japanese language insights

Rather this book discusses things related to the language that has a bearing on Japanese life and culture, Some interesting aspects of the Japanese language are examined in this book.. T

Japanese

SLT Li

2242

[IV DA*?muny ự

“rhs Mai

Haun Willow

‘Copyright © 1996 by Soroban Pry Ltd

This book is copyright

All rights reserved No part ofthis publication may be reproduced by any

process without the prior written permission of the publisher

1 Japanese language, 2, Japan - Civilization 1 Willow,

Harumi IL Tide II Title: Naruhodo nihongo

952

Acknowledgements

Thanks to C, McConnochie for reviewing an earlier version of this book

The calligraphy for the iroha poem on page 62 was presented to ZL by

Ms A Hasegawa,

All other images in this book are from JapanClips, a collection of clipart

from Matsuri Graphics, P.O Box 6926, Bloomington IN 47407, USA

To my wife, Soo Heng,

forall te joyful times shared together

and those still to come

—zL

Preface

Welcome to Japanese Language Insights, ‘This book is written

as a complement to classroom study It does not dwell on

‘grammatical points or other such topics that you will find in most textbooks on the Japanese language Rather this book discusses things related to the language that has a bearing on Japanese life and culture,

Some interesting aspects of the Japanese language are examined in this book For example we start with a look at the words for / and you and how these are used We then look at greetings and expressions and the situations when they are used, After a discussion of hira and kata kana we are ready to appreciate the i-ro-ha poem, Among other topics, onomatopoeia and fongue nvisters are presented

Our aim in this book is to provide an insight into the Japanese Janguage, and through this to provide a glimpse into the fascinating Japanese culture

By providing this window into a fascinating part of the Japanese language we hope that you will be spurred onwards in your Japanese studies, for many wonders await you along the way

Gambatte ne! Af AAS > Tda > Keepat it!

Quarrelsome Words (kenkago)

Four Letter Words (warui kotoba)

Kana

Borrowed Words (gairaigo)

Office Speak (ofisu no gairaigo) 57

Gut ứ Le

One of the authors (ZL) started studying the Japanese language

as a hobby over twenty years ago The very first trip to Japan proved to be very fascinating, having been immersed in both Japanese sounds and written words ‘This fascination has continued to this day and over subsequent visits to Japan, ZL has been noting down many of the observations that have gone to make up this book, a collaboration with his current sensei, HW

‘One of the first things the student of Japanese realizes on a trip to Japan is that the spoken language is far from the text book Japanese ‘The Japanese call their language kokugo ([#l #), the national language, while the language as taught to foreigners is nihongo, the Japanese Language The nikongo as taught is usually not quite the language as she is spoke and used in Japan

This book provides insights into the Japanese language that

is both interesting and fascinating It provides a behind the scenes explanation for the language usage It is intended for people studying the language (beginners to intermediate) as well

as people with an interest in things Japanese

‘The book takes the reader beyond the standard classroom text Examples are given in romayji, for the beginner, and in kana (> %) and kanji (BE $F ), which will benefit the reader who wants to practice reading

We hope you will find this book interesting and enjoyable

as you discover another facet to the Japanese language

troduction

Following is a summary of the topics covered in the seventeen

chapters of this book,

Chapter 1 1 (watakushi):

‘The word for J in Japanese and its usage in conversations

and in reference to oneself The various words to mean J

‘The use of / should be avoided

Chapter 2 You (anata):

The word for you in Japanese and its usage in

conversations ‘The use of you should be avoided Other

words for you,

Chapter 3 Greetings (aisatsu):

How to use greetings on meeting Sayonara and

expressions for parting Expressions for parting between

office colleagues Exchanges for parting and retuming in

the home

Chapter 4 What, Why, When (Nai

The interrogative words: What, Why, When, How, Where

and Who in Japanese (Nani, Nage, Itsu, Doo, Doko and

Dare), Discussions on their use with examples Addition

of ka, Addition of mo,

Chapter 5 Counting (kazoekata):

‘Two ways to count in Japanese, The Japanese numbers

and special forms Different counters for different types of

objects The unlucky numbers 4 and 9, Counting units,

Fun in puns with numbers

Chapter 6 Expressions (hyoogen):

Interesting expressions, exclamations, phrases and buzz-

words Some exclamations of surprise Other words to

Yutroduction

express one’s opinion or impressions Words to gain attention Expressions used when Visiting The useful word doomo

Chapter 7 Quarrelsome Words (kenkago):

Words that will start a fight or help win one Masculine and feminine forms and examples, Words to patch up and

be friends again

Chapter 8, Four Letter Words (warui kotoba):

Some four-letter words Other words that one may chance

to hear, A word of caution,

Chapter 9 Kana:

The Japanese syllables - hiragana and katakana The table of fifty sounds Euphonic changes and symbols The importance of the a-ka-sa-~ sequence, The five levels of a-i-u-e-o, The inflections of verbs at the various levels, with examples

Chapter 10, Borrowed Words (gairaigo):

Foreign words that have been incorporated into the Japanese language A selection of words related to food Some borrowed words used to create new concepts Other words that refer to the home Words related to entertainment A further list of interesting borrowed words

Chapter 11, Office Speak (ofisu no gairaigo):

A look at borrowed words that refer to the office environment Some words that relate to office and work

Chapter 12, Lro:

‘The challenge with the 48 kana syllables The iroha poem

Introduction

Chapter 13 Kanj

‘The Chinese characters that have been adopted in writen

Japanese, On- and kun-readings Usage of kana and kanji,

‘The structure of kanji How to look up a kanji in a

Japanese dictionary ‘The formation of some kanji,

Chapter 14 Onomatopoeia (giseigo, gitaigo):

Japanese words that describe sound and quality The

sounds that animals make Some onomatopoeic words to

describe frequency or manner of doing things Words for

describing how one feels Words for weather conditions

Chapter 15 Games (geemu):

A look at the language of board and table games The

Japanese card game of Hanafuda Another card game -

irohagarda Thẻ game oĩ maajan The popular board

game of Go Jankenpon to decide who wins

Chapter 16 Tongue Twisters (hayakuchi kotoba):

Fun with some tongue twisters "There are two chickens in

the garden’ and others to practise rapid speech skills with

Chapter 17, Modesty (kenson

One of the distinctive Japanese traits is modesty,

Examples of situations Modesty is a virtue Examples of

‘The word 7 (watakushi #i, ), referring to oneself, is probably the

most abused and wrongly taught word in some Japanese language books We get sentences like:

Watakiishi wa Sumisu desu

humbleness in mind the use of / (watakushi #,) to emphasize

oneself is avoided Hence the above sentences will be stated as:

Fapanere Language Insights T

[I] like movies

In Japanese, wẻ normally defer to the listener and hence the

speaker normally adopts a more humble position To express

politeness, we may introduce ourselves with the statement:

Sumisu to mooshimasu

ASAEHLET

(I'm) called ‘Smith’,

An example conversation may go as follows:

S: Hajimemashite Sumisu to mooshimasu

(EDELT ASREMLET ©

How do you do I'm called Smith

T: Hajimemashite, Tanaka desu Doozo yoroshiku

EHELT HTH EFELAL<C.«

How do you do Tanaka Pleased to meet you

S: O-shigoto wa?

SEs IS ›

What is [your] work?

T: Kompyuutaa puroguramaa desu Sumisu-san wa?

No where in the above conversation has watakushi been used

‘There may be occasions when it is natural to use watakushi For example, some friends may be ordering drinks:

Lemon tea for me

There is an emphasis that C’s order is different and the statement can be interpreted as: "As for me, it's lemon tea”

Remontii is hot tea served with a slice of lemon Tea served with milk is miruku-tii,

In summary, 7 is used only sparingly, at the beginning to introduce oneself as the subject or to emphasize oneself

Interestingly, while / is not often used, there are many words that mean ‘T’ in Japanese The polite watakushi is commonly mentioned, Watakushi is often abbreviated to watashi at the colloquial level Atashi is a feminine form at the colloquial level

The geisha and women of the pleasure quarters of old used to refer to themselves as achiki Geisha are persons who are accomplished in performing and enterlainment arts These

Gapanese Language Tusights ¢

accomplishments include mastering the shamisen (a Japanese

stringed instrument akin to the banjo), Japanese dance and

‘The masculine equivalent to atashi is boku In the example

above where friends are involved, a more common colloquial

statement for C would be "boku wa remontii da”

Another word for Lis ore € This is another masculine

word at the colloquial level and appears frequently in songs

Yet another word for / is wagahai, Wagahai is used by a

person in an exalted position such as a Shogun or Emperor It is

the royal I, s0 to speak A famous classic novel from 1905 by

Soseki Natsume is titled ‘Wagahai wa neko de aru’ (Iam a cat)

‘The story is told from the perspective of the family cat, While

the tide is translated as ‘I am a cat’, this cannot capture the

cultural content of the Japanese title for the use of wagahai by

In addition to not using J, references to ‘my family’ and ‘my company’ also do not use the construction ‘watakushi no kazoku' and 'watakushi no Kaisha’, Rather, references to one’s family or home uses the word uchi and to one's company with uchi no kaisha or wagasha: as i

Uchi no kodomo wa iu koto o kikanai,

Aochira is used, as in:

Kochira wa Tanaka desu

CHOWN ECT

‘This [side] is Tanaka

In conclusion, drop the 'watakushi wa’ part of your statements and you will sound much more natural in Japanese,

aw

Chapter 2

You

anata

&H Zero

As to be expected, you (anata), like the word 1 (watakushi) is

also not used often The nuances for ƒ have been discussed in

chapter 1 We now take a look at the aspects of you (anata)

In conversations, it would be impolite to refer to the listener

with the word anata The word is dropped and not used with

reference to the-listener made another way Part of the example

conversation between Ms Smith and Mr Tanaka given in chapter

1 is repeated here:

S: O-shigoto wa?

thats ?

What is [your] work?

T: Kompyuutaa puroguramaa desu Sumisu-san wa?

Instead of asking ‘anata no shigoto wa nan desu ka’ (what is your work?), Ms Smith asks ‘o-shigoto wa [nan desu kal’ The honorific ‘o! before ‘shigoto' makes it clear that it is Mr Tanaka's work that is the subject of the question Ever humble, we do not apply the honorific ’o' to ourselves

When Mr Tanaka answers the question and then asks

‘Sumisu-san wa? the use of ‘anata wa’ is avoided by using the person's name This method of using the person's name, role or title in place of anata is very common:

O-toosan wa ikimasu ka

bt)šAl3fi3 +

[Father,] are you going?

Kachoo wa irasshaimasu ka,

RRM bo Leh eta

[Boss,] are you going?

Sensei wa irasshaimasu ka

BELO bo LevEtp

[Teacher,] are you going?

In the last two sentences above, the more polite verb irasshaimasu is used instead of ikimasu,

The word anata is used between lovers and by a wife to

address her husband In these instances anata evokes a sense of intimacy:

”

Gapanese Language Tusights 2

Anata wa doo,

ái

How are you feeling, dear?

Anata in this instance may be abbreviated to anta In relation

to this use of anata, the words for she (kanojo) and he (kare)

have also taken on intimate connotations, Kanojo may be used to

tefer to one's girl friend and kare to one's boy friend or lover

In this regard words may not need to be used By having only

the little finger sticking out with all other fingers closed indicates

girl friend and thumb for boy friend, ‘Thus an office worker may

be answering a telephone call and telling a colleague that the call

is for her By having his thumb up, he is indicating that the

colleague's boy friend is on the line

As with watakushi (I), while anata (you) is not often used,

there are again many words that mean 'you' in Japanese

“The opposite of boku is the masculine use of kimi (you) which

is a word at the non-polite level For example, among some

friends at a snack bar, one male might ask another:

‘A: Kimi, nani ni suru?

For me, sandwiches and coffee

O-mae may be used to address the listener ‘This word started

at the polite level but now has changed to take on an abrupt

Another less frequently used word for you is kisama

To distinguish between the singular 'you' from the plural 'you

{all}, the ending -tachi may be added giving anata-tachi A more polite form is anara-gata,

While uchi is used to refer to one's family or home, the equivalent for ‘your family’ is o-taku or more politely o-raku- sama, where the honorific ‘o' has been prefixed to taku (home):

Otaku wa dochira desu ka

BELEESTTD Where do you live? (lit, Where is our house?)

To avoid the use of anata in telephone conversations we would use sochira:

Sochira wa donata desu ka?

ZEOILECRCTH

Whoo is speaking? (lit who i it on that side?) Again, as with watakushi, drop the ‘anata wa' part of your statements and you will sound much more natural in Japanese

‘The above represents a greeting on meeting a friend as

typically taught in books ‘This conversation is rarely used and

unfortunately is wrong on many counts Firstly as we have

discussed in chapters 1 and 2, both anata and watakushi should

normally riot be included in the statements

However the use of genki is also generally not appropriate

Genki carries with it the meaning of vitality, high spirits, strength

and health So when we say:

‘Ano kodomo wa genki nee

A: O-genki deshita ka,

BEAT LIED»

How have you been?

A: O-genki soo desu nee

BERTITT AL»

You seem to be well

An appropriate reply to the above questions is:

B: O-kage sama de

Papauese Language Insights 3

I is also quite usual to comment on the weather:

Az O-hayoo gozaimasu

BULITCEHET

Good morning

B: O-hayoo Ti o-tenki desu nee

BILEF OOBRATT RA

Morning Beautiful day isn't it?

We must also exercise caution on parting Sayonara as

commonly taught may not be appropriate ‘This word has the

connotation that the parting is likely to be a long one In this

sense it is more akin to the French adieu So when we bid a

friend sayonara that person may wonder why we are not

expecting to see that person again for a long while

A parting between friends may go as follows:

‘A: Sore jaa

ENted

Well, till then

B: Jaa mata

Lebar

See you again

Other expressions are:

Til have to be going soon

Dewa, shitsurei shimasu

Cit, RLLAT

Til take my leave (tit, Tl be rude [and leave})

Between office colleagues, a different parting may be used

At the end of day in the office the following parting may be exchanged between Ms Smith, who is leaving first, and Mr

Other expressions for parting may be used to wish someone well:

Ki o-tsukete!

REDWT!

Take care (e.g be careful in driving)

19

Gapanere Language Insights 3

O-genki de!

BAT!

Good health (good luck),

At home, the following exchange is quite usual between the

person leaving and the person remaining at home:

Please do so (go and return),

On retuming home, the following exchange is spoken

between the person returning and the person at home:

‘The names of these men were:

What, Why, When, How, Where and Who

We can do no better than to enlist the assistance of the Japanese cousins of these serving men, our interrogative words:

Nani, Naze, Itsu, Doo, Doko and Dare

Nani (%¢ (2, {8]) or in its clipped form nan (4 A fa) is

the interrogative word for what Every student of the Japanese language would have come across nan (% A, ) in questions of

the sort:

Kore wa nan desu ka, CHEATHAM o

at

Gapauese Language Insights 4

What is this?

Nani spoken softly is a response that requests further

information:

What (is it) ?

Spoken with a short harsh voice, it indicates irritation When

nan or nani is combined with a counter it forms a question about

the number of the object:

Nan gatsu desu ka

ACTA

What month is it?

Nan nin desu ka

(ATTA o

How many people?

Naze (2g #) asks why When naze is used to precede a

statement, it changes the statement to one of a question of the

reason for the statement:

Kodomo ga naite imasu

FET TOETF o

‘The child is crying

Naze kodomo ga naite imasu ka

CEFR THEFT Do

Why is the child crying?

A more Spon way to ask for the reason is dooshite (& 3

LC) which can be translated as why or how come

22

What, Why, When (Maue ) Dooshite kodomo ga naite imasu ka

EF LTFHRAMY THETD

How come (why) the child is crying?

tsu (WD) asks when

Itsu kikoku shimasu ka

WOH LET zo

When will you be returning for your home country?

Doo (¥ 7 ) asks how

Doo desu ka

EF CT Ms How is it?

Doo shimasu ka

LILETH, How should I do it?

In the above sentences, doo can be replaced by the equivalent interrogative word ikaga (V3 2p")

‘To ask for the price of an item, ikura (\> ¢ £5 ) is used Mado ni iru ko-inu wa ikura desu ka

BEVSHRAMC OCT

How much is that doggy in the window?

Doko (E = )is used for questions related to place

Doko de kaimashita ka

EOCRVELED

Where did you buy it?

Papancse Language Insights 4

A variant of doko is dochira, meaning in which direction

‘On leaving one’s house, it is quite common to be accosted by a

neighbor with the question:

Dochira e ikimasu ka

#bb^fràk+3!

Where (which way) are you going?

‘Two standard evasive replies to this are:

Chotto dekakemasu

2 v TẾm gọng ouL

Chotto (soko made)

broke (FLET )o

Out (to there)

Dare (72 #1) can be used to ask about a person:

‘Ano hito wa dare desu ka

HOAULENTTH

Who is that person?

A more polite form for dare is donata (¥ % 72) The above

question can be asked even more politely as follows, with hito

being replaced by the more polite donata: f {

‘Ano kata wa donata desu ka

HOHILELRTITH

‘Who is that person?

‘When ka is added to these interrogative words, the words

take on an indefinite meaning:

Examples of usage are:

Nani ka nomimono o kudasai

AIDMKAME CHEW

Please give me something to drink

Naze ka (naze da ka ) kanashiku narimashita

2h ( wre ILC EN EL Somehow (I don't know why), T became sad

Itsu ka nihon ni ikitai desu

‘What has happened (somehow) to you?

Doko ka shizuka na tokoro e ikimasen ka

EMBED EIANTSA SAD

Shall we go to somewhere that’s quiet?

Dare ka tasukete

721L? L} TC ›

Help me, somebody!

Dare ka kara denwa ga arimashita, TEND 6 Bik HY ELI»

‘There was a phone call from someone

Papauese Language Insights

When mo (% ) is added to most of these interrogative words,

the meaning changes based on the following verb With a

positive verb, a meaning of every is conveyed With a negative

verb, a meaning of no/none/never is conveyed Mo does not

‘combine with interrogative words in all cases The more usual

combinations are shown in the following table,

Nanimo 7/2 ¥ - Nothing (anything)

HMsumo vs 4 | Every dime (always) | No time (never)

Doomo 2 5 4 - Not at all

Doko mo Y= & | Everywhere ‘Nowhere (anywhere)

Dare mo 7271 % | Everyone No one (nobody)

Note that the combination naze mo is not used

Examples of usage of interrogative words with mo are:

Kesa nani mo tabemasen deshita,

SMCIRLANEUATLE

did not eat anything this morning

Itsu mo chooshoku ni toosuto o tabemasu

WOOMMEb-AbLERKET

Talways have toast for breakfast

Itsu mo chooshoku wa tabemasen

What, Why, When (Nant )

Doko mo hito ga oozei imashita

ECRAMKBOE LI

There were lots of people everywhere

Kinoo wa doko ni mo ikimasen deshita, SOFIE CK STEEUATLE

I did not go anywhere yesterday

Dare de mo miru koto ga dekimasu

ANTHORSZCEMTEET

Everyone can see it

Dare mo miru koto ga dekimasen

ILS RSCEMCREMA’

Nobody can see it

27

Chapter §

Counting kazoekata

WIT

‘There are two ways to count in Japanese One way comes

originally from the Japanese and the other from Chinese

The days of the month are counted as follows, with exceptions for the Ist, 14th and 20th days of the month:

Tsuitachi, futsuka, mikka, yokka, itsuka, muika, nanoka, yooka, kokonoka, tooka,

ju-ichi-nichi, jum ni-juu-ichi-nicti

osuushi, Bh & fi ) is used to specify the type of object being

enumerated ‘To ask for 3 sheets of paper we would say:

Kami o san-mai kudasai

MEK SW (Please) give me 3 sheets of paper:

Gapanese Language Insights 5

‘There are many counters for various types of objects and a

sample is given here

Counter | Type of object | Example Exceptions

pabu, ‘months of the year

ka days of the month | from 1-10, Ast: tsuitachi

> # and 14 Deb th: juuyokka

tw itom

Ken WA ñouex buildinas

ko ‘small objects ‘apples

mai] ast in, la objects | paper, amps

‘nichi days of the month | from 11 to 31 14th: juu-yokka

nb 20th: haisuka tpi kom

For counters that begin with h such as hiki and hon, there is

an euphonic change with 1, 3, 6, 8 and 10 ‘Thus the enumeration

with hon would be as follows:

In counting days of the month, two counters are used, ka and nichi ‘The first 10 days use ka, with an exception for the lạt day which is called tsuitachi, From the 11th day onwards, nichi is used with exceptions for the 14th and 20th days are known as juw-yokka and hatsuka respectively

Sai is used to count the age of a person ‘Thus gosai is five years old There is also an exception for one's 20th year, hhatachi, the coming of age year for the Japanese,

The use of wa to count birds gives rise to the following interesting tongue twister where the third ni wa refers to the counter

Niwa ni wa ni wa niwatori ga iru

Hiiscbkbt DHS

An the garden there are two chickens

ar

japanese consider the numbers 4 and 9 to be unlucky as

‘shi, cari also refer to death while 9, kx, can also mean pain or

suffering

In counting the traditional unit is not thousands but ten

thousands A ten thousand unit is known as man, and this gives

rise to the following counting system

hyaku man [HIT 100,000 | one million

sen man SEO, 1000,0000

‘chi oku —# 1,0000,0000 | one hundred million

[ju oku Tis 10,0000,0000 | one billion

hyaku oku_ | #4 100,0000,0000,

sen oku -Tf#[ _ 1000.000.0000

itchoo =36 | 1,0000,0000,0000 | one trillion

‘Thus ten thousand is counted as one man (one ten-thousand

unit) and one man man is one oku

Because of the many similar sounds for different words

(homonyms) in Japanese, this allows some fun in puns with

numbers A Department Store known as Ishibashi (Stonebridge)

hhas chosen 1484 as their store sign as this number 1-4-8-4 can be

read i-shicha-shi, A fast food store chain called Golden Sunrise

sign themselves as 5 K > 3.7 4 A% with a mixture of

numbers and katakana which can be read as go-don-san-rai-su

Chapter 6

Expressions

hyoogen

In this chapter we will look at some interesting expressions,

exclamations, phrases and buzz-words, To begin, some

exclamations of surprise are:

Honto (EAE Really?

Uso 3% (LY You're kidding! (Its a lie)

Are(mas) i |! Ohl, My!

The up arrow indicates a rising tone at the end of the word

and the down arrow indicates a falling tone Note that some

exclamations are used more by women and others by men

Women tend to lengthen the ending, for example: hee, maa

where the ending sounds are lengthen in exaggerated emphasis,

Other words to express one’s opinion or impressions are:

Hai lt ‘Yes, Tagree

Be az Ww ‘Yes, I agree

Naruhodo AIRED ‘Oh, I see!

Soo desu ka #3) e‡z(b Is that so? (Really?)

Soo desu ne Z257TtAW Tagree

Soodeshoone #53 CLE Fda () Yes,Iguess sơ

Oya oya BBR Oh dear!

Naruhodo has the meaning of ‘really, indeed’ It has a sense of coming to understand something with a bit of surprise at the result ‘Naruhodo, Nihongo’ is the title for this book as we

38

Dapauese Language Insights 6

wanted to impart a sense of 'Oh, I see - that’s Japanese! or ‘Of

course, it's Japanese!’ There is a popular Japanese TV quiz

show that is titled 'Naruhodo, the World’ Contestants are shown

some weird and wonderful things from around the world and they

have to guess what they are ‘There is the element of surprise at

the revelation

‘The following words may be used to gain attention:

Moshi moshi § L.} L Excuse me (hello!)

Chotto Ð+k 2È Excuse me (A moment.,)

Nee (fem) tad Excuse me (You know )

Hora (a5 Look!, Listen!

Moshi moshi (hello!) is used over the telephone to gain

attention Nee is feminine and both ne and nee are considered

impolite and should be used in informal situations only Kore

and oi are also informal and to be used amongst friends and

colleagues only Hora may be used to direct one's attention to

something:

Hora, koko desu

6 cotT

Look! it's right here

‘When doing things in a group, the following expressions may

be useful Wasshoi, wasshoi can be heard from the people

carrying the portable shrine (omikoshi) to the temple at their local

festival

Yooidon £FWEA — Let’sgo

Wasshoi 2 Le ts Heave ho!

‘Tsumaranai mono desu ga

DEHCORNTTHA

Please accept this small gift

O-kuchi ni aimasen deshoo ga,

Yapanese Language Musights 6

Kampai!

PAL |

Cheers! (Bottoms up!)

Sorosoro shitsurei shimasu

ZALALMULET

Tl be leaving soon,

Gomen kudasai is used at the door to announce one's

presence, On handing a gift over, the expression tswmaranai

mono desu ga is used to indicate that the gift is a small, tifling

and worthless (tsumaranai) thing only If the gift is edible, then

o-kuchi ni aimasen deshoo ga may be used instead to indicate

that it may not be agrecable to one’s taste Such is the level of

humbleness

Before partaking of food, itadakimasu is said aloud

Gochisoosama deshita expresses thanks for the meal Literally it

means that one (sama - to address a person) has been the

recipient of the meal, treat or feast (chisoo)

Kampait is the expression to offer a toast on drinking

To indicate that one will be leaving soon, we can say

sorosoro shitsurei shimasu which means "very shortly, I'll be

rade [and leave]”

Probably the one word which is most useful is doomo

Doomo is used in combination to express "thank you", "excuse

I'm sorry to have bothered you

Doom shitsurei shimashita

EF RLMMPLELK

I'm sorry to have been rude (in taking your time etc)

Doom by itself comes from "doo mo" meaning how ever, in all ways, Thus adding doomo to arigatoo gozaimasu (thank you) makes it a profuse thank you

As doomo is used for emphasis in these expressions, very often one can get by by just saying “doomo, The situation will determine if one meant “thank you", "excuse me" or "sorry"!

A very common expression that one is bound to hear is:

Gambatte (kudasai)

WAEs TRE

Hang in there! (Keep it up!)

This expression is used when friends or colleagues exhort one to keep at it or to try harder So when your Japanese studies seem to be painstakingly slow, gambatte ne!