi xin tran trgng cam an dng Pham Minh Tuyen-Uy vien Ban Chap h a n h Trung irang Dang, Bi thiT Tinh uy Ninh Binh; dng Dinh Chung Phung-Uy vien Ban Thirdng

vu Tinh uy, Bi thu" Thi uy thi xa Ninh Binh da quan tam, kinh trgng nha van hoa, nha van Trirang Han Sieu

Tdi xin t r a n trgng cam an Gs Nguydn Hue Chi

da ddng vien, khich le, giup dd tdi trong qua trinh nghien cufu va viet sach ve Tri/ang Han Sieu

(1) Nha van TrUdng Han Sieu td gdc nhin van hoa -Gs Nguyen Hue Chi- Tap chi van hoc- so 4 nam 1994

Tdi xin t r a n trgng cam an Thi uy, UBND thi xa Ninh Binh; Dai P h a t t h a n h va Truyen hinh Ninh Binh; Ngan hang cdng thiTang Ninh Binh; Cdng ty

cd phan xay dirng va khai thac than qua lufa Ninh Binh va dng Nguydn Xuan TrUdng da hd trg mot phan kinh phi de tdi in sach

Cudn sach khdng the t r a n h khdi nhiJng thie'u sdt n h a t dinh, tdi r a t mong ddc gia lugng thir va

chi cho nhUng khiem khuyet de sita chCta cho diing

va day du han

Thi xd Ninh Binh, ngdy 1 thdng 1 ndm 2004

LA DANG BAT

14

Ldi Gldl THIEU

BAN LINH VAN HOA

TRl/dNG HAN SIEU

Giao sxi NGUYfiN HUE CHI

TriTofng ban Van hqc co va can dai VIEN VAN HOC VIET NAM

Khdng d dau tren m a n h dat Viet Nam nay cd dugc mdt thang canh Uu my nhu nui Non Nudc d Ninh Binh Mdt hdn nui khdng ghe gdm ve tam cao va tam dd so, ngugc lai cd the ndi la nhd be nCTa Mdt hdn mii cung khdng cd gi ggi la giau san vat, cd cay va muong thu, ma nhieu ISm chi la vai muai gdc cd thu giai dSng bam sau vao da va thap thoang dudi tang cay la bdng dang cua mot vai loai chim The nhUng, nai day lai luu giU mdt thuf san vat cd the ndi la vd gia va lUu giU vdi sd lugng vUgt trdi han bat ky mot hdn nui nao: ay la nhu'ng bai tha, bai van dugc khSc len vach da ke tCr the ky XIII cho de'n tan nUa dau the' ky XX (Neu khao sat them trong cac thu tich thi tCr the ky XI cQng tdng

cd van bia khac d day nhUng thdi gian da lam cho inai mdt) Mdt tang thu thien nhien ddc dao tdn tai trong sudt bay the ky! Ndi mdt each hinh tugng ban thi lich suf da't nUdc vd tinh hay hCTu y da danh

cho hdn Non Nudc cai vi the mot bg hgp tuyen tha

vdn do so ma ticng trang sdch cung la tirng vach

nui cao tha'p khac nhau, ngUdi in sach la vd sd' thg

da vd danh cac thdi dai, chia nhau miet mai khac

chu len da va ngiidi sogn sdch la hang loat danh si

cU p^hacETiidi tiep ddi nay qua ddi khac trong sud't

700 iiaiii Ve m a t nay, nui Non Nudc cd the sanh vdi nui Thai Son cua Trung Qudc, nai khac r a t nhie'u thd van cua danh nhan danh si Trung Hoa,

da dugc UNESCO xep vao danh muc nhUng di san dufng vao h a n g the gidi

Van de gin gid, tdn tao va p h a t huy gia tri cua di tich van hda Non Nudc sao cho tuang xufng vdi y nghia lich suf cua nd, la viec can danh ddng cac gidi quan chiifc van hda va chinh quyen Trung uang cCing nhu dia phuang, de sdm cd mdt sU quan tam dung dan Nhung dieu tdi mud'n luu y ban dgc khi nhac de'n cai Uu the cd mdt khdng hai cua di tich van hda nay la mdt hinh a n h khac-mdt n h a n vat lich suT ndi len nhu mdt tam phdng dkng sau di chi ay, mot con ngUdi ma t a m vdc lam cho di chi nhu cang long l l y them Chinh con ngudi dd da khai sinh ra cai ten Due Thuy cho hdn Non Nudc xinh dep nkm

t r e n khue quanh cua con sdng chay qua thi xa Ninh

Binh, bet n h u m d t con chim canh tra dang lao thang

xud'ng giUa ddng nUdc Ciing chinh con ngUdi dd da

ddt but viet len bg hgp tuyen vi dgi bdng dd nhUng

trang viet dau tien: bai Due Thuy san Linh Te

thdp ky bat hu cua dng khdng nhUng nhieu ngUdi

trong chung ta da dgc den thude Idng, ma cdn dugc

chiem ngudng tan m a t neu cd dip ghe t h a m Non

Nudc Con ngudi dd la TrUong Han Sieu (7-1354),

mdt trong nhUng gUOng mat sang chdi cua thdi dai

Ly-Tran

TrUang Han Sieu trUdc bet la indt

Tu Thang Phu, hieu Don Tau, ngud

Thanh, huyen Yen Ninh, Id TrUdng ^fen]_jte^

Ninh Binh, dng tirng la mdt mdn khach trong phu

de Tran Hung Dao, ve sau dugc Tran Hung Dao

tien cuf vdi trieu dinh, iihung mai den 1308 mdi

dugc vao trieu nhan chufc Hgc si Vien han lam Tir

day, vdi kien thiifc uyen bac, dng da dam nhiem

nhieu phan viec he trgng lien quan den hgc van

cua ca mdt thdi dai Vdi tU each Hgc si Vien han

lam, dng la ngUdi thay m a t vua soan thao van

chuong chieu cao ban bd cho toan dan, va van tir

trao ddi ngoai giao giufa Viet Nam va cac nUdc Vdi

tu each ngudi che dinh bd Hinh thu, dng la ngudi

dat nen tang cho mdt trieu dinh van hanh theo

luat phap Vdi tu each ngudi soan bd Hodng trieu

2-THS 1 7

dgi dien, dng la ngUdi gdp phan xay dUng nhijfng

nghi thufc dien che n h a m dUa cac h i n h thufc hoat ddng cua trieu dinh nha T r a n vao ne nep quy cu,

p h a n a n h tu the' mdt trieu dai van minh Khdng chi cd the! TrUang H a n Sieu cdn dugc cuf di tra'n

n h a m nhieu n a m d nhUng viing Lang Giang, Hoa Chau hoac cd luc dugc cijf lam mdt cdng viec tenhi,

m a n g chu'c n a n g tdn giao, nhu chufc Giam tu chiia Quynh Lam (J b a t ky cuang vi nao, sir hieu biet sau sac sach vd, sU a m tudng cac m a t cua ddi son? cdng vdi k i n h nghiem sd'ng lao luyen, deu da giup dng thiic thi tdt p h a n sU Ong qua da thoat ra khoi cai vd t h u lai t h d n g thudng de mang tam mot nha

v a n hda, la ngudi biet bie'n van hda thanh hoat dgng thUc tien

Dieu can nhac lai la khdi diem hgc van cua mot ngudi n h u Truang H a n Sieu khien ta cd the ngac

n h i e n Mot chan thu nhi dudi trudng Tran Husg

Dao, h a n chac viec hgc h a n h cua dng khong phai

t u a n theo nhu'ng t r i n h tU bai ban nhu d nha tri/dng Cung k h d n g cd cai hgc vi Tien sy nao dirge danh cho con ngudi dd NhUng day la mot moi tru'dng

m a su r e n dua, m a i x a t kien thiJc chac chan la mot yeu cau d a t ra gay gat, d day sir thiTc hoc dirge de cao va cai hgc phii phiem bi loai bo-moi trircfnghpc

di vdi h a n h trong mgi hoat dgng chuan bi cho cong cuoc giiif nudc vi dai cua vi Qudc cdng tie't che Chinh

vi vay, dieu k h d n g k e m ky la la uy tin hoc van ciia

Truang Han Sieu da trd t h a n h gan nhU tuyet dd'i, chi mdt thdi gian sau khi dng budc vao trieu dinh

p a c vua Tran deu kinh ne khdng ggi thang ten dng

va deu n h a t loat tdn xUng dng bang thay Sau khi dng mat, vua Tran Du Tdng truy phong dng chdc Thai phd va vua Tran Nghe Tdng cho phu thd dng

d Van Mieu (khdng hieu vi ly do nao de'n nay chung

ta van chu^ dUa Truong Han Sieu vao danh sach tudng niem d Van Mieu Qudc Td Giam nhU cac vua Tran thud trUdc nhi? Cd phai do dng thieu cai hgc

vi dng Nghe hay khdng?) Thain chi Dgi Viet sii ky

todn thu cdn danh gia dng cd hgc van vUng chac

hon Hoang giap Nguyen Trung Ngan vdn cung la mdt ngudi ndi tieng tai danh luc duong thdi Dieu

dd chufng td nha Tran trgng thuc hgc de'n the' nao

va ban than TrUOng Han Sieu cung da vUgt minh ghe gdm nhU the nao

NhUng ndi den nhan each van hda cua mdt danh nhan cdn phai ndi den mdt phuang dien khdng the thieu dugc: sU ufng xd van hda trong cudc sdng hang ngay cua hg O TrUang Han Sieu, hanh vi dng xuf ndi bat n h a t in dam vao suf sach la quan diem cua dng dd'i vdi P h a t giao va thai do cua dng trUdc tao vat thien nhieti La mdt nha nho, TrUang Han Sieu

cd nhien khdng chap nhan P h a t giao Ong van dung

Nho giao nhU mdt Igi khi de phe phan cai thuf td

thuyet nkm ngoai Khdng Manh Tuy nhien, dng

khdng k h a n g khang cdng kich P h a t giao vdi thai

19

do cd' chap Ong chi ndi de'n nhiing ke gido hoat

trong ddm sU sdi - bo mdt cdi bdn y kho khong cua dao Phat md chi chdm lo chiem nhiing nai ddt tdt, canh dep, tu gidt vdng nam nggc cho chd a cua chiing riCc rd, td diem cho mdn dd cua chung long Idy nhu voi rong (Khai Nghiem tU bi ky) Phe phan

nhu vay thi nao phai chi tin dd nha P h a t mdi la dd'i tugng cua dng Ndi dung ra, TrUang Han Sieu

da dat ra mdt van de chung la t h a n h Igc cac gia tri tinh than, xua't p h a t tir Igi ich thUc tien Chang the' ma tir budi dau thien vi Nho giao va bai xich

P h a t giao, dan dan qua tiTng trai, dng lai nhan thdc ra chd dufng quan trgng cua dao P h a t trong ddi sdng tam linh mdi con ngUdi:

Ddi lenh denh trudc khdc nay,

Thdn nhdn mdi biet trudc ngdy Idm to

(Due Thuy san-Tran Van Giap dich)

Khdng deo bam lay he tU tudng cua minh nhU

mdt thd chu nghia ddc tdn va coi dd la khudn vdng

thude nggc bat kha xam pham, trai lai biet nhin

nd trong tinh t h a n thyc sU cau thi, va tiep nhan ca cai khac vdi nd, dd la each ufng xd van hda cua mot nha tu tudng Idn

Ve thai do cua Truang H a n Sieu trUdc thien nhien, neu ndi rang dng la ngUdi biet men yeu,

t r a n trgng canh vat cua da't nUdc thi cQng khdng

cd gi sai nhUng hinh nhU v^n chUa du d dng, gan nhu cd mot sU khao k h a t thudng trUc mud'n tim

hieu thien nhien, nhan biet nhiJng tri thdc ve ngoai gidi Chinh dng tirng thira nhan sud't mdt ddi tirng trai, dau chan m i n h da in tren khap mgi neo sdng

hd Nhung vugt len tren y thich cua mdt du khach, dng cdn biet chiem nghiem ra tir trong thien nhien nhin ngam thda the thien nhien khdng it van de

cd y nghia n h a n sinh, vu tru; cam nhan dugc mdi quan he giu'a thien nhien va con ngUdi nhU la mdt

sU bd sung, tiep ndi, qua lai giiJa cai hdu ban va cai

vd ban, cai bie'n ddi va cai trUdng tdn O day, dng

da cd t a m ddng cao tdt cua mdt tU each kep: mdt triet n h a n va mdt thi nhan

Nhieu n a m qua, dat nUdc ta dang ddng trUdc tinh t r a n g mdt sd' vung bi tan pha mdi sinh mdt each can kiet, hang van hecta rdng cd nguy co bien thanh ddi trgc Ngay den nhUng danh lam thang canh, lang md, dinh chua quy gia chung ta cung da tdng h a m hd dap pha di khdng biet bao nhieu, cd

le chi vi chung ta mudn xac nhan rang chi cd chung ta sd'ng giUa thdi dai nay mdi la ngUdi n a m dugc chan ly, mdi biet each dinh doat van m e n h tuong tai cung nhU qua khd Thai do pham tuc cua chung ta rd rang la mot bieu hien thie'u tri thdc, thieU van hda nghiem trgng Gia thd chung ta bdt

me mugi de n a n g minh len mdt chut, biet gan cai

chu the vdi cai khach the, gan xUa vdi nay, gan hdu ban vdi vd cung, ta se tha'y ngay chinh cai ta dang lam cung chi la r a t tuoiig dd'i, va ta se biet quy trgng nhUng gia tri cua tU nhien, cua tien nhan,

cua lich suf de lai Cach ufng xuf van hda cua TrUang

H a n Sieu chinh la d t a m nhin t r i e t n h a n ay Phai lidi, t a m nhin t r i e t n h a n ay da giup dng va cac the

he sau dng sdng tao n e n hdn niii tha Non Nudc,

mdt di tich van hda van cdn may man hien dien vdi con chau

Cudi cung, phai ndi de'n tU each nha tha cua Truong Han Sieu, mot bac thay ve van chuang ngdn ngd, vdi nhUng ang tha van ma hau the dgc khdng

biet chan, nhu bai tha Due Thuy san, Bdi ky thdp

Linh Te, nhat la Bdi phii song Bach Ddng O khoang

each 700 nam, mdt tac gia nao day chi cdn lai vdi ngay nay dugc mot bai tho, ang van thdi ma khdng rai rung da phai dugc coi la tac gia danh tieng The ma rieng TrUang H a n Sieu van cdn lai 2 bai van, 1 bai phd, mdt chum tho 4 bai va 1 bai tha ddc lap, trong dd 2 bai van van cdn khac viJng chai

t r e n da-mdt hien tugng t h a t khdng binh thudng

Cd the k h a n g dinh dugc, vdi sd' lugng cdn lai dd, dng la mdt trong sd' nha van hang dau, nha van vdi nhieu the loai sang tac da dang, trong so' cac nha

van Ly-Tran Dac biet Bach Ddng giang phii khai

quat chien cdng chd'ng quan Nguyen cua Tran HUng Dao da dugc lich sd thda n h a n la mot ang van kiet xua't, ve mot phuong dien nao dd cung Idng danh nhu chinh cai chien cdng ma nd phan anh

Van trong tam thdc dung hgp triet nhan-thi nhan, Truang H a n Sieu da ddn nen vao trong bai van cung mot luc ca hai a m hudng trU tinh va t r i e t ly

Cam xuc trU tinh dang len cao n h a t la luc nha tha

ndi den cai dgng cua cudc chien-mgt cai dgng cd kha n a n g la trdi chao ddt chuyen:

Duang khi ay,

Thuyen be mudn dgi led quat phap phdi; Hiing hd sdii quan I gido guam sdng chdi

Tran ddnh I dugc thua chda phdn,

Chien luy I Bac Nam chdng ddi

Anh nhat nguyet chit I phdi md

Ban trdi ddt chii I sap hoai

(Dong Chau-Biii Van Nguyen dich)

Nhung bai van cdn dUa lai mdt thdng diep nghe thuat khac, mdt cam hdng gan nhu dd'i cue vdi cam

hdng dgng d tren Dd la cam hdng tinh, nd lam

hien rd len d cue ben kia cai thai do ung dung binh tinh cua ngUdi dang lam chu tinh the, dang quyet tam xoay chuyen cudc cd trong tay minh-mdt vi

Qudc cdng tie't che dang chil tinh tren tU the cua

ngudi chien thang:

Kia trdn Bach Ddng md dai thdng,

Bdi Dgi vitang coi the giac nhdn

(Nhu tren)

Td trong chieu sau, ta tha'y, hai pham tru dgng

va tinh ket hgp lai, vda dd'i lap lai vda thdng n h a t

vdi nhau, la mau chdt da nang cam hdng nghe

thuat len t h a n h cam hdng triet ly cua Bdi phd

song Bach Ddng, lam cho nd trUdng tdn vdi thdi

gian Bang lugng thdng tin da nghia, nhu'ng an ngd

phong phd dgng lai phia sau ngdn tir, Bach Ddng

giang phu da ggi len dugc nhieu tie'ng ndi cung

mot ldc trong n h a n thdc t h a m my cua ngUdi dgc

Su ddn nen nghe thuat cua but phap TrUang Han Sieu thuc da dat de'n mot mdc cao

Trd len la mot vai n h a n xet so lugc ve ban linh van hda Truang H a n Sieu Ong xufng dang dugc xep vao hang danh nhan tdn vinh d Van Mieu Qudc

Td Giam nhU nha Tran da tirng liet hang xUa kia,

cung xdng dang dugc dung tugng Idn t r e n hdn Non Nudc cua da't Ninh Binh, vi nhU da ndi, trUdc mgi

tu each nao khac, dng la ngUdi con Uu td cua Ninh Binh Mot toan tap tha van t r e n ndi Non Nudc can dugc sUu tap bien soan t h a t cdng phu va sdm dugc

ra mat, va mot hay vai ba chuyen khao ve TrUang

H a n Sieu khdng cdn la chuyen ndi cho vui ma dang trd t h a n h nhu cau cua ddi sd'ng van hda hien dai Trong tinh hinh dd, tdi vui mdng gidi thieu cudn

sach md dau TRUONG HAN SIEU-CUOC DOT

SU NGHIEP-THO VAN cua nha giao La Dang Bat

vdi ban dgc

Hd Ngi, ngdy 14 thdng 8 ndm 1999

TRUdNG HAN SIEU

c u o c DCfl

Truang H a n Sieu (?-1354) tU la Thang Phd, hieu Don Tau (dng gia trdn ddi), ngUdi lang Phuc Thanh, huyen Yen Ninh, phu TrUdng Yen, sau la thdn Phde

Am, xa Ninh Thanh, ngay nay thude thi xa Ninh Binh, tinh Ninh Binh

Ong cd tai, thdng minh, hgc gidi

Khi T r a n Hung Dao lui quan ve Id TrUdng Yen

da lay dng vao lam mdn khach"* Ong tham gia cudc k h a n g chien chd'ng quan Nguyen-Mdng lan thd hai (nam 1285) Neu thdi gian dd 15 tudi, thi nam sinh cua dng vao khoang 1270 (cudi ddi vua Tran T h a n h Tdng (1258-1278))<2'

d ddi vua Tran Nhan Tdng (1278-1293), dng tham

gia cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen-Mdng Ian thd hai (1285) va lan thd ba (1287-1288) vdi cuang

vi la thu nhi-nhvt chdc thu ky rieng cua Tran Hung

Dao, soan thao cac dao sac chuyen de'n nhUng doan quan

Sau cudc k h a n g chien chd'ng quan Nguyen-Mdng

(1) Khach trong nha

(2) Mac du cho den nay, chung ta chiJa biet ong sinh nam

nao, nhi/ng \^\ biet ong tham gia cuoc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen - IVIong lan thuf 2, t i i nam 1285 (theo cuon Td

dien van hgc), co the nam ay ong it nhat da vao tuoi tren 15

Neu cho la TrUdng Han Sieu sinh nam 1274 hoac 1275 deu khong d u n g , vi khong the mdi cd 10, 11 tuoi TrUdng Han Sieu da di theo Tran HUng Dgo dU0c

t h a n g Igi (nam 1288), Qud'c cdng tie't che Hung Dao dai vUOng da tien cd dng vao trieu dinh (trUdc nam Tran Hung Dao m a t (1300))

Td n a m dd de'n n a m 1308 (khoang t r e n 8 nam),

cd the la mot van t h a n , trieu dinh ehua tha'y dugc tai nang cua dng, nen chUa bd dung, dng da ve que nghi mot thdi gian Cung cd the trong thdi gian nay dng di thi va dd Thai hgc sinh (Tie'n sy)'" De'n n a m 1308, vua Tran Anh Tdng (1293-1314) cho dng gid chdc H a n lam hgc sy Ong chinh thdc lam quan van trong trieu, soan thao chieu, cao de ban bd' va cac van td ngoai giao cua trieu dinh

(1) Cac sach xUa khong ndi TrUdng Han Sieu do Tie'n sy

NhUng trong cudn Ninh Binh toan thh dia chi khao bien cua Nguyen T d Man hoan thanh nam 1862, d muc Khoa bang\a\ ghi: Thai hoc sinh TrUdng Han Sieu: Trong sd khoa bang

khong co ghi NhUng sd than Ngo Sy Lien viet "Han Sieu la

ke Uu tu trong cac quan van hoc" Gan day xem "Dan luc" co ghi: Thai hoc sinh ddi Tran tren tam bia ndi tieng cua den huyen Yen Khanh, dUdc dat ddng dau cac dai khoa (Ninh Binh toan thh dia chi khao fa/en-NXB Chfnh trj qudc gia-Ha Noi-

2001 -trang 204) Trong muc Nhan vat van khoa d huyen Yen Khanh, Nguyen T d Man con ghi: TrUdng Han Sieu: Td Thang

Phu, ngUdi than Phuc Am, tdng Yen Dang, do khoa Dong cac Thai hoc sinh trieu Than Anh Tong

Nam 1997, UBND xa Khanh CU, huyen Y e n Khanh, tinh Ninh Binh con tim thay mot tam bia do Hoi Van hgc huyen Yen Khanh cung soan tU nam Dinh Mui, ddi vua N g u y i n Duy

Tan nam thU nha't (tUc nam 1907) Trong bia co ghi: Trap trieu

Thai hoc sinh thu ngd sCl thang Han lam hoc sy, Ta ty lang

De'n ddi vua Tran Minh Tdng (1314-1329), n a m

1326, dng giu chdc Hanh KhieV"

trung, kiem LUdng Giang kinh lUdc xd, Giam nghi dai phu, Dai Hanh khien, tang Thai bao Thai phd, TrUdng Han Sieu, Thang PhQ Tien sinh, Phuc Am

Nhu the Nguyen T d Man va taim bia nam 1907 deu ndi TrUdng Han Sieu do Thai hgc sinh (Tien sy) Cung cd the TrUdng Han Sieu phai do Tien sy thi vua Tran Anh Tong mdi cho lam d Vien Han lam

Sach Lich sd Viet Nam-quyen l-tap ll-NXB Giao duc-Ha Npi-1970, trang 186, lai viet: NhOng ngddi cd tai hoc gioi khong

do dat, thi cd gi van cd the dUdc cat nhac trong dung: TrUdng Han Sieu, Pham SU t\/lanh, Le Quat, Pham tJlai deu xuat than hgc sinh chUa thi cd gi

Giao sU Nguyen Hue Chi trong Ldi gidi thieu d cudn sach

nay cung viet:

- Cung khong cd cai hoc vi Tien sy nao dUdc danh cho con

ngUdi dd (TrUdng Han Sieu)

- (Khong hieu vi ly do nao den nay chung ta van chUa dUa TrUdng Han Sieu vao danh sach tddng niem d Van t\Jlieu Qudc

Td Giam nhd cac vua Tran thud trddc nhi? Co phai do dng thieu cai hoc vi "ong Nghe" hay khdng?)

Chung ta can nghien cufu them

(1) Quan Hanh Khien: Han Viet td dien-Jap l-Dao Duy

Anh-in lai lan thU 3-1996-NXB thanh phd Ho Chi Minh-trang

347 cd ghi: Quan Hanh Khien: Chdc quan Idn cd td ddi Tran,

nhd chdc Thddng Thd ddi nay Dai Viet sd ky toan thd cd ghi:

Td khi thddng tddng Quang Khai 3 ngdi Te tddng, che chdc Hanh Khien va chdc Te tddng ngang bing nhau, mdi tau xin ddi thanh Trung thd mdn ha cong sd de cho cd phan biet NhU

the chUc Hanh Khien chi dUng sau Te tUdng Cung theo Dai

Viet sd ky loan thd, trade thdi Tran chdc Hanh Khien chi dung hoan quan thdi

Mudi ba n a m sau, n a m 1339, ddi vua Tran Hien Tdng (1329-1341), dng lam Mdn ha hUu ty lang trung

Sang trieu vua Tran Du Tdng (1341-1369), nam

1341, dng cung vdi Nguyen Trung Ngan<" bien soan

bg Hodng trieu dgi dien va soan bg Hinh thit Nam

1342, dug gid chdc Ta ty lang trung, kiem kinh luge sd Lang Giang*^' (Lang Son) De'n n a m 1345, dng lam Ta gian nghi dai phu (chdc quan chuyen viec can gian nha vua) Sau n a m sau, nam 1351, dng dugc t h a n g chdc Tham tri chinh si/^'

(1) Nguyen Trung Ngan (1289-1370) la ngUdi tinh HUng

Y e n , do Hoang giap nam 16 tudi (1304) (Tien sy xuat than xep thU 4 trong ky thi Dinh, thuoc de nhj giap), ddi vua Tran Anh T o n g

(2) Lang Giang: gdm dat cac huyen Yen Dung, Luc Ngan, Yen The tinh Ha Bac cu va huyen HDu Lung, tinh Lang Sdn

(3) Tham tri chinh sU: Thd Van Ly-Tran-Tap ll-Quyen NXB K H X H - H a N p i - 1 9 8 9 - t r a n g 7 5 5 c 6 g h i : Ddi Han goi Thddng

thU0ng-thd la Trung dai, vi 3 trong cam sinh nen goi la Dai sinh Den thdi Dddng, Thddng thd sinh goi la Trung dai, Mdn ha sanh goi la Ddng dai, Trung sinh ggi la Tay dai Dai sinh ndi chung chi ndi lam viec cua cac quan to ddi xda Trddng Han Sieu lam tdi chdc Tham td chinh sd cung tddng dddng vdi chdc Thddng thd hay Trung thd sinh

Cd the dng gid chdc nay trong mdt thdi gian, roi

xin ve que nghi, l&m nha d ben nui Due Thuy"'

Thang 9 nam 1353, quan Chiem Thanh vao cudp

Hda Chau''" (vdng Thda Thien-Hue ngay nay), khi

dd la bien gidi phia Nam cua da't nUdc, quan quan

(1) Ve dieu nay da dUdc Trang nguyen Ho Ton Thdc (the

ky XIV), ngUdi lang Thd Thanh, phu Dien Chau (nay la DUdng

Khe ThU(?ng, huyen Quynh LUu, tinh Nghe An), viet trong bai

minh Vien bad an Ndn Nddc nhU sau:

Nui Non Nddc 3 Yen Dang (thj xa Ninh Binh) ddng mot minh

cao chdt vdt tren bd sdng dai, khi the va hinh thing hung trang

O phia Ddng Nam, dng Trddng Thieu phd (Trddng Han Sieu)

nghi lam quan cang Ua cinh ay nen lam nha 3 ben, ggi nui la

Due Thuy (Ninh Binh toan tinh dia chikhio bien-NXB Chinh trj

Quoc gia-Ha Noi-2001-trang 181)

Cd nhan Vu Pham Khai trong Bai minh tren bia md Thai

phd ddi Tran Don Tau Trddng Han Sieu Thang Phu viet vao

ngay ram thang 6 nam Id DUc thU 6 (1853) cOng ghi: The rdi

cudi cung, Tien sinh (Trddng Han Sieu) cung khdng the ndi

chuyen vdi thai giam, y quan, ma nghi tdi viec ve nui Due Thuy,

mudn trd chuyen vdi non vdi nddc 3 day

Trong cudn Ninh Binh toan thh dia chi khao bien, c d nhan

Nguyen T d Man (1816-1901), cung viet: nhdng sau den ddi

Du Tdng chinh sd hdn loan, trong trieu cd nhieu ke gian ninh,

cho nen Sieu (Trddng Han Sieu) khdng thich con dddng lam

quan nOa, cao benh ve nha Ong yeu phong cinh Non Nddc

nen da lam nha sdng 3 day va ddi ten nui Non Nddc la nui Due

Thuy (Ninh Binh toan thh dia chi khao bien-NXB Chinh trj

Qudc gia-Ha Ndi-2001-trang 178, 179)

(2) Hda Chau: Gom dat cac huyen HUdngDien, HUdng Phu,

Phu Loc, tinh ThUa Thien-Hue

3-THS 3 3

d a n h duoi chdng r a t khd khan Vua Tran Du Tdng ben sai Ta Tham tri chinh sU TrUOng Han Sieu dem cac quan Than sach di tra'n gid Hda Chau, mac du tudi da ngoai 80"' each kinh dd khoang 700 cay so' Ong d day 14 thang De'n t h a n g 11 (am lich) n a m Giap Ngg (1354), khi bien thuy yen dn, dng xin trieu dinh trd ve, vua y cho, nhUng chUa ve tdi kinh sU thi mat Thi hai dng dugc dUa ve an

t a n g d que nha Vua Tran Du Tdng truy tang dng chdc Thai bao

Chin n a m sau, n a m 1363, nha vua lai truy tang dng chdc Thai phd

Chin n a m sau nda, ddi vua Tran Nghe Tdng (1370-1372), n a m 1372, vua ban tang cho dng tdng

tu d Van Mieu (Ha Ndi), sanh ngang vdi Chu Van

An va cac bac tien nho xua't chdng (Ddi Tran chi

cd Truong Han Sieu va Chu Van An (1292-1370) dugc thd d Van Mieu - Nam 1370 Qud'c Tuf Giam tU

(1) TrUdng Han Sieu tham gia cuoc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen-Mong fan thU 2 (1285) Cd the nam ay ong it nha't da vao tuoi tren 15, den nam 1353, ong cd tuo'i khoang tren 80 TrUdc ong, cd Ly Thudng Kiet d dau the ky 12, khi quan Chiem Thanh danh chiem vung phia Nam nUdc ta, vao nam 1104, da 85 tuoi, nhUng van kien quyet yeu cau trieu dinh cho di danh giac va khang dinh, neu khong cho di thi

Chet khdng the nham mat (Viet s d thong giam cUdng muc)

That la mot hanh dong phi thudng vU0t len tren tuoi tac Hanh dong nay da cd d TrUdng Han Sieu