B2 This page has been downloaded from www macmillaneducationeverywhere com Photocopiable © Macmillan Education Limited 2021 1 of 18 Workbook audio script UNIT 1 Reading, p5 2 01 The end of school dile[.]
Trang 1UNIT 1
Reading, p5
2 01
The end-of-school dilemma
The school subjects you choose in Years 11 and 12 may
affect the rest of your life and choosing a good balance
will keep your future job options open But how can
you know which subjects to choose? At this age, many
students still don’t know what they want to study at
university (or if they will go at all) or what kind of job
they want to do So in this article, we will try to give
some tips for those of you facing these choices
1 If you have a particular job in mind or know what you
want to study at university, carry out some research
to find out what qualifications you need However,
a word of warning – don’t narrow your choices too
much This way you can change your mind later on
2 Think about what type of person you are and what
you enjoy doing the most If you take these things
into account, learning will be less of a struggle Make
a list of skills you have learnt outside school and think
of jobs related to them Find out from your friends,
family and teachers what they think you are good at
Being successful is a great way of staying motivated
3 Ask advice from a government services careers
adviser They’ll have your best interests at heart and
may have some very useful tips to give you
4 Don’t rush into a decision It’s a very important one
and it’s best not to get it wrong One approach is to
make a list of all the subjects that you like and then
write down the advantages and disadvantages of
each one You’ll often find that this helps you make
the right choices
5 There are also lots of things you shouldn’t do Here
are just a few:
• Don’t take a subject because your friends are
taking it You’ll have plenty of time to see them
outside classes
• Don’t take a subject because you like the teacher
Later on, you’ll probably have other teachers who
you may not like as much!
• Don’t choose a subject because there isn’t much
homework or there aren’t too many assignments
It’s possible that they will increase
• Finally, don’t let negative stereotypes stop you
from studying the career you have chosen
Good luck!
Developing vocabulary and listening, p7
3 and 4 02
Presenter: Hi, and welcome to today’s education podcast
Not many students like doing exams, but some exams are
more stressful than others Here to tell us about one of the
most difficult exams in the world is James Harding James,
what is this exam and where do students do it?
James: Well, it’s called Gaokao or ‘High Exam’, and it’s the exam that students do in China at the end of their final year at high school
Presenter: How does it work?
James: Well, it takes place over two or three days and includes exams in Chinese, maths and a foreign language, usually English, but it can also be in other languages Then there are also separate exams for students who want to
do a science degree They do exams in physics, chemistry and biology, while arts students do exams in history, geography and political education
Presenter: And why is it important?
James: Well, it basically decides which university a student can go to, like in other countries, but it can determine what kind of job they get in the future, too
So getting a good mark is incredibly important for students There’s enormous pressure on them from society and their families to do well
Presenter: And how do they prepare for the exam?
James: Well, the year before the exam, high schools often dedicate all their time to teaching for the exam and there are specialised schools, too Parents pay a lot of money for their kids to go to these schools and, sometimes, a parent takes time off work to help them study as well
Presenter: So what are these specialised schools like? James: They’re incredibly strict There’s no free time
to go swimming or play football, or do the things that teenagers normally do Students have just one day off
a month and it’s quite normal to start the day at 5.30
in the morning and study until about ten o’clock at night There are no mobile phones and there are even cameras in the classrooms to make sure they work hard Presenter: That’s amazing! I can’t imagine anything like that here
James: No, exactly Then about ten million students start this exam on the same day and it’s like the whole country stops! Traffic stops near where the exams take place and people don’t listen to loud music or make a noise in case it disturbs the students
Presenter: How do the students cope with the pressure? James: Well, it’s difficult and sometimes they’re too tired or stressed to concentrate There’s some debate about the exam itself, too, because the students learn
a lot of information, but they don’t necessarily learn to think about things in a critical way And the other thing
is that they tend to specialise very early, so if they make
a decision to study sciences for example, they can’t change to a different subject
Presenter: Really?
James: Yes Some teachers want education to be broader instead of focussing on the exam as it is now Presenter: So do you think it will change in the future?
James: It is changing The government has agreed to
include more critical thinking in the exam and they’re considering including other things for university entrance, too, such as hobbies and things like volunteering So it is changing slowly
Trang 2Presenter: OK, well, thanks for telling us about this
exam, James It’s been very interesting
James: Thank you
Developing speaking, p9
1 03
1
Boy: So have you decided what you’re going to study
next year?
Girl: Not really, I’d rather wait and make the right decision
Boy: But you have to let the school know next week
Girl: I know, but I’d prefer not to have to decide so
quickly It’s such an important decision
Boy: Sure, but you must have some ideas What do
your parents think?
Girl: My dad wants me to study biology and chemistry,
as he wants me to become a doctor
Boy: Wow! Is that what you want?
Girl: No, definitely not! I’d prefer to become an artist
I love painting What about you?
Boy: I’m not sure yet, but something practical I prefer
doing physical work and using my hands
Girl: But don’t you want to go to university?
Boy: Not really, I’d prefer to get a job straight after school
Girl: Last year you said you wanted to be a professional
footballer
Boy: I know, but it’s so difficult to get into a club and I’d
rather do something else that I enjoy …
Girl: That sounds sensible
2
Amy: Hi, Nina Where are you going?
Nina: Hi, Amy I’m heading to the library to study Do
you want to join me?
Amy: Thanks, but I’d rather go home and study
Nina: Really? I thought we could help each other
Amy: That’s a nice idea, but I prefer studying alone
Nina: OK … well, if you change your mind you know
where I’ll be
3
Max: Hello?
Ben: Hi, Max
Max: Hi, Ben What’s up?
Ben: A group of us are going down to the shopping
centre to hang out Do you want to come?
Max: I’d love to, but I can’t
Ben: Why not?
Max: I’ve got an assignment I have to finish tomorrow
Ben: An assignment! Wouldn’t you rather be out
having fun?
Max: Of course I’d prefer to come out with you, but
I can’t
Ben: Well enjoy your assignment … Max: Hey! You know I’d prefer not to have to do it, but … Ben? Ben?
2 04
Boy: So have you decided what you’re going to study next year?
Girl: Not really, I’d rather wait and make the right decision
Boy: But you have to let the school know next week Girl: I know, but I’d prefer not to have to decide so quickly It’s such an important decision
Boy: Sure, but you must have some ideas What do your parents think?
Girl: My dad wants me to study biology and chemistry,
as he wants me to become a doctor
Boy: Wow! Is that what you want?
Girl: No, definitely not! I’d prefer to become an artist
I love painting What about you?
Boy: I’m not sure yet, but something practical I prefer doing physical work and using my hands
Girl: But don’t you want to go to university?
Boy: Not really, I’d prefer to get a job straight after school
Girl: Last year you said you wanted to be a professional footballer
Boy: I know, but it’s so difficult to get into a club and I’d rather do something else that I enjoy …
Girl: That sounds sensible
5 05
1 I’d rather wait to make the decision
2 I prefer doing my homework at the weekend
3 I’d rather not go to university
4 They’d prefer I got a job straight after school
5 I prefer not to have to study maths
6 06
1 Would you prefer to go to university or get a job when you finish school?
2 Would you rather study alone or with other students?
3 Which subject do you prefer at school?
4 Would you rather have exams at the end of the year
or continuous assessment?
5 Do you prefer doing your homework during the week
or at the weekend?
Trang 3UNIT 2
Reading, p13
2 07
Unusual jobs
It’s often difficult to decide on the job you’d like to do
when you’re young Do you choose a job because you are
good at a particular subject at school or because the pay
is good? Maybe you can turn your hobby into your career
Or would you rather follow in your parents’ footsteps?
Alternatively, you could choose an unusual job And there
are plenty out there! Here are three surprising jobs some
people do Is one of them right for you?
This sounds too perfect to be true What person,
especially a teenager, doesn’t like to sleep? And there
are different versions of the job to choose from The
two most common are to test products before they go
on sale or for scientific research Companies that make
things like mattresses and pillows want people to try
them out and write reports And the Hotel Finn in Helsinki
paid someone to sleep in different rooms so they could
provide their guests with the perfect night’s sleep
On the other hand, scientists are usually interested
in sleep patterns and not the actual products Space
agencies like NASA in the US or DLR in Germany hire
people to stay in bed for as long as 70 days as part of an
experiment to study the effects of lying still for a long
time It sounds like a great job, but would you really want
to lie down doing nothing for more than two months?
There are also other downsides to the job Quite often,
scientific studies only go on for a short time, for example
two or three weeks, so the job doesn’t last long
Millions of golf balls are lost every year on golf courses
around the world and many of these go into water
features like lakes The job of a golf-ball diver is to dive
to the bottom of the lakes and collect all the lost balls
They get 8–10 cents for most of their recycled golf balls
and up to $2 for the Titleist Pro V1, the ‘Rolls-Royce’
of golf balls It looks like the perfect job for someone
who likes diving and working outdoors, but a word of
caution – many of the lakes are cold and dark, and it
can be difficult to see very much because of the mud at
the bottom You could also face other hazards, such as
snakes! Does it sound like fun now?
OK, here are two words you are definitely familiar with:
‘food’ and ‘stylist’, but together? When people hear the
word ‘stylist’, they usually think of clothes or hair Well,
look carefully the next time you see a picture of food in a
magazine, a cookbook or an advert Is that really what it
will look like if you cook it? The answer is probably not
So, food stylists try to make the food look as good as
possible before it is photographed They do this in a
number of ways, including spraying it with a mixture of
water and sugar so it catches the light, or even using
things like fake butter or ice cream rather than the real
thing! To become a food stylist, you need a degree in
culinary studies, attention to detail and a lot of creativity!
Developing vocabulary and listening, p15
3 and 4 08
My name’s Kim and I’m 15 years old I recently heard a talk given by a woman called Lizzie Hodgson where she was talking about something called ‘jigsaw’ careers I remember talking to my parents about what I could do
as a career and my dad was quite upset that I hadn’t decided yet He kept telling me it was important, because you needed to know what work you would like to do and that I shouldn’t put off making a decision However,
I think it’s very different today to when he was young
He started as a police constable in uniform working at a local station He stayed with them and was promoted a number of times and now he’s a senior police officer, so he’s been working in the same career all his life
Anyway, when I was listening to Lizzie, she said she’d had 35 jobs in 33 years and I thought, ‘Wow! That’s a lot!’ The idea is that today people don’t have a ‘job for life’ – they have different jobs as they go through life and that finding opportunities that will take us to the next stage in our lives is like doing a jigsaw puzzle So it’s about gaining experiences and learning from every job you do, and then taking those skills and lessons with you to the next job
So, for Generation Z and Millennials, the face of work is changing It isn’t uncommon to change jobs every few years, and people don’t see it as something negative In fact, it makes sense that as we grow older, things change and evolve If we’re stuck in the same job, there’s less room for growth Now, I know some people will point out that Lizzie Hodgson works in a creative industry and that other jobs are different, but I disagree Sure, working
in something like advertising or films and TV isn’t the same as the type of job my mum and dad do, but with technology, all jobs are changing
Again, my mum asked me, ‘What happens if you take
a job you don’t enjoy?’ and my answer was simple,
‘I’ll look for another one, but in the meantime I’ll try
to get the most out of the job I’m doing.’ When I was telling her what I thought, I was again reminded of one of Lizzie’s ideas, which was that the jigsaw is a picture that will help you find what you love doing I can remember nodding when she spoke about this She talked about the fact that, at 44, her jigsaw picture
is only half-complete, so it’s clear that the idea is that work experiences are an ongoing process So, although I’m still at school, I’m trying to think about what jobs I can do in my holidays that will help me start my jigsaw I want to do something that will give me a new experience and hopefully help in the future, but I’m not too worried about it anymore I just need to put myself out there to find out what I’m good at
It’s also good not to feel any pressure and know that I’m not the only young person who isn’t sure about what they want to do in five years’ time, let alone later in life So, next time my parents start asking me what I’m going to do for the rest of my life I think I’ll say to them,
‘Collecting as many pieces of my jigsaw as I can.’
Trang 4Developing speaking, p17
1, 2 and 3 09
Examiner: I’d like you to imagine that you are looking
into different options of how to spend your free time
Here are some ideas and a question for you to discuss
Talk to each other about how useful you think these
ways of spending time are
Girl: Right, let’s look at the options Mmm, for me,
I think learning a language is a good way to spend your
free time What do you think?
Boy: I suppose so, but I spend all my time at school
learning, so I really don’t want to spend my own time
doing the same thing
Girl: I see what you mean I just think it’s good to do
something that will help you in the future
Boy: Yes, you’re right But I still want to do something
different What about volunteering? That’s useful if
you want to go to university or if you apply for a job
Do you agree?
Girl: That’s a good idea Let’s look at the other
options. Travelling?
Boy: Sure, but travelling costs money and as a
teenager, I don’t have much of that
Girl: Ah, OK What do you think about working? At least
you get to earn money
Boy: Maybe, but I need some time for myself After
school, it’s important to have time just to relax
Girl: I agree up to a point, but I still think you need to
do something useful in your free time
Examiner: OK Now you have about a minute to decide
which of the ways of spending time you think is the
most useful
Girl: So, I think we agreed that travelling could be good,
but too expensive and you didn’t want to spend all your
free time working or studying …
Boy: That’s true So I think volunteering is the best;
that way you also have some time to relax Don’t you
think so?
Girl: Yes I think you’re right
5 10
1 Do you agree?
2 I suppose so, but
3 Yes, you’re right
4 What do you think about …?
5 That’s a good idea
6 11
1 Learning a language can be difficult Do you agree?
2 I think it’s good to earn some money in your free
time What about you?
3 What do you think about volunteering?
4 What about relaxing and having fun after you’ve
finished your exams?
5 Travelling is too expensive for most teenagers Don’t
you agree?
UNIT 3
Reading, p23
2 12
The outer edge of tourism
In 2001, Dennis Tito, an American entrepreneur, became the first person to pay to go into space and, in effect, become the first ever space tourist Since then, only a further seven people have paid to go into space That is set to change and space tourism will become a reality for more than just a handful of people
A number of companies are now racing against each other to see which will be the first commercial company with a doable space programme One question we need
to ask is: what does going into space mean? In 2018, Virgin Galactic sent its SpaceShipTwo aircraft with pilots Rick Sturkcrow and Mark Stucky to the outer edges of the atmosphere But, in the future, is that going to be enough for space tourists or will they want to go further? Over the next few years, the race to send tourists into space is going to escalate We know this because there are at least three companies already selling tickets for flights they hope will take off in the near future At the moment, one of the biggest obstacles to space tourism is the cost, but this is going to come down, just as the cost of flying is much cheaper than it was
in the past And, as other companies enter this new space race, this will force the price of tickets down The Director of Aerospace Operations at
Spaceport America, Dr Bill Gutman, thinks that the breakthrough will come when reusable space vehicles are invented Such technology will not only reduce the costs, but will lead to an increase in the number
of launches Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX, is planning
to take people to the moon and back on its Starship spacecraft and some people think that it won’t be long until people will be living on the moon
However, in a recent survey conducted by PEW Research Center in the US, half of the respondents said they didn’t think that routine space travel will actually happen in the next 50 years But if you’d asked people in the 1950s if people would land on the moon, the results would probably have been the same and that became a reality in 1969
Even if space tourism doesn’t become a reality for most people, it is still likely that many of us will benefit from the current spending and research
Virgin Galactic is investing money into developing hypersonic planes that will fly on routes connecting different cities For example, this could reduce the flying time from London to Sydney to just a few hours, rather than the current time of more than 20 hours And space tourism could change us in other ways Richard Branson, the founder of Virgin Galactic, believes that people who experience flying in space will return to Earth with a different perspective
Trang 5Imagine sitting in an airport sometime in the future and
hearing the words ‘The next moon flight leaves at 14.30
Passengers for the flight should check in at the desk
and make their way to the departure lounge.’ At the
moment, this sounds like science fiction, but what was
science fiction 50 years ago is now science fact
Developing vocabulary and listening, p25
3 and 4 13
Presenter: Today, we welcome Dr Roberta Schmidt to
the programme Dr Schmidt is here to talk about the
future of travel and tourism Welcome
Dr Schmidt: Thank you, Andrew The first thing to say
is that travel has changed a lot in the last decade and
in 2020, the world of travel is very different Things we
predicted would happen didn’t and some changes
have come about that were unexpected One reason
for this is technology There have been some amazing
advances, especially in AI – that’s artificial intelligence
Many people already realise how this is affecting their
experiences when doing things like booking holidays
online Gillian Morris, the founder of the travel app
Hitlist, has said that AI will be used to provide a more
personalised experience and that it will improve over
time, and she’s probably right about this While some
experts think that technology will have replaced most
human interaction in areas such as booking holidays,
others are not so certain I believe that there will be a
mix and that not everyone wants to rely on technology
Presenter: What do you mean?
Dr Schmidt: That for certain types of travel, for example
for business, it’s very convenient if everything can be
done online, as long as it isn’t unreliable On the other
hand, if you want a more individual travel experience,
or have very specific needs or wants, it would be nice
to be able to talk to a real person to help you with that,
without relying on technology
Presenter: I see What about how we travel?
Dr Schmidt: Well, the last few years have already seen
a big increase in things like electric vehicles and trials of
driverless cars It’s likely that, in the next decade, these
innovations will have developed beyond recognition
One thing that is going to lead to some of the biggest
changes is our concern with the environment Justin
Francis, the CEO of the online travel agency Responsible
Travel, predicts that one change will be in our choice of
destinations and another expert thinks that destinations
that currently suffer from over-tourism will definitely
see a reduction in the number of visitors, but I’m not
so sure At the moment, around 80% of the carbon
emissions from a holiday are down to the actual flight Francis predicts that governments will increase the tax
on aviation fuel and companies will try to develop new types of fuel and electric planes
Presenter: But is that realistic?
Dr Schmidt: Well, some of the big companies like Boeing and Airbus are already working on hybrid planes and in Norway the government has set a target that all flights under 90 minutes will be electric by 2040
Presenter: And what about travel into space?
Dr Schmidt: It’s not unlikely Some experts predict that
by 2030, space tourism won’t be unusual I disagree because I think it will be very expensive, so it won’t be something everyone can experience
Presenter: It sounds so improbable
Dr Schmidt Well, Elon Musk has an ambitious Moon and Mars rocket programme It could be that, by 2035, ordinary people will have been travelling into space as tourists for a number of years You have to remember that for the first 60 years or so of air travel it was only the rich who could afford to fly and now it’s available
to millions
Presenter: Thank you, Dr Schmidt I’m afraid that’s all we’ve got time for on today’s show, but it’s been very informative
Developing speaking, p27
1, 2 and 3 14
I think both photographs show people doing a hobby
In the first photograph, we can see someone on a motorbike I’m not sure if it’s a boy or a girl because they’re wearing a crash helmet From what I can see in the photo, I think the person is involved in some kind of race In the second photo, you can see that it’s a young girl I think she’s windsurfing One similarity is that the people are young One big difference is the speed they’re travelling On the one hand, I think the girl who’s windsurfing is going far more slowly than the person
on the motorbike On the other hand, it looks like that person is going quite slowly because of all the mud Another similarity is that both people are outside I think both people are happy because they enjoy what they’re doing Both activities are quite difficult to do,
so they must have practised a lot, although the girl in the second photo doesn’t look very confident Another important difference is how dangerous the activities are I think it’s quite dangerous to ride a motorbike, whereas windsurfing doesn’t look too dangerous
However, I guess it depends where you are when you
do it and whether or not you can swim
Trang 6UNIT 4
Reading, p31
2 15
Tanya’s blog
Here’s a question for you: are personality tests accurate
or are they a waste of time? My main reason for asking
this question is that I recently took a test in a popular
science magazine and it told me that I would be a good
nursery teacher I have to say, I was rather surprised as
I’ve never had any interest in working with kids and, in
fact, when my cousins were young, I used to complain
about their behaviour all the time! So do you think I
should change my career based on this personality test?
To be honest, I think I might have been better off just
reading my horoscope After all, they’re as scientific
as most personality tests, in my opinion I certainly
don’t think the human resources department of a
big company would hire someone based on their
horoscope or any other such nonsense
So I was quite interested when I found a report on
some research conducted by Northwestern University
and published by Nature Research Previously, many
scientific reports concluded that it was impossible to
classify personality types But these researchers claim
they have come up with the first scientifically accurate
approach that works The first thing that struck me
was the amount of data they had used It turns out
that they analysed the results of three different online
questionnaires answered by more than one and a half
million people Thanks to the Internet, it is now possible
to investigate using enormous amounts of data that
people give voluntarily
According to their findings, there are four distinct
personality types and most people fall into one of
these categories: average, reserved, self-centred or
role model Of course, you can probably guess from
the names that the majority of people are average, that
role models are good leaders, that reserved people are
not extroverts and that self-centred people aren’t very
pleasant to be with!
Also, the researchers found that certain groups of
people were more likely to be represented in one
category than other groups of people One such group
is young males, who are overrepresented in the
self-centred group, while adult women are noticeably
underrepresented
So, where do I sit on the reliability of personality tests,
now that I’ve read the report? Personally, I don’t think
I’ve really changed my mind Yes, the amount of data
is amazing But can we really find out about someone’s
personality by getting them to answer a series of
questions? And, even if we can, does this information
help us decide what jobs people would be suited to? Aren’t things like IQ (or intellectual intelligence) and EQ (or emotional intelligence) more important? The more I think about it, the more I think that other factors play a significantly bigger role in the career someone chooses than what kind of personality they have
Developing vocabulary and listening, p33
3 and 4 16
Welcome to my talk tonight I hope you find it useful
My name is Dr Tina Federova and I teach psychology here at the university I also carry out research into how people make decisions One area I do a lot of work in is looking at people’s personality and how this influences the type of work they do Now, I’m sure most of you have heard of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test This test categorises a person using eight different characteristics and these combine into 16 different personality types The eight different characteristics are opposites that you choose between For example, are you an introvert or
an extrovert? Do you use your feelings or do you think things through when you make decisions? Once you have selected which four are your traits, then you end
up with your overall personality type
Let me give you an example from real life This is a picture of my son, Benjamin Now Ben is definitely an extrovert As a young boy, he was a real live wire and he’s always been outgoing He is also very sensitive and friendly, and one of the most tactful people I know So his personality type according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is ESTJ – that’s extrovert, sensing, thinking and judging All good qualities, I think you’d agree When Ben finished school, he went to university and I thought he’d become a scientist or a doctor However, while he was at university, he got a part-time job working in a café After he graduated, he started working as a chef
in a local restaurant I know I sound unhappy about his decision, but I really should be very happy to have
a professional chef in the family, especially as Ben still lives at home, so he often cooks delicious meals for
us It also shows how accurate these kinds of tests are Apparently, to be a scientist, Ben’s personality type should have been very different
So, how can you find out what your personality is? The easiest way is by answering a series of questions For example, are you talkative? Do you like to be the centre
of attention or are you shy? Do you like to think things through or are you impetuous? If you answer ‘yes’ to the first question, then you are definitely an extrovert Once you have answered all the questions you can identify your personality type Now, let’s see if you can work out what characteristic a particular question might be trying
to identify: ‘Are you a sensitive person?’ Of course, if you answer ‘yes’ to this, then you follow your feelings
Trang 7In the last few years, there has been a lot of criticism
about these kinds of personality tests The biggest
problem, people argue, is that the tests aren’t very
reliable The reason they say this is because people can
give the answer they want to each question and this
can change the result However, this isn’t really a fault
with the test, so I don’t think it’s fair to say these tests
are unreliable
I’ll end my talk by giving you an example that surprised
me According to the Myers-Briggs test, the perfect
personality for a police officer is ISTP (introvert, sensing,
thinking and perceiving) This is only one characteristic
away from mine, as I am intuitive rather than sensing!
However, it isn’t a job I’ve ever thought of doing I think
I always knew I would teach
Thank you for your time We have ten minutes left for
questions if you have any
Developing speaking, p35
1, 2 and 3 17
In this presentation, I’m going to talk about Amal
Clooney At the age of two, she had to leave her home
country because of a civil war and is now a barrister
who has worked on many important court cases She is
fluent in English, Arabic and French
I’d like to begin by saying that although she is married
to a famous actor, she deserves to be famous in her
own right She uses her position to do things to help
people who aren’t as fortunate as she is
It’s important to remember that she has frequently
defended people and governments in the European
Court of Human Rights The United Nations has
appointed her to help resolve international conflicts
between countries and to investigate abuses of human
rights She also officially advised the British government
on global media freedom
It is also true that she is a respected teacher and has
given classes in the prestigious Columbia Law School
Human Rights Institute and has taught international
criminal law at several other important universities
Another thing is that she became famous outside of
legal circles She won Barbara Walters’ Most Fascinating
Person Award in 2015 and in 2019, Prince Charles created
and named a prize after her called the Amal Clooney
Award, which will be given to young women who do
outstanding work in their communities
In short, Amal Clooney is an inspiration to me for her
dedication to helping fight for a better world
4 18
1 I’d like to begin by saying that
2 It’s important to remember that …
3 It’s also true that …
4 Another thing is that
5 In short,
UNIT 5
Reading, p41
2 19
The richest kids around
To be a millionaire, you don’t have to be old In fact, an increasing number of young people, some who haven’t even reached their teenage years, are joining the rich elite of the world Of course, some of these kids were born into rich families and often received their wealth For example, by the time she was seven years old, Blue Ivy Carter’s family was already estimated to have
a fortune of over $1 billion, but then she is the daughter
of two of the richest musicians in the world: Beyoncé and Jay-Z Another example of kids born into money are the son and daughter of Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, and his wife Melinda However, other kids have made their money all by themselves Here are just a few examples of some of those self-made millionaires
Today, a lot of money seems to be made in the area of technological innovations, but not so in the case of Alina Morse This young entrepreneur launched her company, Zollipops®, in 2014 and in the next five years built up
a fortune of over $2 million! So, what is Zollipops?
It’s a company that makes sugar-free lollipops and donates profits to schools for dental health education Combining food with health is definitely one sweet way
to make money and help the world
In the case of Akshay Ruparelia, technology certainly played a role in how he made money, but his idea was linked to another area where people often get rich – property Ruparelia was still at school when he started
an online estate agency His idea allows him to take advantage of not having a physical office, but rather to use the Internet This means he is able to charge less for selling someone’s home and has helped make him one of the richest people in the UK
Now, when it comes to using technology, Syed Sumail Hassan found a new way to make money This young man hasn’t designed a new app or used the Internet
in the same way as Ruparelia Hassan has turned his hobby into his career He started playing computer games at the age of seven In 2015, he became the youngest person to win over $1 million in prize money when he won an international event Imagine winning
that much money for just playing a computer game!
Another youngster who made millions doing something she loves is Jackie Evancho By the age of ten, Jackie had already become a household name in many countries, with millions of people watching her participate in America’s Got Talent In the following
decade, she recorded ten award-winning albums, sang
in many benefit concerts and galas to raise money for NGOs, performed in the Cirque du Soleil and still finds time to spend with her family
Trang 8Finally, Australian Ben Pasternak made his first million
in a slightly more traditional way – by inventing
something His first idea was an app called Impossible
Rush, which was top of the app charts Since then,
Pasternak has come up with a number of other apps
and in 2016, he was included in Time Magazine’s list
of most influential teenagers A year later, he started
Monkey, which is a video-chat app for teens
So, these five young people show that you don’t always
need to be born into a rich family to be a millionaire
Sometimes, all it takes is a great idea and the ability to
could make you rich one day and also make the world a
better place!
Developing vocabulary and listening, p43
4 and 5 20
Presenter: Hello, and welcome to the history podcast
In today’s society, money is a necessary part of living
We work to earn a salary, we calculate how much we
need to get by, we set aside a certain amount for our
old age and we occasionally splash out on the things
we really want For most of us, money is central to our
lives, and whether the currency is cows, cocoa beans or
cash, I think we can safely say that that has always been
the case
But today I’d like to take you back in time, back to
the 1300s and to a small indigenous tribe living in the
highlands of Peru This was the origin of the great Inca
Empire, which in the 15th and 16th centuries became
the largest empire South America had ever known It
was a civilisation rich in food, textiles, cocoa and gold
But one of the many mysterious facts about the empire
is that it operated without money In fact, it may be the
only advanced civilisation in history that had no money
and no commerce of any kind William Stevens has
been studying the Inca for over 30 years
William: Of course, we don’t know exactly why the
empire developed the way it did It may have been
for many different reasons But we know that the Inca
Empire was very rich It was so rich that it could afford
to have hundreds of people who were specialised in
agricultural techniques, and that might have been
the key to their success We know that they built farms
on the side of mountains and chose crops that would
grow in the temperatures at different altitudes They
had sophisticated irrigation methods to transport water
where it was needed In fact, we think that they were
able to grow more food than they actually needed
Presenter: So here we have a population of about
12 million people all living without money There were
no shops or markets and, without these, there was no
buying or selling of goods Yet this was a civilisation
that built enormous pyramids and temples, and
places like the great Machu Picchu The cities were
as large as any European city, and archaeological remains show that they must have been cleaner, more organised and better places to live All of this was connected by a system of roads that covered almost 40,000 kilometres – that’s about three times the diameter of the Earth So how did they do it?
William: From what we know, the government controlled everything Instead of paying taxes in money, the Inca people worked for the state In exchange for their work, they received all the necessities of life That included food, tools and clothes and care for the elderly and the sick
Presenter: But how did this rich and sophisticated culture develop without inventing money? This is one
of the questions that scientists and historians who study the Incas are trying to answer Lucy Roberts has written
a book about it
Lucy: We believe it could have been because the Inca people dedicated all of their efforts to agriculture rather than economics This is a region with an unpredictable climate The Wari, a previous civilisation, had probably already disappeared because of a lack of rain The Inca knew that if they had another period like that, they wouldn’t be able to grow food and that was a danger to their survival So food was their money and the extra that they produced allowed them to control other territories
Presenter: Eventually, it wasn’t the weather but disease brought to the continent by European invaders that was their downfall Still, the Inca people were able
to develop one of the greatest empires in history without ever spending a cent!
Developing speaking, p45
1 and 2 21
Let me think … both photos show young people working In the first photo, you can see a young woman and I think she is delivering pizza I don’t think I’d like to
do that job, but some of my friends have similar jobs In the second photo, the young man in the middle of the picture might be learning about a job I think the older man is his teacher In the background, there are some tools or other items for them to use One similarity is that all the people are touching or holding things
In my opinion, the young woman in the first picture is trying to earn some extra cash, whereas in the second picture, the young man might not be paid any money Personally, I can understand the situation in both photos Well … when you’re young it’s good to have your own money to spend It’s also a good idea to learn new skills
4 22
1 In the background, I can see two men
2 In the second photo, there’s a young woman
Trang 9UNIT 6
Reading, p49
3 23
The world catches cold
Trying to define exactly what it is can be tricky One
clue is that the word comes from the combination of
the Greek words for ‘all’ and ‘people’ So a pandemic is
a disease that affects the whole world The difference
with an epidemic is that, even though it can be serious,
an epidemic is usually confined to one city, country or
region For example, Ebola isn’t a pandemic – its spread
is limited to Central and West Africa Also, a pandemic is
often caused by a new strain of a virus This is what can
make a disease incredibly unpredictable, because at
first there are no vaccines to protect people
Over the centuries, there have been a number of
pandemics, including the bubonic plague in the 14th
century, cholera in the early 20th century and Covid-19 in
the 21st century One of the most important pandemics
was the so-called Spanish flu, which struck between 1918
and 1920 This strain of influenza infected around a third
of the entire global population Although scientists are
not certain where the Spanish flu originated, it seems to
have started in the United States
The World Health Organisation (WHO) is responsible for
keeping track of possible pandemics They use a scale
of six phases, or stages, that helps them work out how
severe a possible pandemic might be In phase one, for
example, although the virus may be circulating among
animals, there are no cases of human infection Once a
human becomes infected, we are in stage two, and so
on The change from one stage to another is not based
on how many people are sick or the degree to which they
are ill, but rather on how quickly the disease spreads
from one area or country to another If the outbreak of a
virus or disease remains in one particular location, it is an
epidemic It is only when there have been outbreaks of
the virus in several countries that we reach stage six and
we can classify the disease as a pandemic
Contact between people causes the transmission
of many diseases This is why there are some basic
precautions people should take in order to prevent the
spread of an illness or virus Of course, when a vaccine
exists, vaccination is the sensible first step But there
are other basic steps that you can take, like covering
your mouth and nose if you cough or sneeze, keeping
your distance if you are ill and frequently washing your
hands It might sound crazy, but many people only wash
their hands after using the toilet It’s important to wash
your hands far more often, for example, before you
prepare food, after treating a wound and after taking
the rubbish out Finally, if you stay fit and healthy, you
stand a much better chance of not becoming ill, and if
you are unfortunate enough to become ill, you will be
strong enough to fight the virus and recover
Experts believe that, in today’s world, we are very susceptible to pandemics We all know that one thing that makes pandemics a real danger is the speed at which they may spread International travel facilitates this quick spread To this, we can now add people’s increased resistance to antibiotics and the number of viruses which appear to be jumping species – that is to say, which spread from animals to humans
Developing vocabulary and listening, p51
3 and 4 24
Martina: Hi, Ana, are you here for the class?
Ana: Hi, Martina! Yes, I am I’ve heard it’s really good Martina: Mmm, I’m not sure if good is the word I’d use It’s certainly intense!
Ana: So how does it work, exactly?
Martina: Well, it’s a combination of yoga and a gym workout There are elements of yoga, but these are used in between the high-intensity exercises as a way
of relaxing
Ana: So, the yoga is a way of relaxing?
Martina: Well, I’m not sure how easy it is to relax sometimes The teacher often gets us to do fairly complicated poses and I feel quite stressed after those Ana: Yes, but yoga focusses on other parts of your body, doesn’t it?
Martina: That’s right, and on your mind as well
Ana: That’s exactly what I need Are you taking any other classes?
Martina: Yes, I’m still doing spinning in the morning twice a week and Aqua Zumba
Ana: Now there’s something I couldn’t get into at all – I’ve never been a big fan of water
Martina: Really? I love swimming, so when I saw an Aqua Zumba class I just knew it was for me
Ana: Hey, what’s that?
Martina: Oh, this? It’s my new fitness watch
Ana: That’s cool, what does it do?
Martina: It keeps track of lots of information connected
to my fitness and exercise regime It’s waterproof, so when I go swimming it can count the number of laps I
do It shows me my heart rate when I use the running machine or cross-trainer, and after I finish my workout
I can see how many calories I’ve burnt And it even measures my sleep!
Ana: Wow! That’s a lot of really useful information It must have been expensive!
Martina: I don’t know It was a present from my parents Anyway, we should hurry up, the class will be starting soon
Ana: Gosh! I’m exhausted That was really tough
Martina: Just wait until you wake up tomorrow morning – all of your muscles will be aching
Ana: That’s OK You know what they say: no pain,
no gain!
Trang 10Martina: I just hope that’s true What did you like best
about it?
Ana: When it was all over! I don’t know really It was
definitely a good cardio workout There were a few
times when my heart was racing so fast I thought I was
going to collapse
Martina: I always enjoy the sit-ups
Ana: What? I felt dizzy after we did those, and then the
yoga straight after didn’t help
Martina: So are you coming again to the next class?
Ana: Probably, but I’ve got a hot yoga session
on Thursday
Martina: Wow! You do hot yoga What’s it like?
Ana: It’s great! It really helps me relax and, if I feel
stressed, a session of hot yoga makes me feel calm and
chilled out It’s also good for your muscles
Martina: Don’t you sweat too much?
Ana: That’s the point of it I prefer doing hot yoga to
sitting in a sauna
Martina: That’s true, I’ve never really understood the
attraction of that
Ana: Right I’m going to have a quick shower and then
I’d better go I promised my cousin I’d meet her in town
and go shopping with her
Martina: OK, it was great catching up with you and I
hope I’ll see you next week in class
Ana: Sure Bye!
Developing speaking, p53
1 and 2 25
Examiner: I’d like you to imagine you have a friend
who wants some advice on the best way to stay fit and
healthy Talk to each other about each of the ideas in
the photos
Teen girl: OK, well, these pictures show three very
different things connected to being healthy I think
what you eat is very important
Teen boy: That’s true, but I don’t think it’s the
most important thing In my opinion, exercise is
more important
Teen girl: I’m not sure A lot of people get injured
playing sports or doing exercise It’s easy to sprain an
ankle or pull a muscle
Teen boy: I suppose so, but if you’re careful, it should
be OK What do you think?
Teen girl: I agree, but the other problem is that it takes
a lot of time and people are often very busy
Teen boy: You have a point OK, let’s look at the last
idea … oh! I think this is about getting enough sleep
and rest I think people our age often go to bed very
late and don’t get enough sleep
Teen girl: Yes, you’re right, and you need to sleep
properly if you want to be healthy
Examiner: Thanks Now you have a minute to decide which of the three is the most important
Teen boy: What do you think?
Teen girl: My choice would be thinking about what you eat I know you weren’t so sure
Teen boy: I agree it’s important, but isn’t exercise more important than having a healthy diet?
Teen girl: I really don’t agree You don’t see sports stars eating lots of junk food, do you?
Teen boy: That’s true Why don’t we choose sleeping enough? We both think it’s very important
Teen girl: Yes, good idea
Developing speaking, p53
4 26
1 In my opinion
2 I suppose so …
3 I’m not sure …
4 That’s true, but …
5 What do you think?
6 Yes, you’re right …
5 27
1 I think playing football is the best way to stay fit
What do you think?
2 You can make lots of friends playing a team game like football Don’t you think so?
3 That’s true You don’t need any expensive equipment
to go jogging Do you agree?
4 Personally, I think playing football is better Don’t you think so?
5 Which sport would you choose?
UNIT 7
Reading, p59
2 28
Comics corner
A Comic books, including graphic novels, are increasingly popular According to Comichron, sales in 2018 just in North America were over $1 billion! Now, there is no way teenagers are spending so much on these books, so it’s clear that adults are reading them, too In spite of this, many people still appear to associate graphic novels with teenagers, not adults I often hear comments saying people who read comic books and graphic novels should ‘grow up’! So I want to explain why graphic novels and comics are for people of all ages and not just for young people