Electrical-Electronic Engineering-EE2011_Sep2022.pdf

1 SLIDES OF COURSE EE2011 Electrical Electronics Engineering Prof Ho Pham Huy Anh March 2022 http //www4 hcmut edu vn/~hphanh/teach php 2 COURSE OUTLINE 1 Course Title Electrical Electronics Engineeri[.]

SLIDES OF COURSE

EE2011 Electrical-Electronics Engineering

Prof Ho Pham Huy Anh

March 2022

http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~hphanh/teach.php

5. Course - References: (cont.)

[3] Nilsson – ELECTRIC CIRCUITS_Solution Manual–

John Wiley & Sons - 2007

[4] Fitzgerald – Electric Machinery

-McGraw Hill – 2005

[5] Nguyễn Kim Đính – Kỹ Thuật Điện –

Nhà Xuất Bản Đại Học Quốc Gia TPHCM - 2021

[6] Nguyễn Kim Đính – Bài Tập Kỹ Thuật Điện

Nhà Xuất Bản Đại Học Quốc Gia TPHCM – 2021

7 Three-Phase Induction Motors

8 Three-Phase Synchronous Generators

9 DC Machines.

10 Diode and Applied Circuits

11 Transistor and Applied Circuits

12 Opamp and Applied Circuits.

1st Part: Electrical Circuit: 4 Chapters

2nd Part: Electrical Machines (Transformer, ASM3 pha, syndronous Generator, DC Machine)

3rd part: Electronic Devices and Application Circuits

DETAILED CONTENTS

1 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits

1.1 Components of Electrical Circuits

1.2 Construction of Electrical Circuits

1.3 Parameters of Electrical Component

1.4 Fundamental Electrical Components

1.5 Two Kirchhoff Laws

2 Sinusoidal Electrical Circuits

2.1 General Concepts of Sinusoidal Circuits

2.2 Effective Voltage and Effective Current

2.3 Presentation of Sinusoidal Voltage and Current with Vector

2.4 Voltage – Current Relation of Load.

2.5 Impedance Vector and Impedance Triangle of Load

2.6 Power Absorption of Load.

2.7 Vector Representation of Voltage, Current, Impedance and Power

3 Solving Methods for Sinusoidal Circuits

3.1 General Concepts

3.2 Serial Connection Method Voltage Division Formula

3.3 Parallel Connection Method Current Division Formula

3.4 Method of Y  Conversion

3.5 Method of Mesh Current

3.6 Method of Node Voltage

3.7 Proportional Principle

4 Three-Phase Electrical Circuits

4.1 Sources and Loads of Equivalent Three-Phase Circuits

4.2 System of Equivalent Three-Phase Circuits

4.3 System of Equivalent Three-Phase Y -  Circuits, Z l = 0

4.4 System of Equivalent Three-Phase Y -  Circuits, Z l ≠ 0

4.5 System of Non-Equivalent Three-Phase Y -  Circuits, Z l = 0

4.6 System of Non-Equivalent Three-Phase Y - Y Circuits, Z l = 0

4.7 System of Equivalent Three-Phase Circuits with Multiple Loads 4.8 System of Equivalent Three-Phase Circuits with Loads of Three- phase Motors

6 Transformers

6.1 General Concepts

6.2 Construction of Transformers

6.3 Ideal Transformer Concept

6.4 Equivalent Circuit and Equations of Transformer

6.5 Open Circuit Regime of Transformer

6.6 Short Circuit Regime of Transformer

6.7 Loaded Operation Regime of Transformer

7 Three-Phase Induction Motors

7.1 Construction of Three-Phase Induction Motors (IM)

7.2 Magnetic Field of Three-Phase IM

7.3 Working Principles of Three-Phase IM

7.4 Equivalent Circuits and Equations of Three-Phase IM 7.5 Power and Power Factor of Three-Phase IM

7.6 Torque Investigation of Three-Phase IM

8 Three-Phase Synchronous Generators

8.1 Construction of Three-Phase Synchronous Generators (SG)

8.2 Working Principles of Three-Phase SG

8.3 Equivalent Circuits and Equations of Three-Phase SG

8.4 Voltage Fluctuation Ratio of Three-Phase SG

8.5 Power and Power Factor of Three-Phase SG

9 DC Machines

9.1 Construction of DC Machines

9.2 Working Principles of DC Machines

9.3 Electro-Motive Force (EMF) of DC Machines

9.4 Separated-Excited DC Machines

9.5 Shunt-Excited DC Machines

9.6 Working Principles of DC Motors

9.7 DC Motors Speed Investigation

9.8 DC Motors Torque Investigation

9.9 Shunt-Excited DC Motors

Chapter 1 : Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits

1.1 Components of Electrical Circuits (see Figure 1.1)

1 Power Supply: Generates (Supplies) Electrical Power

2 Power Line: Distributes (Transmits) Electrical Power

3 Conversion Devices: Converse Voltage, Current, Frequency…

4 Electrical Loads : Receive (Consume) Electrical Power

Fig 1.1

1. Two-Port Component is the simplest

component of circuits (see Fig.1.2)

A and B are 2 Ports, for connecting toother components in circuit (see

Fig.1.2)

2. Electrical Circuits is a set of

components connected with other ones

1.3 Electrical Parameters of a Component (see Fig 1.4 )

1 CURRENT (instant) determined by:

a Reference Direction of Current ( ) (Iref)

b Current Intensity through component: i = i(t)

 i > 0  Real Current Direction is the same with Iref

 i < 0  Real Current Direction is opposite to Iref

2 VOLTAGE (instant) determined by:

a Reference Direction of Voltage (+, –)

b Voltage value through component : u = u(t)

 u > 0  Voltage at point + larger than Voltage at point –

 u < 0  Voltage at point + smaller than Voltage at point –

Fig 1.4

chiều của các điện tích dương là chiều chuẩn quy định chuẩn

i*

3 POWER (instant) (Watt – W)

! If arrow ( ) points from + to – , then Instant Power consumed by the component is determined as followed

p(t) = u(t).i(t)

 p > 0  Component consumes Power

 p < 0  Component generates Power

4 ELECTRICAL ENERGY (Joule – J)

t t

t

W

P = UI = U^2 / R = RI^2

1.4 Fundamental Electrical Components

1 Voltage Source (Fig.1.5)

! With voltage independent from current

u = e, i

2 Current Source (Fig.1.6)

! With current independent from voltage

i = i g , u

3 Resistance component (Resistor) (Fig.1.7)

! With current and voltage proportional to each other on resistor

(1.5) and (1.6) are called OHM Laws

! Instant power consumed by resistor is determined by

4 Inductance component (Inductor) (Fig.1.8)

 L = Inductance of the Coil (Henry - H)

5 Capacitance component (Capacitor) (Fig.1.9)

 C = Capacitance of Capacitor (Farad - F)

u L

t i

dt

di L u

L

t

t L L

i C

t u

dt

du C

i

C

t

t C C

c C







  

1.5 Two Kirchhoff’s Laws

 At A node (see Fig.1.10):

i  i  i  i 

2 Kirchhoff’s Law on Voltage (K2)

 Within the loop of 1234 (ABCD) (see

into

i

0loop

the

u

MẤU CHỐT

Chapter 2 Sinusoidal Electrical Circuits

2.1 General Concepts of Sinusoidal Equation

m m

 φ represent Lagging Angle of current with respect to voltage

Consider Fig 2.1, voltage u and current i over a component shownas:

Volt Phase Current Phase

Phase Curr

2.2 Effective Voltage and Effective Current

1 Firstly, effective value of a periodical x(t) with period T is determined as

2 We then define Effective Voltage as well as Effective Current asfollowed

1

2.3 Using phasor to represent sinusoidal voltage and current

1 Voltage Phasor is characterized by:

 Direction: Angle θ with respect to x axis

 Magnitude = U

2 Current Phasor is characterized by:

 Magnitude = I

 Direction: Angle  with respect to x axis

! Hence there is an one-to-one similarity:

2 1

2 1

2 2

1 1

II

«then

I

«

and

2.4 Voltage-Current Relation on Load

As known, voltage & current over a component are characterized by 2 pairs of parameters (U, θ) & (I, )

Hence, each LOAD is characterized by one pair of parameters (Z, φ)

(2.10)

! LOAD can compose of R, L, C components with

only Two-Ports representation.

( Load

ofAnglePhase

0

U Z

b Resistance and Angle

R = Resistance of resistor component

Fig 2.5

(2.11)

(2.13)(2.12)

Tải thuần trở

b Inductive Reactance and Angle

XL = L = Inductive Reactance of Inductance component

Fig 2.6

(2.14)(2.15)

(2.16)

tải thuần cảm

3 C Circuit

a Scheme and Vector Diagram (Fig 2.7)



 C

B = BL – BC = Susceptance of RLC Parallel Circuit

Y = 1/Z = I/U = Admittance of R-L-C Parallel Circuit

a Schematic (Fig 2.9) and Vector Diagram (Fig 2.8b)

Fig 2.9

(2.23)(2.24)

(2.25)

(2.26)

(2.27)

(2.28)

2.5 Impedance Vector & Impedance Triangle of Load

 Impedance vector Z composed of magnitude Z & argument 

 Impedance Triangle had diagonal Z & argument 

R = Z.cos = resistance of Load

X = Z.sin = reactance of Load

Fig 2.10a

1 Inductive Load (Fig 2.10a)

i lags u an angle of φ

2.6 Power consumed by Load (Fig 2.11)

1 Load consumes 3 types of Power:

Active P(W); Reactive Q (VAr)and Apparent S (VA)

2 Power P and Q consumed by R, L, C determined as:

3 In case load is composed of many Rk, Lk, Ck then:

S = UI; P = S.cos; Q = S.sin (2.36)

4 Power Vector and Power Triangle of Load (Fig 2.12)

 Power Vector S possesses amplitude S and angle 

 Power Triangle composes of diagonal S and angle 

TGCS đồng dạng với TGTT

S  I Z; P  I R Q;  I X

Inductive Load in reality consumes P and Q (see Fig 2.12a )

Capacitive Load in reality consumes P and generates Q ( Fig 2.12b )

!

Fig 2.12

Power Triangle & Impedance Triangle are identical

2.7 Vector Representation of Current, Voltage, Impedance & Power

Fig 2.13

2.8 Power Factor (PF)

  = Angle of PF of Load (= Angle of Load)

! Inductive load has a lagging PF,

! Capacitive load has a leading PF

2 Important role of improvement of load PF.

1 PF of Load in Fig 2.11 calculated as:

Fig 2.14

P PF

Study on Fig 2.14a, Voltage source Up supplied to Load Uwith Power Triangle as Fig 2.14b, Power Line Resistor Rd.Calculations gave:

 Line current Id = Load current I =

 Power Line Loss = Pth =

3 Improvement Power Factor (PF) of Load Using Capacitor

In order to improve PF of Load in Fig 2.15 from cos up to cos1 , oneconnect 1 capacitor C // Load to obtain New Load (P1, Q1, cos1)

1 2

(tan tan )

P C

2.9 Measure Active Power Using Watt-Meter (W-M) (Fig 2.16)

 M and N are two components connectedthrough 2 nodes A and B

 Current and Voltage Coils of W-Mhave 2 terminals with + sign marking

Fig 2.16

! If we choose Iref () to flow into terminal + of W-M and Uref (+, –) has terminal + connected to terminal + of W-M then

Indicated Value of W-M = P = UI.cos

= Active power consumed by N = Active power generated by M

(2.52)(2.50)(2.51)

2 Graphical Representation of Complex Number (Fig 2.17)

Point A (a, b) is operating point of complex number A = a + jb

Vector A = OA is operating point of complex number A = a + jb

There is similarity 1 – 1:

Complex A = a + jb  point A (a, b)  Vector A

 Real term of A = a  point A (a, 0)  x Axis

 x Axis is Real Axis (Re).

 Imaginary term of A = jb  point A(0, b)  y Axis

 y Axis is Imaginary Axis ( Im )

NOTE: Point A*(a, –b) symmetric with A (a, b) over real axis



!

!

(2.53)

3 Calculation on Complex Number (CN)

Calculations (+, –, , ) of CN under Quadratic Mode A

= a +jb as similar as real number, with attention

j 2 =–1

4 Amplitude and Angle (Argument) of CN

Magnitude of CN A represent value of vector A:

U Biên Độ Áp Phức AHD

Góc Áp Phức Pha Áp

I Biên độ dòng phức DHD

I Góc Dòng Phức Pha Dòng

3 Complex Impedance figured

Z Biên độTT phức TT của Tải

Góc TT Phức Góc của Tải

S Biên độCS phức CSBK của Tải

Góc CS Phức Góc của Tải

Magnitude of CN Impedance = Load Impedance

Argument of CN Impedance = Load Angle

Magnitude of CN Power = Load’s Apparent Power

Argument of CN Power = Load Angle

Y Biên độTD phức TD của Tải

Góc TD phức Góc của Tải

(2.66) is called Complex OHM Law of Load.

7 Relation Between U, I, Z and S of Load

8 Comparison Between Complex Diagram Display (Fig 2.18) with Vector Diagram (Fig 2.13)

Fig 2.18

If Circuit composes of N components

and  flow from + to –

of each component Then

11 Complex Kirhoff‘ Current Law

12 Complex Kirhoff‘ Voltage Law

13 Complex Power Conservation Rule (Fig 2.19)

to Node along LOOP

3.1 General Concepts

1 Contents of Sinusoidal Circuits’ Solving

• Suppose Circuits including 5 types of components: Voltage

Source e(t), Current Source ig(t), Resistor R, Inductor L and

Capacitor C The required tasks:

• a. Instant Voltage u(t) and Instant Current i(t) through a

Component.

• b Active power P, Reactive power Q, Apparent power S

consumed or generated by a component

2 Two main Tools for solving sinusoidal circuits concerning using

VECTOR and COMPLEX NUMBER Conversion between two methods realized as followed Fig 2.13 up to Fig.2.18.

3 Sinusoidal Circuits Solving Procedure includes 3 following steps:

S1 Transform into Complex Circuits using following rules:

S2 Solve Complex Circuit using Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Current, and

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws to find out U, I.

S3 Inversely Transform to Sinusoidal Circuit to determine u(t) and i(t)

based on the same sules in S1.

(3.1)(3.2)

g

i

E E

t E

cos 2

t I

t i

U U

t U

cos 2

e COMPONENT: If Iref in the same (opposite) direction with Uref,

then the CONSUMED (GENERATED) Complex Power is:

a. As to realize S1 and S3, one can apply 1 of 4 Types of sinusoidalfunctions: effective-sin, effective-cos, peak-sin, and peak-cos; butwith formulas for calculating P,Q, S, only effective-cos is available!

(3.6)(3.7)

(3.8)

S = U I* (3.9)

3.2 Series Connection Method Formula of Voltage Division (see Fig 3.1)

 U = Summed Voltage; I = Common current

Fig 3.1

3.3 Parallel Connection Method Formula of Current Division (Fig 3.2)

 I = Total Current; U = Common Voltage

3.4 Method of Y   Conversion (Fig 3.3)

1 12

Z

Z

Z Z

Z Z

12

31 12

1

Z Z

Z

Z

Z Z

3.5 Method of Mesh Current

1 In case of One-Loop Circuit (Fig 3.4)

S1. Choose Variable = Mesh current IM1

S2 Mesh Current Eq. expressed as:

k

E E

Z Z

S4. Calculate real Currents based on IM1:

S5. Calculate real Voltages:

S6 Calculate P, Q, S of components (consumed or generated):

 gen P  con P;  gen Q  con Q

S7. Evaluate Conservation Principle of P and Q

(3.27)

1 1

1 generates Active Power  P and Reactive Power  Q

E

3 3

3 consumes Active Power  P and Reactive Power  Q

E

2 Two-loop circuit (Fig 3.5)

S1. Choose 2 main variables

I k , U k , and S k are determined from IM1 and IM2

! Zii determined using (3.22); EMi using (3.23)

1 Definition (see Fig 3.6)

Consider a circuit contained lots ofnodes A, B,…

Choose one Reference NODE N

Define Node Voltage = Voltage betweenchosen node and basic node N:

3.6 Method of Node Voltage

2 Two-Node Circuit (Fig 3.7)

S1. Choose N as ref Node

Y

E Y U

! Voltage and Current of each component can be multiplied to k

! Voltage and Current Phase of each component can be added

to b

If Power Source {Ek, Igk}  Response {Uk, Ik}

Then Power Source {AEk, AIgk}  Response {AUk, AIk}

!

Chapter 4 Three Phase Electrical Circuits

4.1 Three Phase Equivalent Circuit (3ΦEQ)

1 Two-Index Symbol (see Fig 4.1)

2 Voltage Source 3Φ-EQ (VS3Φ-EQ) is a set of three sinus voltages had the same voltage and frequency, but mismatch the phase 120 o respectively (see Fig 4.2) We only consider the case

of forward sequence.

120240

3 VS3ÞEQ Connected Y (see Fig 4.3)

p d





a Phase Voltage = (Uan, Ubn, Ucn); Line Voltage = (Uab, Ubc, Uca)

b Determine the relation between Line & Phase Voltage

3

3 3030

4 VS3ÞEQ Connected  (see Fig 4.4)

Line Voltage = Phase Voltage

Fig 4.5

Fig 4.4

1 Definitions.

a (Uan, Ubn, Ucn) = Source Phase Voltage

b (U , U , U ) = Source Line Voltage

4.2 System 3Þ Y-Y Equivalent (see Fig 4.6)

Fig 4.6

(UAN, UBN, UCN)  Áp Pha Tải.

(UAB, UBC, UCA)  Áp Dây Tải

(UaA, UbB, UcC)  Sụt Áp Trên Đường Dây

(Ina,Inb,Inc)  Dòng Pha Nguồn

(IAN,IBN,ICN )  Dòng Pha Tải

(IaA, IbB,IcC)  Dòng Dây

2 Solve 3Þ Circuit (Fig 4.6) based on 1 phase Circuit (Fig 4.7)

Fig 4.7

3 Power, Loss, and Efficiency of 3ФEQ Circuit

a Power consumed by 3ФLoad

b.

c.

!

U I

! Power of System 3Φ Non-EQ calculated from all of three Loads

From Fig 4.11, Complex Power of 3Φ source generated as: