Ebook Building construction handbook (8th edition): Part 1

Part 1 of ebook Building construction handbook (8th edition) provide readers with content about: component parts and functions; building survey; HIPs/energy performance certificates; imposed floor loads; construction regulations; CDM regulations; site works; tubular scaffolding and scaffolding systems; builders plant; substructure;... Please refer to the part 1 of ebook for details!

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK

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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK

30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA

Eighth edition 2010

Copyrightª 1988, 1995, 1996, R Chudley

Copyrightª 1998, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, R Chudley and R Greeno

Published by Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

Illustrations by the authors

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The book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by thePublisher (other than as may be noted herein)

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research andexperience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, ormedical treatment may become necessary

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge inevaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein Inusing such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety ofothers, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility

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Preface to eighth edition xi

Part One General

Construction activities 19

Part Two Site Works

Soil investigation 74

Site lighting and electrical supply 94

Materials storage 101

Locating public utility services 124

Part Four Substructure

Foundations function, materials and sizing 206

Contents

Part Five Superstructure † 1

Single lap tiling 439

Part Six Superstructure † 2

Structural fire protection 542

Long span roofs 569

Part Seven Internal Construction and Finishes

Lateral restraint 661

Timber floors, fire protection 667

Part Eight Domestic Services

Sanitary fittings 778

Electrical supply and installation 788

Index 813

Contents

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PREFACE TO EIGHTH EDITION

This edition retains the predominantly illustrative format of earlier editions, presenting the principles of building construction with comprehensive guidance

to procedures with numerous examples of formulated and empirical design Summary notes are supplemented with references to further reading where appropriate.

The content applies to both current and established UK construction practice This includes the building and maintenance of housing and other low-rise structures and the more advanced techniques applied to medium and high-rise commercial and large industrial buildings Many examples from previous editions are kept as important references and benchmarks for newer applications These have evolved in response to material developments and in consideration for environmental issues, not least with regard to energy conservation measures and sustainable building.

The UK’s housing stock of about 25 million dwellings includes approximately

2 million units built in the past decade Therefore, the aftercare of older buildings is an important part of the construction industry’s economy In order

to represent this important sector of maintenance, refurbishment, renovation and remedial work, many established practices are included in the Handbook Modern construction processes and associated technology are incorporated in this new edition, however the content is not extensive, nor is it intended to be prescriptive Building design and subsequent construction techniques are varied and diverse depending on availability of materials and skills This Handbook provided guidance to achieving these objectives, but sufficient publishing space cannot cover every possibility Therefore, the reader is encouraged to supplement their study with site observation and practice, with further reading of professional journals, legislative papers and manufacturer’s catalogues.

Roger Greeno 2010

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MATERIAL WEIGHTS AND DENSITIES

IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS

CPI SYSTEM OF CODING

CI/SFB SYSTEM OF CODING

Environment = surroundings which can be natural, man-made or a

combination of these

Built Environment = created by man with or without the aid of the

natural environment

Built Environment

Physical considerations

1 Natural contours of land

2 Natural vegetation and trees

3 Size of land and/or proposed building

4 Shape of land and/or proposed building

5 Approach and access roads and footpaths

6 Services available

7 Natural waterways, lakes and ponds

8 Restrictions such as rights of way; tree preservation andancient buildings

9 Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land

or activities

10 Proposed future developments

Built Environment

The Structure -Basic Types

The Structure -Basic Types

The Structure -Basic Forms

The Structure -Basic Forms

Shell Roofs ~ these are formed by a structural curved skincovering a given plan shape and area.

The Structure -Basic Forms

The Structure -Basic Forms

Substructure ~ can be defined as all structure below thesuperstructure which in general terms is considered to include allstructure below ground level but including the ground floor bed.

Substructure

Superstructure ~ can be defined as all structure abovesubstructure both internally and externally.

Primary Elements ~ basically components of the building carcassabove the substructure excluding secondary elements, finishes,services and fittings

Superstructure and Primary Elements

Secondary Elements ~ completion of the structure includingcompletion around and within openings in primary elements.

Secondary Elements

Finish ~ the final surface which can be self finished as with atrowelled concrete surface or an applied finish such as floor tiles.

Finishes

Domestic Structures:~

Structure -Component Parts and Functions

Framed Structures:~

Structure -Component Parts and Functions

External Envelope ~ consists of the materials and componentswhich form the external shell or enclosure of a building These may

be load bearing or non-load bearing according to the structuralform of the building

External Envelope -Functions

Internal Separation and Compartmentation

A Building or Construction Site can be considered as a temporaryfactory employing the necessary resources to successfully fulfil acontract.

Money:~

Construction Activities -The Site

Location Drawings ~Site Plans † used to locate site,buildings, define site levels, indicateservices to buildings, identify parts ofsite such as roads, footpaths andboundaries and to give setting outdimensions for the site and buildings as

a whole Suitable scale not less than

1 : 2500Floor Plans † used to identify and setout parts of the building such asrooms, corridors, doors, windows, etc.,Suitable scale not less than 1 : 100Elevations † used to show externalappearance of all faces and to identifydoors and windows Suitable scale notless than 1 : 100

Sections † used to provide verticalviews through the building to showmethod of construction Suitable scalenot less than 1 : 50

Component Drawings ~used to identify and supply data forcomponents to be supplied by amanufacturer or for components notcompletely covered by assemblydrawings Suitable scale range 1 : 100

to 1 : 1Assembly Drawings ~used to show how items fit together orare assembled to form elements.Suitable scale range 1 : 20 to 1 : 5

All drawings should be fully annotated,fully dimensioned and cross referenced

Ref BS EN ISO 7519: Technical drawings Construction drawings.General principles of presentation for general arrangement andassembly drawings

Drawings Used in the Construction Process

Sketch ~ this can be defined as a draft or rough outline of an idea,

it can be a means of depicting a three-dimensional form in atwo-dimensional guise Sketches can be produced free-hand or usingrules and set squares to give basic guide lines

All sketches should be clear, show all the necessary detail andabove all be in the correct proportions

Sketches can be drawn by observing a solid object or they can beproduced from conventional orthographic views but in all casescan usually be successfully drawn by starting with an outline `box'format giving length, width and height proportions and thenbuilding up the sketch within the outline box

Drawings -Sketches

Isometric Projections ~ a pictorial projection of a solid object on

a plane surface drawn so that all vertical lines remain vertical and

of true scale length, all horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of30 and are of true scale length therefore scale measurements can

be taken on the vertical and 30 lines but cannot be taken on anyother inclined line

A similar drawing can be produced using an angle of 45 for allhorizontal lines and is called an Axonometric Projection

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION SHOWING SOUTH AND WEST ELEVATIONS

OF SMALL GARAGE AND WORKSHOP ILLUSTRATED ON PAGE 23

Communicating Information -Isometric Projections

1 :

Communicating Information -Block and Site Plans

Construction Defects † correct application of materials produced

to the recommendations of British, European and InternationalStandards authorities, in accordance with local buildingregulations, by-laws and the rules of building guarantee companies,i.e National House Building Council (NHBC) and MD InsuranceServices, should ensure a sound and functional structure However,these controls can be seriously undermined if the human factor ofquality workmanship is not fulfilled The following guidance isdesigned to promote quality controls:

BS 8000: Workmanship on building sites

Building Regulations, Approved Document to support Regulation 7

† materials and workmanship

No matter how good the materials, the workmanship andsupervision, the unforeseen may still affect a building This maymaterialise several years after construction Some examples ofthese latent defects include: woodworm emerging from untreatedtimber, electrolytic decomposition of dissimilar metalsinadvertently in contact, and chemical decomposition of concrete.Generally, the older a building the more opportunity there is for itscomponents and systems to have deteriorated and malfunctioned.Hence the need for regular inspection and maintenance Theprofession of facilities management has evolved for this purposeand is represented by the British Institute of Facilities Management(BIFM)

Property values, repairs and replacements are of sufficientmagnitude for potential purchasers to engage the professionalservices of a building surveyor Surveyors are usually members ofthe Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) The extent ofsurvey can vary, depending on a client's requirements This may be

no more than a market valuation to secure financial backing, to afull structural survey incorporating specialist reports on electricalinstallations, drains, heating systems, etc

Further reading:

BRE Digest No 268 † Common defects in low-rise traditionalhousing Available from Building Research Establishment Bookshop †www.brebookshop.com

Communicating Information -Building Survey

Established Procedure † the interested purchaser engages abuilding surveyor.

UK Government Requirements † the seller to provide a property/home information pack (HIP) which can include `A survey report onthe condition of the property, including requirements for urgent orsignificant repairs '

Survey document preliminaries:

* Title and address of property

* Client's name, address and contacts

* Survey date and time

* Property status † freehold, leasehold or commonhold

* Occupancy † occupied or vacant If vacant, source of keys

* Extent of survey, e.g full structural + services reports

* Specialists in attendance, e.g electrician, heating engineer, etc

* Age of property (approx if very dated or no records)

* Disposition of rooms, i.e number of bedrooms, etc

* Floor plans and elevations if available

* Elevation (flooding potential) and orientation (solar effect)

* Estate/garden area and disposition if appropriate

* Means of access † roads, pedestrian only, rights of way

Survey tools and equipment:

* Drawings + estate agent's particulars if available

* Notebook and pencil/pen

* Binoculars and a camera with flash facility

* Tape measure, spirit level and plumb line

* Other useful tools, to include small hammer, torch, screwdriverand manhole lifting irons

* Moisture meter

* Ladders † eaves access and loft access

* Sealable bags for taking samples, e.g wood rot, asbestos, etc

Communicating Information -Survey Preliminaries

Estate and garden:

* Location and establishment of boundaries

* Fences, gates and hedges † material, condition and suitability

* Trees † type and height, proximity to building

* Pathways and drives † material and condition

* Outbuildings † garages, sheds, greenhouses, barns, etc

* Proximity of water courses

Roof:

* Tile type, treatment at ridge, hips, verge and valleys

* Age of covering, repairs, replacements, renewals, generalcondition, defects and growths

* Eaves finish, type and condition

* Gutters † material, size, condition, evidence of leakage

* Rainwater downpipes as above

* Chimney † dpcs, flashings, flaunching, pointing, signs ofmovement

* Flat roofs † materials, repairs, abutments, flashings and drainage

Walls:

* Materials † type of brick, rendering, cladding, etc., conditionand evidence of repairs

* Solid or cavity construction, if cavity extent of insulation and type

* Pointing of masonry, painting of rendering and cladding

* Air brick location, function and suitability

* Dpc, material and condition, position relative to ground level

* Windows and doors, material, signs of rot or damage, original

or replacement, frame seal

* Settlement † signs of cracking, distortion of window and doorframes † specialist report

Drainage:

A building surveyor may provide a general report on the condition of thedrainage and sanitation installation However, a full test for leakageand determination of self-cleansing and flow conditions to include fibre-optic scope examination is undertaken as a specialist survey

Communicating Information -Survey Order (Exterior)