Nanoscale Phenomena Basic Science to Device Applications LECTURE NOTES IN NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Series Editors: Zhiming M. Wang, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA Andreas Waag, Institut für Halbleitertechnik, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Gregory Salamo, Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA Naoki Kishimoto, Quantum Beam Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Volumes Published in this Series: Volume 1: Self-Assembled Quantum Dots, Wang, Z.M., 2008 Volume 2: Nanoscale Phenomena: Basic Science to Device Applications, Tang, Z., and Sheng, P., 2008 Forthcoming Titles: Volume 3: One-Dimensional Nanostructures, Wang, Z.M., 2008 Volume 4: Epitaxial Semiconductor Nanostructures, Wang, Z.M., and Salamo, G., 2008 Volume 5: B-C-N Nanotubes and Related Nanostructures, Yap, Y.K., 2008 Volume 6: Towards Functional Nanomaterials, Wang, Z.M., 2008 Nanoscale Phenomena Basic Science to Device Applications Zikang Tang and Ping Sheng Editors Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong Zikang Tang Department of Physics and Institute of Nano Science and Technology Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong Ping Sheng Department of Physics and Institute of Nano Science and Technology Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong ISBN-13: 978-0-387-73047-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-73048-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007931614 c  2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. 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Printed on acid-free paper. 987654321 springer.com Preface The Third International Workshop of the Croucher Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Nano Science and Technology: from Basic Science to Device Applications, was held at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology from 8 January to 12 January 2007. The first and second workshops took place in January 1999, and January 2002, respectively. Collected in this volume are 20 articles, 16 from invited talks and four from contributed presentations. The speakers are from the United States, Europe, Japan, Korea, Chinese Mainland, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. During the workshop, the vivid presentations captured the audience’s attention not only with the great poten- tial of nanotechnology, but also brought out the relevant underlying science. In Prof. Supriyo Datta’s talk, a rather unique “bottom-up” view of electrical con- duction was presented which is particularly relevant to nanoscale devices. He raised several thoughtful questions on transport physics such as dissipation and entanglement that could be operative in these devices. Professor Morinobu Endo described the advanced technology of large-scale synthesis of nanostructured car- bons, with emphasis on novel applications that have already had an impact on our daily lives. His presentation impressed on us that nanotechnology applica- tions are already here, with far-reaching implications ahead. Professor Ming-Chou Lin described his group’s successful integration of silicon-based nano devices into biomolecular technology. With this integrated technology, the potential of silicon nanowires as a detector for DNA hybridization is demonstrated. Professor Vivian Yam delivered an excellent review of on her group’s recent work on functional molecular materials. Through rational design and judicious functionalization and assembly strategies, she has demonstrated that many transition-metal molecular complexes possess structure-dependent light emitting characteristics with poten- tial application as templates for the preparation of nano-sized materials. A rather unique presentation by Prof. Ping Sheng on nanoscale hydrodynamics showed that it is only recently that continuum hydrodynamics can quantitatively reproduce the nanoscale flow characteristics as simulated by molecular dynamics, and in so doing revises the traditional non-slip boundary condition. Taken together, these papers from the Third Croucher ASI gave a snapshot of the frontier research carried out over the past few years, and demonstrates that great progress has indeed been achieved both in fundamental research and in applications of nanoscience and technology. v vi Preface We would like to express our gratitude to all of the authors for their excellent contributions. Special thanks go to Ms. Helen Lai and her team for the success- ful organization of this workshop, and to the Croucher Foundation for its financial support. Zikang Tang and Ping Sheng Kowloon, Hong Kong May, 2007 Contents Preface v Part I Nano Structured Carbons and their Applications 1 Science and Technology of Nanocarbons Morinobu Endo 3 2 Catalytically-Grown Carbon Nanotubes and Their Current Applications Morinobu Endo 9 3 Transparent Conducting Films by Using Carbon Nanotubes Hong-Zhang Geng and Young Hee Lee 15 4 Raman Spectroscopy on Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Wencai Ren and Hui-Ming Cheng 29 5 Interface Design of Carbon Nano-Materials for Energy Storage Feng Li, Hong-Li Zhang, Chang Liu and Hui-Ming Cheng 41 6 Formation Mechanism of 0.4nm Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in CoAPO-5 Single Crystals J.P.Zhai,I.L.Li,Z.M.Li,J.T.YeandZ.K.Tang 49 Part II Quantum Dots and Molecular Spintronics 7 Nanodevices and Maxwell’s Demon Supriyo Datta 59 8 Manipulating Electron Spins in an InGaAs/InAlAs Two- Dimensional Electron Gas C. L. Yang, X. D. Cui, S. Q. Shen, H. T. He, Lu Ding, J. N. Wang, F. C. Zhang and W. K. Ge 83 vii viii Contents 9 Continuum Modelling of Nanoscale Hydrodynamics Ping Sheng, Tiezheng Qian and Xiaoping Wang 99 10 Defect in Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Synthesized by a Hydrothermal Method A. B. Djuri ˇ si ´ c, K. H. Tam, C. K. Cheung, Y. H. Leung, C. C. Ling, C. D. Beling, S. Fung and W. K. Chan 117 Part III Nano Materials Design and Synthesis 11 Towards Surface Science Studies of Surfaces Formed by Molecular Assemblies Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Chen Wang and Shengbin Lei 133 12 Electronic Transport Through Metal Nanowire Contacts Y. H. Lin, K. J. Lin, F. R. Chen, J. J. Kai and J. J. Lin 139 13 Synthesis and Properties of Quasi-One-Dimensional Nitride Nanostructures Yong-Bing Tang, Dai-Ming Tang, Chang Liu, Hong-Tao Cong and Hui-Ming Cheng 149 14 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy for Nannomaterials C. H. Chen and M. W. Chu 179 15 Fabrication of Photovoltaic Devices by Layer-by-Layer Polyelectrolyte Deposition Method Wai Kin Chan, Ka Yan Man, Kai Wing Cheng and Chui Wan Tse 185 16 Optical Properties of Arrays of Iodine Molecular Chains Formed Inside the Channels of AlPO 4 -5 Zeolite Crystals J.T.YeandZ.K.Tang 191 Part IV Molecular Electronics 17 Quantum Manipulation at Molecule Scale J. G. Hou 201 18 Silicon-Based Nano Devices for Detection of DNA Molecules M. C. Lin, C. J. Chu, C. J. Liu, Y. P. Wu, C. S. Wu, and C. D. Chen, I. C. Cheng, L. C. Tsai, H. Y. Lin, Ya-Na Wu, Dar-Bin Shieh, H. C. Wu andY.T.Chen 209 19 From Simple Molecules to Molecular Functional Materials and Nanoscience Vivian Wing-Wah Yam and Keith Man-Chung Wong 217 Contents ix 20 First-Principles Method for Open Electronic Systems Xiao Zheng and GuanHua Chen 235 Author Index 245 Subject Index 247 Contributors C. D. Beling, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong W. K. Chan, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Wai Kin Chan, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Cheng Hsuan Chen,Centerfor Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Chii Dong Chen, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang 11529, Taipei, Taiwan G. H. Chen, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong X. D. Cui, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Chen Wang, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100080, China F. R. Chen, Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan Y. T. Chen, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan Hui-Ming Cheng, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China Kai Wing Cheng, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong I. C. Cheng, Department of Material Science, National University of Tainan, Tainan, 70005 Taiwan C. K. Cheung, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong M. W. Chu, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan C. J. Chu, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang 11529, Taipei, Taiwan xi [...]... to model of Kondratieff the economist, new science will create a new industry and technology, and as a result, it will bring the wave of big economic activity The generalization of science, technology and products in the 20th century, which led to the recession of world market, is said to be one of the reasons to the present economy slump Now it is the time for new carbons based on carbon science to. .. carbon nanotubes to the synthetic graphite, the cyclic efficiency was sustained at almost 100% up to 50 cycles At higher concentrations, the nanotubes interconnect graphite powder particles together to form a continuous conductive network 1.4 Electrode Material for Electric Double Layer Capacitor Electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) has been expected as the electric energy storage device of the next...xii Contributors Hong-Tao Cong, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China H T He, Department of Physics and Institute of Nano -Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China Supriyo Datta, School of Electrical... computer), to power supply of 42V-vehicle and hybrid vehicle, it is critical to develop a higher performance LIB with advanced carbon materials as anode In this sense, the outstanding mechanical properties and the high surface to volume ratio (due to their small diameter) enable carbon nanotubes to be incorporated as an additive in the commercial lithium-ion battery systems (Endo et al., 2001b) Astonishingly,... IN 47907, USA J G Hou, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R China Lu Ding, Department of Physics and Institute of Nano -Science and Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China J J Kai, Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu... especially for biological and electronic applications, and (iv) achieving homogeneous carbon nanotubes dispersions in polymer composites The possibilities of applications using carbon nanotubes range from electronics, field emission display to energy storage devices and functional fillers in composites Nowadays the carbon nanotubes-derived products have smeared into our life step by step, and before long,... ∼ 0.1 eV 22 H.-Z Geng, Y H Lee is open due to the tube-tube interaction This pseudogap is small compared to the direct bandgap of semiconductors with diameters of 1 ∼ 1.4 nm corresponding to bandgaps of 0.7 ∼ 1.0 eV (An and Lee, 2006) The pseudogap in metallic SWCNT bundles is inversely proportional to the tube diameter via E pg ≈ 0.105/D (eV) after fitting to the observed values (Ouyang et al., 2001)... Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China Shengbin Lei, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing, 100080, China Dar-Bin Shieh, Institute of Oral Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University Dai-Ming Tang, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute... Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016, China K H Tam Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Z K Tang, Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Y.-B Tang, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016,... applications structure from different viewpoint The novel method will be used as a powerful tool to develop a new carbon electrode for EDLC with high specific capacitance Consequently, novel method shows some clues to control the nano-structure of carbon, and to get a final product with high performance This enables us to effectively form an activated-carbon electrode with ideal pore size, which has the right . Nanoscale Phenomena Basic Science to Device Applications LECTURE NOTES IN NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Series Editors: Zhiming M. Wang, Department of. Nanomaterials, Wang, Z.M., 2008 Nanoscale Phenomena Basic Science to Device Applications Zikang Tang and Ping Sheng Editors Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Hong. Study Institute (ASI) on Nano Science and Technology: from Basic Science to Device Applications, was held at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology from 8 January to 12 January 2007. The first