(TIỂU LUẬN) ASSIGNMENTNOUNS i decided to choose “a study on the resonance function of nouns in english

HONG DUC UNIVERSITYFaculty Of Foreign Language ASSIGNMENT: NOUNS Lecturer: Nguyễn Thanh Minh Subject: Advanced English Grammar MEMBERS OF GROUP: Hà Thị Kim AnhMai Thùy DươngPhạm Hà Huyền

HONG DUC UNIVERSITY

Faculty Of Foreign Language

ASSIGNMENT:

NOUNS

Lecturer: Nguyễn Thanh Minh

Subject: Advanced English Grammar

MEMBERS OF GROUP:

Hà Thị Kim AnhMai Thùy DươngPhạm Hà Huyền MyNguyễn Thị Mỹ TâmNguyễn Phương Thúy

Thanh Hóa, năm 2022

There are many reasons why English is difficult to learn To one person, English is

a very concise language, which can make it difficult to understand the meaning of what is being said In addition, English has a lot of irregular verbs, which can cause learners to lose interest Finally, English pronunciation can be difficult to master, as there are many different ways to say the same thing

English is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn It is

determined by the language you speak Here are some common reasons why people find it difficult to learn English The English language has many

inconsistent and illogical statements It can be difficult to adjust to the

complex rules and exceptions that may arise in the English language when learning English for the first time Because the words sound right to them, native speakers know how to arrange them

To study well and understand English deeply It is very difficult We can not only learn its basic grammar rules but also study all its aspects Grammar is often difficult because it is a complex system of rules that govern how a

language is used English grammar has many different parts, in which adjectives

play a very helpless role However, many people do not pay attention to the resonance function of nouns, which makes it difficult for people to understand.Therefore, I decided to choose “a study on the resonance function of nouns inEnglish This is the topic of our research group with the hope that learners canlearn more about how to use the function of nouns in the learning process.

II Development

1 Parts of speech

+) The parts of speech are the primary categories of words according to theirfunction in a sentence

+) English has ten main parts of speech

+) However, according to “Lecture on Grammar” parts of speech has 2 items:1.1 Open class items: N, Adv, Adj, V

+) It conveys content words (lexical meaning)

+) There are too many of them, so we can never count them, it means

the member of this class is unlimited

+) Two members can go together, it means the member of this class do notexclude each other

+) We can create new members

Ex:

Action (n) well-educated->adj

1.2 Closed system items: preposition, demonstrative, article,

interjection, conjunction, pronoun

+) It conveys function words

+) We can count them, it means the members of this class is limited

+) Two members can not go together, it means the members of this classexclude the other

+) We never create new members

Ex: A table: a (indefinite, specific, generic, one)=> definite meaning the

table a/this/my book.

+) It is clearly defined in contrast with one another (grammatical meaning)

Lectures on Grammar collected and edited by Nguyen Thanh

Minh My Grammar Lab Intermediate B1/B2 by Mark Folley.

Diane Hall Giai thich ngu phap by Mai Lan Huong

A, Nouns with regular plural -s Cats, bags, books, days, houses,

postcards,

B, Nouns with irregular plural

1, -s, sh, ch, ss, x, o -es Glasses, watches, tomatoes,

bushes, buses, dishes, boxes,

2, -y

Vowel -y (-ay, -ey, -oy, -uy) -s Days, keys, boys, guys

3, -f, -fe -ves Calves, halves, knives, leaves,

lives, loaves, selves, shelves,

Double vowel -f -s thieves, wives, wolves

Roofs, beliefs, handkerchiefs

-f, -fe both regular and irregular Drawfs/draves, hoofs/hooves,

scrafs/scraves, wharfs/wharves

4, internal vowel change Man -> men,

Woman -> women Goose -> geese Tooth -> teeth Foot -> feet Mouse -> mice Louse -> lice

Italian musical terms

Concertos, solos, pianos,

sopranos Filipinos, Eskimos,

Person -> people

8, of certain creatures: no change

sheep (con cừu) swine (con lợn) grouse (gà rùng) salmon (cá hôi) deer (con nai) aircraft (máy bay) trout (cá hôi) plaice (cá bơn sao) fish (con cá) craft (tàu, thuyền) squid (mực ống) carp (cá chép)

9, Letters, numerals, signs and other words that are not nouns but are used

as nouns are usually added with 's

Ex: There are two 9's in 99.

Dot your i's.

She spelt necessary' with two c's.

10, some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreignplurals:

a, criterion – criteria; phenomenon - phenomena

b, cactus cacti/ cactuses; stimulus stimuli ;syllabus

-syllabi/ syllabuses

c, formula - formulae/ formulas; vertebra – vertebrae

d, analysis – analyses; basis –bases; crisis – crises; hypothesis –

hypotheses; oasis -Oases; parenthesis – parentheses; thesis - theses

e, appendix - appendices/ appendixes; index - indices/ indexes

f, bacterium – bacteria; curriculum – curricula; datum – data; medium – media; memorandum- memoranda

11, Some nouns ending in -s do not change in the plural

means (phương tiện) Swiss (nguời Thųy Si) works (nhà máy) barracks

(doanh trại) crossroads (ngã tự) species (loài) headquarters (sở chỉ huy) series (dãy, chuỗi) g Một số danh từ chỉ có hình thức số nhiều (luon dược dùng với dộng từ số nhiều) quân áo gồm hai phẩn: pants (quân), pyjamas (dỏ pijama), trousers (quần dài), jeans (quần jin), dụng cụ hoặc thiết bị gồm hai phân: scissors (cái kéo), glasses (kinh đeo mắt), pincers (cáy kìm), scales (cái cân), binoculars (ống nhòm), tongs (cái kẹp), spectacles (kinh đeo mắt), một số danh từ khác: arms (vũ khi), earnings (tiển kiếm được), stairs (câu thang), savings (tiền tiết kiệm), surroundings (vùng phų cận), riches (tài sản), goods (hàng hóa), outskirts (vùng ngoại ô), clothes (quân áo),

12, Some harmful nouns have a plural form with two different meanings Ex:

brother (anh/em trai)→ brothers (các anhlem trai); brethren (đạo hữu; đồng đội) cloth (vải) penny (đồng xu) staff (nhân viên) cloths (các mảnh vải); clothes (quân áo) → pennies (các đông xu); pence (số tiên xu) → staffs (các

nhân viên); staves (các khuôn nhạc)

13, Plural of compound nouns

- In the form of noun + noun, the first noun is usually in the singular formand the second noun is changed to the plural

Ex: toothbrush (bàn chải đánh răng) boy-friend (bạn trai) ticket

collector (người soát vé) toothbrushes boy-friends ticket collectors

- In the noun form compound noun + adverb, noun + preposition + noun, noun + adjective, the plural form is formed with the first noun

Ex: passer-by (người di đường) passers-by lookers-on mothers-in-law [cũng

có thể viết mother-in-laws] ladies-in-waiting courts-martial [cũng có thể viết court-martials] looker-on (nguời xem) mother-in-law (me vợl chông) lady-in-waiting (thị nữ) court-martial (tòa án quân sự)

- In the remaining compound noun forms: adjective + noun, gerund + noun, verb + noun, etc then the plural form changes in the last

component

Ex: blackboard (bảng den) blackboards washing machines pickpockets

breakdowns washing machine (máy giặt) pickpocket (tên móc túi)

breakdown (sų suy sup)

- Some nouns change both parts

Ex: man driver (tài xế nam) -> men drivers

woman doctor (bà bác sĩ) -> women doctors

2.3.2 Gender

- Masculine: men, boys and male animals (pronoun he/they).

- Feminine: women, girls and female animals (pronoun she/they)

- Neuter: inanimate things, animals whose sex we don't know and sometimes babies whose sex we don't know (pronoun it/they)

- Exceptions: ships and sometimes cars and other vehicles when regarded with affection or respect are considered feminine Countries when referred to by name are also normally considered feminine

+ The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side

+ Scotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions *

Masculine/feminine nouns denoting people

Different forms:

(a) boy, girl

bridegroom, bride

genleman, ladyman, woman

son, daughterfather, mother

bachelor, spinsterhusband, wifeuncle, aunt widower, widow nephew, niece

Main exceptions:

Baby infant parent relation child relative cousin

(b) duke, duchess king, queen lord, lady prnce, princess

*The majority of nouns indicating occupation have the same form:

Artist, assistant, cook, dance, driver, doctor, Ide, etc

Main exceptions:

actor, actress conductor, conductress heir, heiress

hero, heroine host, hostess manager, manageress steward,

stewardess waiter waitressAlso salesman, saleseoman etc., but sometimes -person is used

instead of -man, -woman: salesperson, spokesperson

*Domestic animals and many of the larger wild animals have differentforms:

2.3.3 Cases

*The form of the possessive/genitive case

- 's is used with singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s: the people's choice

the crew's quarters

the horse's mouth

a man's job

men 's work

a woman's intuition

the butcher's (shop)

a child's voice the

children's room the

the students' hostel

the Smiths' car

- Classical names ending in s usually add only the apostrophe:

Pythagoras' Theorem Archimedes' Law Sophocles plays -

Other names ending in s can take 's or the apostrophe alone:

Mr Jones 's (or Mr Jones' kouse) Yeats's (or Yeats') poems

- With compounds, the last word takes the 's: My brother-in law’s guitar

+ Name consisiting of several words are treated similarly:

Henry the Eighth's wives the Prince of wales's helicopter

+'s can also be used after initials:

the VIP's escort the MP's briefcase the PM's secrelary

Note that when the possessive case is person or thing 'possessed' disappears:the danghter of the politician - the politcian’s daughter

the intervention of America = America 's interventioy

the plays of Shakespeare = Shakespeare 's plays

*Use of the possessive/genitive case and of + noun

- The possessive case is chiefly used of people, countries or animal as shown above It can also be used:

+ Of ships and boats: the ship's bell, the yacht's mast

+Of planes, trains, cars and other vehicles, though here the of construction issafer:

a glider's wings or the wings of a glider

the train's heating system or the heating system of the

train + In time expressions:

two hours' delay

a ten-minte break, a two-hour delay are also possible: We have ten minutes' break/a ten-minute break

+ In expressions of money + worth:

£l's worth of stamps

ten dollars' worth of ice-cream

+ With for + noun + sake: for heaven's sake, for goodness' sake

+ In a few expressions such as:

a stone's throw

journey's end

the water's edge

+ We can say either a winter's day or a winter day and a summer's day or a summer day, but we cannot make spring or autumn possessive, except when they are personified: Autumn's return

+ Sometimes certain nouns can be used in the possessive case without the second noun a/the baker's/butcher'slchemist's/Mlorist's etc mean 'a/the baker's/butcher's etc shop'

Similarly, althe house agent'sAravel agent's etc (office) and

the dentist's/doctor's/vet's (surgery):

You can by it at the chemist's

Names of the owners of some businesses can be used similarly:

Sotheby's, Claridge's

Some very well-known shops etc call themselves by the

possessive form and some drop the apostrophe: Foyles, Harrods

Names of people can sometimes be used similarly to

mean ….'s house':

We had lunch at Bill's

We met at Ann's

- of + noun is used for possession:

+ When the possessor noun is followed by a phrase or clause:

The boys ran about, obeying the directions of a man with a whistle

I took the advice ofa couple I met on the train and hired a car

+ With inanimate 'possessors ', except those listed in A above: the walls of the town

the roof of the church

the keys of the car

However, it is often possible to replace nounX + of + noun Y by

noun Y + noun X in that order:

the town walls

the church roof

the car keys

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The first noun becomes a sort of adjective and is not made plural: the roofs of the churches = the church roofs (see 16) Unfortunately noun +of+ noun combinations cannot always be replaced in this way and the student is advised to use of when in doubt

2.4 Syntax function

2.4.1 Subject2.4.2 Object2.4.3 Complements2.4.4 Attribute to a noun

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III Conclusion

Through the study, you have introduced the basic information about English nouns

in general Although many grammar textbooks refer to English nouns, learners willfind and syntactic functions of English nouns clear in the graduate paper All ofthem can provide learners with a comprehensive view of English nouns

To help learners understand more deeply about English nouns, in the developmentsection we have presented an overview of English nouns with their definitions atthe beginning as well as the syntactic functions of the nouns

We discuss their classification according to their usage then consider them if anykind of noun belongs to syntactic function

With the comparative analysis of English nouns with their equivalent nouns, based

on new approaches, the writer has shown ways to use English nouns, clarify nouns

in English, help readers understand and access more deeply

Finally, the writer hopes that the article will be useful and helpful to Englishlearners in general and Vietnamese students in particular

Although I have tried very hard, errors and omissions cannot be avoided Thewriter is looking forward to receiving sincere comments, suggestions and additionsfrom readers Hopefully, the issue will be taken up in other studies

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References

1 Lectures on Grammar collected and edited by Nguyen Thanh Minh

2 Alexander, L.G.1988 Longman English Grammar London and New York: Long man

3 Close, R A 1975 A Reference Grammar for student of English London: Longman Group Limited

4 Eastwood, J.1994 Oxford Guide to English Grammar London: Oxford University Press

5 Huddleston, R and Pullum, G.K 2002 The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language Cambridge University Press

6 Quirk, R et al 1972 A University Grammar of English Esses: Longman

7 Swan, M.1986 Practical English Usage London: Oxford University Press

8 Stockwell, R.P 1977 Foundation of Syntactic Theory Los

Angeles:University of California

9 Thomson, A.J & Martinet, A.V A practical English Grammar Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986

10 The Farlex Grammar Book: Complete English Grammar Rules

11 English Grammar Today, Cambridge 2006

12 My Grammar Lab Intermediate B1/B2 by Mark Folley Diane Hall

13.Giai thich ngu phap by Mai Lan Huong

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