building construction handbook 8th edition pdf

Preface to eighth edition xi Part One General Built environment 2 The structure 5 Primary and secondary elements 12 Component parts and functions 15 Construction activities 19 Constructi

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

HANDBOOK

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30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA

Eighth edition 2010

Copyrightª 1988, 1995, 1996, R Chudley

Copyrightª 1998, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, R Chudley and R Greeno

Illustrations by the authors

The right of R Chudley and R Greeno to be identified as the authors of this work

has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

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The book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by thePublisher (other than as may be noted herein)

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research andexperience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, ormedical treatment may become necessary

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge inevaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein Inusing such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety ofothers, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of productsliability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein

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Preface to eighth edition xi

Part One General

Built environment 2

The structure 5

Primary and secondary elements 12

Component parts and functions 15

Construction activities 19

Construction documents 20

Construction drawings 21

Building survey 28

HIPs/Energy Performance Certificates 32

Method statement and programming 33

Weights and densities of building materials 35

Imposed floor loads 37

Product and practice accreditation 66

CPI System of Coding 67

CI/SfB system of coding 68

Part Two Site Works

Site survey 70

Site investigations 71

Soil investigation 74

Soil assessment and testing 81

Site layout considerations 88

Site security 91

Site lighting and electrical supply 94

Site office accommodation 98

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Materials storage 101

Materials testing 106

Dry and wet rot 121

Protection orders for trees and structures 123

Locating public utility services 124

Part Four Substructure

Foundations function, materials and sizing 206 Foundation beds 215

Short bored pile foundations 221

Foundation types and selection 223

Ground water control 303

Soil stabilisation and improvement 313

Reclamation of waste land 318

Contaminated sub-soil treatment 319

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Part Five Superstructure † 1

Choice of materials 322

Brick and block walls 323

Cavity walls 338

Damp-proof courses and membranes 344

Gas resistant membranes 351

Rendering to external walls 408

Cladding to external walls 410

Roofs † basic forms 417

Pitched roofs 420

Double lap tiling 437

Single lap tiling 439

Access for the disabled 492

Part Six Superstructure † 2

Reinforced concrete slabs 496

Reinforced concrete framed structures 500

Structural steelwork sections 532

Structural steelwork connections 537

Structural fire protection 542

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Long span roofs 569

Shell roof construction 579

Concrete surface finishes 614

Concrete surface defects 616

Part Seven Internal Construction and Finishes

Plasters and plastering 636

Dry lining techniques 639

Plasterboard 642

Wall tiling 645

Domestic floors and finishes 647

Large cast in-situ ground floors 654

Concrete floor screeds 656

Timber suspended floors 658

Lateral restraint 661

Timber beam design 664

Timber floors, fire protection 667

Reinforced concrete suspended floors 668

Precast concrete floors 673

Raised access floors 678

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Part Eight Domestic Services

Cold water installations 769

Hot water installations 771

Flow controls 774

Cisterns and cylinders 775

Pipework joints 777

Sanitary fittings 778

Single and ventilated stack systems 781

Hot water heating systems 784

Electrical supply and installation 788

Gas supply and gas fires 797

Open fireplaces and flues 801

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PREFACE TO EIGHTH EDITION

This edition retains the predominantly illustrative format of earlier editions, presenting the principles of building construction with comprehensive guidance

to procedures with numerous examples of formulated and empirical design Summary notes are supplemented with references to further reading where appropriate.

The content applies to both current and established UK construction practice This includes the building and maintenance of housing and other low-rise structures and the more advanced techniques applied to medium and high-rise commercial and large industrial buildings Many examples from previous editions are kept as important references and benchmarks for newer applications These have evolved in response to material developments and in consideration for environmental issues, not least with regard to energy conservation measures and sustainable building.

The UK’s housing stock of about 25 million dwellings includes approximately

2 million units built in the past decade Therefore, the aftercare of older buildings is an important part of the construction industry’s economy In order

to represent this important sector of maintenance, refurbishment, renovation and remedial work, many established practices are included in the Handbook Modern construction processes and associated technology are incorporated in this new edition, however the content is not extensive, nor is it intended to be prescriptive Building design and subsequent construction techniques are varied and diverse depending on availability of materials and skills This Handbook provided guidance to achieving these objectives, but sufficient publishing space cannot cover every possibility Therefore, the reader is encouraged to supplement their study with site observation and practice, with further reading of professional journals, legislative papers and manufacturer’s catalogues.

Roger Greeno 2010

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MATERIAL WEIGHTS AND DENSITIES

IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS

CPI SYSTEM OF CODING

CI/SFB SYSTEM OF CODING

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Environment = surroundings which can be natural, man-made or a

combination of these

Built Environment = created by man with or without the aid of the

natural environment

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Physical considerations

1 Natural contours of land

2 Natural vegetation and trees

3 Size of land and/or proposed building

4 Shape of land and/or proposed building

5 Approach and access roads and footpaths

6 Services available

7 Natural waterways, lakes and ponds

8 Restrictions such as rights of way; tree preservation andancient buildings

9 Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land

or activities

10 Proposed future developments

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The Structure -Basic Types

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The Structure -Basic Forms

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Shell Roofs ~ these are formed by a structural curved skincovering a given plan shape and area.

9

The Structure -Basic Forms

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Substructure ~ can be defined as all structure below thesuperstructure which in general terms is considered to include allstructure below ground level but including the ground floor bed.

11

Substructure

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Superstructure ~ can be defined as all structure abovesubstructure both internally and externally.

Primary Elements ~ basically components of the building carcassabove the substructure excluding secondary elements, finishes,services and fittings

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Secondary Elements ~ completion of the structure includingcompletion around and within openings in primary elements.

13

Secondary Elements

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Finish ~ the final surface which can be self finished as with atrowelled concrete surface or an applied finish such as floor tiles.

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Domestic Structures:~

15

Structure -Component Parts and Functions

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Framed Structures:~

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External Envelope ~ consists of the materials and componentswhich form the external shell or enclosure of a building These may

be load bearing or non-load bearing according to the structuralform of the building

17

External Envelope -Functions

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A Building or Construction Site can be considered as a temporaryfactory employing the necessary resources to successfully fulfil acontract.

Money:~

19

Construction Activities -The Site

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Location Drawings ~Site Plans † used to locate site,buildings, define site levels, indicateservices to buildings, identify parts ofsite such as roads, footpaths andboundaries and to give setting outdimensions for the site and buildings as

a whole Suitable scale not less than

1 : 2500Floor Plans † used to identify and setout parts of the building such asrooms, corridors, doors, windows, etc.,Suitable scale not less than 1 : 100Elevations † used to show externalappearance of all faces and to identifydoors and windows Suitable scale notless than 1 : 100

Sections † used to provide verticalviews through the building to showmethod of construction Suitable scalenot less than 1 : 50

Component Drawings ~used to identify and supply data forcomponents to be supplied by amanufacturer or for components notcompletely covered by assemblydrawings Suitable scale range 1 : 100

to 1 : 1Assembly Drawings ~used to show how items fit together orare assembled to form elements.Suitable scale range 1 : 20 to 1 : 5

All drawings should be fully annotated,fully dimensioned and cross referenced

Ref BS EN ISO 7519: Technical drawings Construction drawings.General principles of presentation for general arrangement andassembly drawings

21

Drawings Used in the Construction Process

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Sketch ~ this can be defined as a draft or rough outline of an idea,

it can be a means of depicting a three-dimensional form in atwo-dimensional guise Sketches can be produced free-hand or usingrules and set squares to give basic guide lines

All sketches should be clear, show all the necessary detail andabove all be in the correct proportions

Sketches can be drawn by observing a solid object or they can beproduced from conventional orthographic views but in all casescan usually be successfully drawn by starting with an outline `box'format giving length, width and height proportions and thenbuilding up the sketch within the outline box

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Isometric Projections ~ a pictorial projection of a solid object on

a plane surface drawn so that all vertical lines remain vertical and

of true scale length, all horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of30 and are of true scale length therefore scale measurements can

be taken on the vertical and 30 lines but cannot be taken on anyother inclined line

A similar drawing can be produced using an angle of 45 for allhorizontal lines and is called an Axonometric Projection

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION SHOWING SOUTH AND WEST ELEVATIONS

OF SMALL GARAGE AND WORKSHOP ILLUSTRATED ON PAGE 23

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1 :

27

Communicating Information -Block and Site Plans

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Construction Defects † correct application of materials produced

to the recommendations of British, European and InternationalStandards authorities, in accordance with local buildingregulations, by-laws and the rules of building guarantee companies,i.e National House Building Council (NHBC) and MD InsuranceServices, should ensure a sound and functional structure However,these controls can be seriously undermined if the human factor ofquality workmanship is not fulfilled The following guidance isdesigned to promote quality controls:

BS 8000: Workmanship on building sites

Building Regulations, Approved Document to support Regulation 7

† materials and workmanship

No matter how good the materials, the workmanship andsupervision, the unforeseen may still affect a building This maymaterialise several years after construction Some examples ofthese latent defects include: woodworm emerging from untreatedtimber, electrolytic decomposition of dissimilar metalsinadvertently in contact, and chemical decomposition of concrete.Generally, the older a building the more opportunity there is for itscomponents and systems to have deteriorated and malfunctioned.Hence the need for regular inspection and maintenance Theprofession of facilities management has evolved for this purposeand is represented by the British Institute of Facilities Management(BIFM)

Property values, repairs and replacements are of sufficientmagnitude for potential purchasers to engage the professionalservices of a building surveyor Surveyors are usually members ofthe Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) The extent ofsurvey can vary, depending on a client's requirements This may be

no more than a market valuation to secure financial backing, to afull structural survey incorporating specialist reports on electricalinstallations, drains, heating systems, etc

Tiêu đề	Building Construction Handbook
Tác giả	R. Chudley, R. Greeno
Trường học	Elsevier
Chuyên ngành	Building Construction
Thể loại	handbook
Năm xuất bản	2010
Thành phố	Oxford

Định dạng
Số trang	841
Dung lượng	45,36 MB