Ydtt-English For Pharmacy Book.pdf

Microsoft Word YDTT English for pharmacy book doc 1 CHAPTER 1 THE BASICS Unit 1 DRUGS Drugs are chemicals that affect the human body They may have good effects of bad effects Doctors and health worker[.]

CHAPTER 1: THE BASICS

Unit 1: DRUGS

Drugs are chemicals that affect the human body They may have good effects of bad effects Doctors and health workers have used them to cure diseases and to kill pain for many hundreds years

In the 20th century, doctors have found many natural drug One of these is penicillin, which is an antibiotic Natural drugs come from plants and animals Scientists have studied natural drugs and mad synthetic drugs in the laboratory similar to the natural drugs Therefore, today, most drugs are synthetic

Drugs are both beneficial and harmful Doctor use them to treat and prevent diseases There are drugs that affect every part of the body There are drugs that make people relaxed or make a person sleep There are drugs that kill pain For example, anesthetics put patients to sleep during operations so that they do not feel pain Local anesthetics kill pain in only one part of the body Dentists use these drugs when they fix a tooth There are even drugs to help stop tissue rejection during and after transplants Doctors use drugs in many ways to cure and prevent illness

Most drugs are poisonous in one way or another Almost all drugs are dangerous when people take too much of them For example Aspirin which kills pain, is usually beneficial On the other hand, people sometimes die from overdose of aspirin Too many sleeping pills cause death too When people are risk, the begin to take many drugs They may take many different kinds of drug,

or they may take too much of one kind of drug Overuse of these drugs is dangerous

Drug abuse is a serious problem It may destroy the abuser's health and life The same drug may be beneficial or harmful When a drug, such as morphine, helps a seriously ill patient to relieve pain On the contrary, overuse

of this drug can cause psychological dependence and physical dependence as well as tolerance Drugs sole problems, but drug abuse causes problems

VOCABULARY

Affect (v) /ə'fekt/ Tác động, ảnh hưởng

Anesthetic (v) /,ænis'θetik/ Thuốc gây mê

Antibiotic (n) /'æntibai'ɔtik/ Thuốc kháng sinh

Beneficial (adj) /¸beni´fiʃəl/ Có lợi

Chemical (adj) /ˈkɛmɪkəl/ (thuộc về) hóa chất

Overdose (n,v) /´ouvə¸dous/ Dùng quá liều

Poisonous (adj) /'pɔɪzənəs/ Có tính độc

Synthetic (adj) /sin´θetik/ Tổng hợp

Transplant (n) /træns'plɑ:nt/ Cấy ghép

Tissue rejection (n) /'tɪ∫u: ri'dʒek∫n/ Đào thải mô

Tolerance (n) /'tɔlərəns/ Sự quen thuốc, nhờn thuốc

Unit 2: WORDS TO THE STOREKEEPER (OR PHARMACIST)

Dear friend,

If you sell medicines in your store, people probably ask you about which medicines to buy and when or how to use them You are in the position to have

an important effect on knowledge and health of people

As you know, people too often spend the little money they have for medicines that do not help them However, you can help them understand their health needs more clearly and spend theft money more wisely

For example:

If people come and ask for cough syrup ,for diarrhea, for vitamin B12 or liver extract to treat simple anemia, for penicillin to treat sprain or ache, for tetracycline when they have a cold, explain to them that these medicines are not needed and may do more harm than good Discuss with them what to do instead

If someone wants to buy a vitamin tonic, encourage him to buy eggs, fruit

or vegetables instead Help him understand these have more vitamins If people ask for an injection when medicines by mouth would work as well and be safe, which is usually the case - tell them so

If someone wants to buy “cold tablets” or some other forms of “expensive aspirin” for a cold, encourage him to save money by buying plain aspirin tablets

and taking them with lots of liquid

Above all, sell only useful medicines Stock hl your store with the medicines that are important for common illnesses in your area Try to stock low cost generic products, and never sell people medicines that are expired, damaged

or useless

Your store can become a place where people learn about caring for theft health If you can help people use medicines intelligently, you will provide an outstanding service to your community

Good luck!

VOCABULARY

Anemia (n) /ə'ni:miə/ Bệnh thiếu máu

Care (n) /kɛər/ Sự cẩn thận, sự thận trọng

Common (adj) /'kɑ:mən/ Phổ biến, thường gặp

Community (n) /kə'mju:niti/ Cộng đồng

Discuss (v) /dɪs'kʌs/ Trao đổi, thảo luận

Diarrhea (n) /¸daiə´riə/ Bệnh tiêu chảy

Explain (v) /iks'plein/ Giải thích

Effect (n) /i'fekt/ Sự ảnh hưởng, tác động Encourage (v) /ɪn'kɜ:rɪdʒ/ -

/ɪn'kʌrɪdʒ/

Khuyến khích

Expired (adj) /ɪk'spaɪər/ Hết hạn, quá hạn

Health (n) /ˈhɛɫθ/ Sức khỏe

Inject (v) /ɪnˈdʒɛkt// Tiêm

Injection (n) /in'dʤekʃn/ Thuốc tiêm

Illness (n) /´ilnis/ Bệnh, căn bệnh

Knowledge (n) /'nɒliʤ/ Hiểu biết

Liver extract (n) /´livə ˈɛkstrækt/ Dầu gan cá

Liquid (n) /'likwid/ Dịch, chất lỏng

Medicine (n) /'medisn/ Thuốc

Outstanding (adj) /¸aut´stændiη/ Xuất sắc

Pharmacist (n) /'fɑ:məsist/ Dược sĩ

Position (n) /pəˈzɪʃən/ Vị trí

Product (n) /´prɔdʌkt/ Sản phẩm

Provide (v) /prə'vaid/ Cung cấp

Stock (v) /stɔk/ Nhập kho, chứa vào kho Sprain (n) /sprein/ Bệnh bong gân

Tablet (n) /'tæblit/ Viên nén

Useful (adj) /´ju:sful/ Có ích, hữu ích

Useless (adj) /'ju:slis/ Vô dụng, vô ích

Wisely (adv) /´waidli/ Một cách khôn ngoan

EXTRA READING

THE PHARMACIST

Pharmacists are healthcare professionals that deal primarily with dispensing medications and managing patient medication regimens The pharmacist has many responsibilities The pharmacist fills prescriptions from doctors The pharmacist also counsels the patient about medication, side effects, and how to use the medication correctly Another responsibility of the pharmacist is to manage and monitor patient medication profiles Pharmacists must check for drug interactions, proper prescribing and drug safety The pharmacist works closely with patients, physicians, and other healthcare

professionals to provide medication to the patient

Roles of the pharmacist:

• Reviewing and monitoring patient medication regimens

• General health advice

• Counseling patients about disease states and medication

• Dispensing medication by prescription

• Counseling patients about the best use of medication

Pharmacists work in a variety of places with many different specialties Pharmacists are often the first person patients ask for medical advice With their position in the community and because they are very accessible, pharmacists play a major role in patient care

* Pharmacist work on?

Unit 3: RIGHT AND WRONG USES OF MODERN MEDICINES

Some medicines which are sold in pharmacies or village stores can be very useful Others are of no value Also, people sometimes use the best medicines in the wrong way so they do more harm than good To be helpful, medicine must be used correctly

Many people, including most doctors and health workers, prescribe far more medicines than are needed and by doing so, they causes many needless

sicknesses and deaths There is some danger in the use of any medicines

Some medicines are much more dangerous than others are Unfortunately, people sometimes use very dangerous medicines for mild sicknesses I have seen

a baby died because his mother gave him a dangerous medicine chloramphenicol, for a cold Never use a dangerous medicine for a mild sickness

REMEMBER: MEDICINES CAN KILL US Guidelines for the use of medicines;

1 Use medicines only when necessary

2 Know the correct use and precaution for any medicines you use

3 Be sure to use the right dose

4 If the medicine does not help, or causes problems, stop using it

5 When in doubt, seek the advice of a health worker

Note: Some health workers and many doctors give medicines when none

of them aer needed, It is often because they think patients expect medicine and will not be satisfied unless they get some Tell your doctor or health worker that you only want medicine if it is definitely needed This will save your money and

be safer for your health

Only use medicine when you are sure it is needed and when you

are sure how to use it

VOCABULARY

Advice (n) /əd´vais/ Lời khuyên

Also (adj) /´ɔ:lsou/ Cũng, ngoài ra

Correct (adj) /kə´rekt/ Đúng, chính xác

Danger (n) /'deinʤə(r)/ Nguy hiểm

Definitely (adv) /'definitli/ Một cách rõ ràng, chắc chắn

Expect (v) /ɪk'spekt/ Hy vọng, mong muốn

Guideline (n) /ˈgaɪdˌlaɪn/ Hướng dẫn, lời khuyên

Helpful (adj) /´helpful/ Có ích

Health worker (n) /'wə:kə/ Cán bộ y tế

Illness (n) /´ilnis/ Bệnh tật

Include (v) /in'klu:d/ Bao gồm, có

Mild (adj) /maɪld/ Nhẹ, thể nhẹ, ôn hòa

Needless (adj) ´ni:dlis/ Không cần thiết, thừa

Necessary (adj) /'nesəseri/ Cần thiết

Patient (n) /'peiʃənt/ Bệnh nhân

Prescribe (v) /prɪˈskraɪb/ Kê đơn

Precaution (n) /pri´kɔ:ʃən/ Thận trọng, phòng ngừa

Satisfied (adj) /'sætisfaid/ Thỏa mãn, hài lòng

Serious (adj) /'siəriəs/ Nghiêm trọng

Regrettable (adj) /ri´gretəbl/ Đáng tiếc, đáng ân hận Unfortunately (adv) /ʌn´fɔ:tʃənətli/ Không may mắn

Useful (adj) /´ju:sful/ Hữu ích

Unless (conj) /ʌn´les/ Trừ phi

Value (n) /'vælju:/ Giá trị

Unit 4: THE MOST DANGEROUS MISUSE OF MEDICINE

Here is the list of the most common and dangerous errors people make in using modem medicines The improper use of the following medicines causes many deaths each year Be careful!

1 Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)

The popular use of this medicine for simple diarrhea and other mild sicknesses are unnecessary, because it is so risky Use chloramphenicol only for very severe illnesses like typhoid Never give it to newborn infants

2 Oxytocin (pitocin), Pituitrin and Ergo ovine (Ergotrate)

Unfortunately, some midwives use these medicines to speed up childbirth

or give strength to the mother in labor This practice is very dangerous It can kill the mother or the child Use the medicines only to control bleeding after the child is bom

3 Injections of any medicine

The common belief that injections are usually better than medicines taken

by mouth which is not hue Many times medicines taken by mouth work as well

as or better than injections In addition, most medicines are more dangerous injected than taken by mouth Use of injections should be very limited

4 Penicillin

Penicillin works only against certain types of infections Frequent use of

penicillin for sprains, bruises or any pain or fever is a great mistake As a rule, injuries that do not break the skin, even if they make large bruises, have no danger of infection, they do not need to be treated with penicillin or any other

antibiotics

Penicillin is dangerous for some people Before using it, know its risks

and the precautions you must take

5 Injections/ Overuse of penicillin with streptomycin

(There are many brand names)

These medicines are used too much, and often for the wrong thing They should not be used for colds, for three reasons:

a They do not work against colds and flu

b They can cause serious problems, some times deafness or death

c Their overuse makes it more difficult to cure tuberculosis or other serious illnesses

6 Vitamin B12 and liver extract

These medicines do not help anemia or weakness except in cases In addition, they have certain risks when they are injected They are only used when a health worker has prescribed them after the blood In nearly every case

of anemia, iron pills will do more good/ effective

7 Other vitamins

As a rule, DO NOT INJECT VITAMINS Injections are more dangerous,

more expensive and usually no more effective than pills

Unfortunately, many people waste their money on syrup, tonics, and elixirs that buying foods contain vitamins Many lack the most important vitamins But even when they contain them, it is wiser to buy more and better food Body building and protective foods like eggs, meat, fruit, vegetables and whole grains are rich in vitamins and other nutrients Giving a thin, weak person good food more often will usually help him far more than giving him vitamin

and mineral supplements

A person who eats well does not need extra vitamins

8 Calcium

Injecting calcium into a vein can be extremely dangerous It can quickly kill someone if it is not injected very slowly Injecting calcium into the buttocks

sometimes causes very serious abscesses or infections

Never inject calcium without first seeking medical advice Note: In Mexico and other countries where people eat many com tortillas

or other foods prepared with lime, it is foolish to use calcium injections or tonics (as it is often done to give strength or help children grow) The body gets all the calcium it needs from the lime

9 Feeding through the veins (intravenous injection or I.V solutions)

In some areas, people who are anemic or very weak spend their last penny

to have, a liter of I.V Solution put into their veins They believe that this will

make them stronger or their blood richer However, they are wrong!

Intravenous solution is not as good as pure water with some salt or sugar

in it It gives less energy than a large candy bar and makes the blood thinner, not

richer It does not help anemia or make the weak stronger

In addition, when a person who is not well trained puts the I.V.solution into a vein, there is danger of an infection entering the blood This can kill the

sick person

Intravenous solution should be used only when a person can take nothing

by mouth or when he is badly dehydrated

If the sick person can swallow, give him a liter of water with a little sugar

and salt It will do as much for him as injecting a liter of I.V solution

For people who are able to eat, nutritious foods do more to strengthen

them than any types of I V fluid

If a sick person is able to swallow and keep down liquids

10 Laxative and purges

It is always dangerous to give a laxative or purge to a baby or to anyone who is very weak, dehydrated or has severe pain in his belly Unfortunately, people often believe that purges bring back health or clean the bad things out of

the body It is explained that purges or strong laxatives nearly always do more harm than good

VOCABULARY

Anemia (n) /ə'ni:miə/ Thiếu máu

Antibiotic (n) /'æntibai'ɔtik/ Thuốc kháng sinh

Bar (n) /ba:/ Thanh, vạch

Common (adj) /'kɒmən/ - /'kɑ:mən/ Thông thường

Corn tortilla (n) /kɔ:n tɔrˈtiə/ Bánh bột ngô

Dehydrate (v) /di:´haidreit/ Mất nước

Diarrhea (n)/ hoea /daiə´riə/ ỉa chảy

Energy (n) /ˈɛnɜːdʒi/ Năng lượng

Effective (adj) /'ifektiv/ Tác dụng

Foolish (adj) /´fu:liʃ/ Khờ dại, ngu đần

Intravenous (adj) /intrə´vi:nəs/ Trong tĩnh mạch

Iron pill (n) /aɪən ´pil/ Viên sắt

Laxative (n) /´læksətiv/ Thuốc nhuận tràng

Liver extract (n) /´livə ˈɛkstrækt/ Dầu gan cá

Midwife (n) /´mid¸waif/ Nữ hộ sinh, bà đỡ Improper (adj) /im´prɔpə/ Sai, không thích hợp Overuse (v) /´ouvər¸ju:z/ Lạm dụng, quá liều Mother in labor (n) /m^ðər in 'leibə/ Sản phụ

Nutritious (adj) /nju:´triʃəs/ Bổ

Nutrient (n) /´nju:triənt/ Chất dinh dưỡng

New born (n) /nju: bɔ:n/ Trẻ sơ sinh

Risky (adj) /´riski/ Nguy hiểm, rủi ro Practice (v) /´præktis/ Hoạt động

Protective (adv) /prə´tektiv/ Bảo vệ

Purge (n) /´pə:dʒ/ Thuốc tẩy, sự thanh lọc Severe (adj) /səˈvɪər/ Rất xấu, nghiêm trọng Speed up childbirth (v) /spi:d Λp ´tʃaild¸bə:θ/ Kích thích đẻ, thúc đẻ Supplement (n) /ˈsə.plə.mənt/ Bổ sung

Solution (n) /sə'lu:ʃn/ Dung dịch

Strengthen (v) /ˈstrɛŋkθən/ Trợ lực

Treat (v) /tri:t/ Điều trị, chữa bệnh

Typhoid (n) /taifɔid/ Thương hàn

Tuberculosis (n) /tju:¸bə:kju´lousis/ Bệnh lao

Weakness (n) /´wi:knis/ Tình trạng yếu, yếu

Be not well trained (v) /treind/ Không được đào tạo tốt Severe pain in one's belly

(v)

/səˈvɪər/ Đau bụng dữ dội

Unit 5: WHEN SHOULDN'T MEDICINES BE TAKEN?

Many people have believed about things they should not do or eat when taking medicines For this reason, they may stop taking a medicine they need In truth, no medicine causes harm just because it is taken with certain foods whether pork, chili , pepper, guava, oranges, or any other foods However, foods with lots of grease or spices can make problems of the stomach or gut worse whether any medicines are being taken or not Certain medicines will cause bad reactions if the person drinks alcohol

There are situation when in doubt, it is best not to use certain medicines:

1 Pregnant women or women who are breast-feeding should avoid all medicines that are not necessary However, they take vitamins or iron pills without any danger

2 With newborn children, be very careful when using medicines Whenever possible, look for medical help before giving them any types of medicine Be sure not to give too much

3 A person who has ever had any sort of allergic reaction, hives, itching, etc after taking penicillin, ampicillin, a sulfonamide, or other medicines, should never use that medicine again for the rest of his life because it would be dangerous

4 People who have ulcers or heartburn should avoid medicines that contain aspirin

5 There are specific medicines that are harmful or dangerous to take when you have certain illnesses

For example, people with hepatitis should not be treated with antibiotics

or other strong medicines, because their liver is damaged, the medicines are more likely to poison the body

People who are dehydrated or have disease of the kidneys should be especially careful with medicines they take Do not give more than one dose of a medicine that could poison the body unless (or until) the person is urinating normally For example, if a child has high fever and is dehydrated, do not give

him more than one dose of aspirin until he begins to urinate Never give sulfa to

a person who is dehydrated

VOCABULARY

Absolutely (adv) /æbsəˌlu:tli/ Hoàn toàn, chắc chắn

Alcohol (n) /´ælkə¸hɔl/ Đồ uống có cồn

Allergic (adj) /´ælədʒi/ Phản ứng, dị ứng

Avoid (v) /ə'void/ Tránh, ngăn ngừa

Breast feeding (n) /brɛst 'fi:diɳ/ Cho bú

Contain (v) /kən'tein/ Chứa đựng

Damage (v) /'dæmidʤ/ Hủy hoại, hư hại

Disease (n) /di'zi:z/ Bệnh

Dehydrated (adj) /di:´haidreitid/ Bị mất nước

Dehydration (n) /¸di:hai´dreiʃən/ Sự mất nước

Guava (n) /´gwa:və/ Quả ổi

Harmful (adj) /´ha:mful/ Gây hại

Itching (n) /ˈɪt.ʃiɳ/ Ngứa

Hepatitis (n) /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪtɪs/ Bệnh viêm gan

New born children (n) /bɔ:n/ Trẻ sơ sinh

Poison (n, v) /ˈpɔɪzn̩/ Chất độc, đầu độc, nhiễm độc

Heartburn (n) /´ha:t¸bə:n/ ợ nóng

Reaction (n) /ri:'ækʃn/ Phản ứng

Pepper (n) /´pepə/ Hạt tiêu

Pregnant woman (n) /'pregnənt 'wʊmən/ Phụ nữ có thai

Specific (adj) /spi:sif'ik/ Cụ thể, đặc hiệu

Ulcer (n) /ˈʌlsər/ Viêm loét

UNIT 6: MEDICINES IN LIQUID FORM

Liquid medicines include liquids, solutions, syrups and mixtures and are commonly used in patients that have difficulty swallowing medicines They are also commonly used for children and the elderly The liquid medicine should be made such that the dose needed will be a sensible volume such as 5 ml (one teaspoon)

Liquid medicines include sweeteners and flavourings/ flavorings to cover-up the taste of the medicine so that they are more pleasant to take The sorbitol included

in some liquid medicines as a sweetener can cause diarrhea when taken in large amounts, so it might be worth just checking how much sorbitol the medicine contains Liquids tend to have a gloopy consistency which makes them easier to measure out and administer but also safer to swallow The consistency of the medicine is important

as if it is too runny patients with swallowing difficulties may still choke

Liquid medicine may also contain other ingredients to ensure the active medicine stays in the liquid and can work properly; this helps to make sure there is an even distribution of the active drug throughout the whole bottle of medicine so that your first spoonful of medicine from the top of the bottle and your last spoonful from the bottom of the bottle contain exactly the same amount of active drug Most

medicines will state on the label "shake bottle well before use", it is important to do

this to help ensure all of the drug particles are evenly dispersed throughout the bottle Some liquid preparations may also contain alcohol These should obviously be avoided

in children, but caution should also be taken by patients who have problems with their liver

drug particles /drʌg 'pɑ:tikl/ (n) hạt thuốc

disperse /dis´pə:s/ (v) rải rác, phân tán

When instructions for a medicine say: Take 1 tsp, this means take 5 ml

Many of the ‘teaspoons’ people use hole as much as 8 ml, or as little as 3 ml When using a teaspoon to give medicine, it is important that it measure 5 ml

No more, no less

How to make sure that the teaspoon used for medicine measures 5 ml

1 Buy a 5 ml Measuring spoon

Or

2 Buy a medicine that comes with a plastic spoon

This measures 5 ml When it is full and has a line that shows when it is half-full (2, 5 ml) Save this spoon and use it to measure other medicines

Or

3 Fill any small spoon that you have at home with 5 ml, of water, using a syringe or something else to measure, and make a mark on the spoon at the level

of the liquid

UNIT 7: CHILDREN'S MEDICINE

Medicines aren't always needed for children's illnesses Most illnesses get better by themselves and make the children stronger and able to resist similar illnesses

in the future

Paracetamol and ibuprofen are often used to relieve the discomfort caused by a high temperature Some children, for example those with asthma, may not be able to take ibuprofen Both paracetamol and ibuprofen are safe and effective Encourage people to have on or both stored in a safe place at home

Common painkillers

Don't give aspirin to children under 16 unless it's specifically prescribed by a doctor It has been linked with a rare but dangerous illness

is more likely to return if they don't finish all the antibiotics

EXTRA-READING

Many medicines that come as pills or capsules also come in syrups or suspension (special liquid form) for children If you compare the amount of medicine you get, the syrups are usually more expensive than pills or capsules

You can save money by making your own syrup in the following way: Grind up the pill very well or open the capsule and mix the powder with boiled water (that has cooled) and honey or sugar You must add lots of honey or sugar when the medicine is very bitter (tetracyclinem of chloroquin)

When making syrups for children from pills or capsules, be very careful not to give too much medicine

HOW MUCH MEDICINE SHOULD YOU GIVE TO CHILDREN WHEN YOU ONLY HAVE THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR ADULTS?

Generally, the smaller the child, the less medicine he needs Giving more than needed can be dangerous

If you have information about the doses for children, follow it carefully If you

do not know the dose, figure it out by using the weight or age of the child Children should generally be given the following portions of the adult dose

1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds (lb)

Give a child under 1 year old the dose for a child of 1 year, but ask medical advice when possible

VOCABULARY

carry on /ˈkæri/ (v) tiếp tục, xúc

discomfort /dis´kʌmfət/ (adj) khó chịu

high temperature /´temprətʃə/ (n) sốt cao

GP (General Practitioner) /'ʤenər(ə)l

præk´tiʃənə/

(n) bác sỹ đa khoa

Overdose /´ouvə¸dous/ (v) dung quá liều

resists /rɪ'zɪst/ (v) kháng, đề kháng

UNIT 8: HOW TO TAKE MEDICINES

It is important to take medicines more or less at the time recommended Some medicines should be taken only once a day, but others must be taken more often If you do not have a clock, it does not matter If the direction says “1 pill every 8 hours”, take 3 a day: one in the morning, one in the afternoon, and one at night If they say: “1 pill every 6 hours”, take 4 each day: one in the morning, one in the midday, one in the afternoon, and one at night If the direction is “1 every 4 hours” take 6 a day, allowing more or less the same time between pills

Whenever you give a medicine to someone else, it is a good idea to write the instructions and also to have the person repeat to you how and when to take the medicine Make every sure he understands

To remind people who cannot read when to take their medicine, you can give

them a note like this

In the blanks at the bottom draw the amount of medicine they should take and carefully explain what it means

For example:

This means 1 tablet 4 times a day: 1 at sunrise, 1 at noon, 1 at sunset, 1 in the middle of the night

This means 1/2 tablet 4 times a day

This means 1 capsule 3 times a day

This means 1/4 tablet twice a day

This means 2 teaspoons twice a day

EXTRA READING

Symbols:

= means: is equal to or

is the same as

How fraction are sometimes written:

1/2 tablet = half of a tablet

1 1/2 tablet = one and one half tablets

1/4 tablet= one quarter or one fourth of a tablet

1/8 tablet = one eighth of a tablet (dividing it in to 8 equal pieces and taking one piece)

MEASURING

Medicine is usually weighed in gram (gm) and milligram (mg)

lOOOmg = lgm (one thousand milligrams make one gram)

lmg = 0,001 gm (one milligram is one - thousand part of a gram)

Examples:

Tablet contains 0,750gm different ways

Note: in some countries medicines are weighed grains, lgr = 1 grain and lgr = 65mg

This means a 5gr, aspirin tablet weighs about 300mg

Many times it is important to know many grams or milligrams are in a medicine For example, if you want to give a small piece of adult aspirin to a child instead

of baby aspirin but you don’t know how big a piece to give

Read the small print on the labels of each

It says: aspirin: acetylsalicylic acid 3gm

(acetylsalicylic acid = aspirin)

3gm = 300mg, and 0,75gm = 75mg So, you can see that one adult aspirin weighs 4 times as much as one baby aspirin

300 mg

So if you cut an adult aspirin into 4 piece, you can give the child 1 piece in place of a baby aspirin Both are equal, and the piece of adult aspirin costs less

CAUTION: Many medicines, especially the antibiotics, some in different

weights and sizes For example, tetracycline may come in 3 sizes of capsules

If you cut the adult aspirin in to

4 equal pieces, each quarter = one baby aspirin

Penicillin is often measured in units

Many forums of penicillin (pills and injections) come in doses of 400.000U:

400.000U = 250mg

CHAPTER 2: INFORMATION ON MEDICINES

UNIT 9: ANTIBIOTICS

1 What are antibiotics?

Antibiotics are medicines that treat infections caused by the approximately one hundred bacterial species that cause illness They have changed the way we treat many illnesses

Penicillin has been used to treat bacterial infections and prevent death from infectious diseases since the 1940s This is just one of the many antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections Antibiotics have added about ten years to the life expectancy of the human being

There are two main categories of antibiotics:

- Narrow-spectrum antibiotics only kill a limited number of bacteria

They can target and kill the bacteria that are causing your illness without killing other, good bacteria Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are usually prescribed when doctors know exactly what bacteria are causing your infection

- Broad-spectrum antibiotics work against many different bacteria,

including some bacteria resistant to narrow-spectrum antibiotics They are prescribed when doctors do not know exactly what bacteria are causing the infection or when the illness is caused by several different bacteria

2 Why don't antibiotics works against colds, flu, coughs and sore throats?

Antibiotics only treat infections caused by some bacteria They do not work for illnesses like colds and flu which are caused by viruses Most sore throats and acute respiratory infections, and many earaches, are also caused by viruses The best way to get better from viruses is to rest, drink fluids, and stay home to avoid spreading the infection

Preventing colds and flu can reduce unnecessary antibiotic use Washing your hands frequently in cold and flu season can reduce the risk of illness by as much as 50% The other major method we have to prevent viral illnesses is vaccines Vaccines prevent respiratory infections such as chickenpox, measles, and influenza

3 So what do antibiotics treat?

Antibiotics work on bacterial infections like pneumonia, strep throat, urinary and skin/ wound infections Doctors will know when it is appropriate to use antibiotics, and may take blood sample, or sputum sample before deciding how to treat the infection

VOCABULARY

acute respiratory

infection /əˈkyut 'respəreitəri/

(n) viêm đường hô hấp cấp

broad-spectrum

antibiotic /brɔ:d ´spektrəm/

(n) kháng sinh phổ rộng

chickenpox /ˈtʃɪkin pɔks/ (n) bệnh thủy đậu

infectious disease /in´fekʃəs di'zi:z/ (n) bện nhiễm trùng

Influenza / flu /¸influ´enzə/ (n) bệnh cúm

life expectancy /iks´pektənsi/ (n) tuổi thọ

narrower-spectrum

antibiotic /'nærouər/ (n) kháng sinh phổ hẹp Pneumonia /nju:´mouniə/ (n) bệnh viêm phổi

sore throat /sɔr θrout/ (n) bệnh viêm họng

strep throat /strep θrout/ (n) viêm họng cấp tính Sputum /´spju:təm/ (n) đờm, nước dãi

Prevent /pri'vent/ (v) ngăn ngừa

Urinary /´juərinəri/ (n) nước tiểu

UNIT 10: USE OF ANTIBIOTICS

GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF ALL ANTIBIOTICS

1 If you do not know exactly how to use the antibiotic and what infections it can

be used for do not use it

2 Use only an antibiotic that is recommended for the infection you wish to treat

3 Know the risks in using the antibiotic and take all the recommended precaution

4 Use the antibiotic only in the recommended dose no more, no less The dose depends on the illness and the age or weight of the sick person

5 Never use injections of antibiotics if taking them by mouth is likely to work as well Inject only when necessary

6 Keep using the antibiotic until the illness is completely cured or for at least 2 days after the fever and other signs of infection have gone (some illness, like tuberculosis and leprosy need to be treated for many months or years after the person feels better Follow the instructions for each illness

7 If the antibiotic causes a skin rash itching difficult breathing or any serious reactions the person must stop using it and never use it again

8 Only use antibiotics when the need is great When antibiotics are used too much, they begin not to work as well

GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF SOME/ CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS

1 Before you inject penicillin or ampicillin, always have ampules of Adrenalin

(epinephrine) ready to control an allergic reaction if one occurs

2 For people who are allergic to penicillin use another antibiotic such as

5 Never inject tetracycline or chloramphenicol They are safer, less painful, and

do as much or more good when taken by mouth

6 Do not give tetracycline to pregnant women after fourth month or to children under 6 years old

7 Generally, use streptomycin, and products that contain it, only for tuberculosis and always together with other anti-tuberculosis medicines Streptomycin in combination with penicillin can be used for deep wounds to the gut, appendicitis and other specific infections when ampicillin is not available, but should never be used for colds, flu and common respữatory infections

8 Eating yogurt-curdled milk helps to replace necessary bacteria killed by antibiotics like ampicillin and to return the body’s natural balance to normal

WHAT TO DO IF AN ANTIBIOTIC DOES NOT SEEM TO HELP

For most common infections, antibiotics begin to bring improvement in a day

or two If the antibiotics you are using do not bring any improvement, it is possible that:

1 The illness is not that you think You may be using the wrong medicine Try to find out more exactly what the illness is and use the right medicine

2 The dose of the antibiotic is not correct Check it

3 The bacteria have become resistant to the antibiotic being used (they no longer harmed by it) Try another antibiotics recommended for that illness

4 You may not know enough to cure the illness Get medical help especially if

the condition is serious or getting worse and worse

VOCABULARY

Anti-tuberculosis

medicines

/tju:¸bə:kju´lousis/ (n) thuốc chống lao

Ampule /´æmpju:l/ (n) ống thuốc tiêm

Available /ə'veɪləbl/ (adj) có sẵn, có thể dùng được Certain /['sə:tn]/ (adj) nhất định

Combination /,kɔmbi'neiʃn/ (n) kết họp

Depend (on/ upon) /di'pend/ (v) phụ thuộc

Difficult breathing /´bri:ðiη/ (n) tình trạng khó thở

Especially /ɪ'speʃəli/ (adv) đặc biệt

Except (for sth/sb) /ik'sept/ (v, pre) ngoại trừ

Instruction /ɪn'strʌkʃn/ (n) sự chỉ dẫn, hướng dẫn Improvement /im'pru:vmənt/ (n) cải tiến, cải thiện

Inject /ɪnˈdʒɛkt// (v) tiêm, chích

Keep using /ki:p/ (v) tiếp tục sử dụng

Leprosy /´leprəsi/ (n) bệnh phong, hủi

Precaution /pri´kɔ:ʃən/ (n) thận trọng, cẩn thận

Pregnant woman/ women /'pregnənt/ (n) phụ nữ có thai