ASSIGNMENTNOUNS i decided to choose “a study on the resonance function of nouns in english

However, many people do not pay attention to the resonance function of nouns, which makes it difficult for people to understand.. This is the topic of our research group with the hope th

HONG DUC UNIVERSITY Faculty Of Foreign Language

ASSIGNMENT:

NOUNS

Lecturer: Nguyễn Thanh Minh Subject: Advanced English Grammar

MEMBERS OF GROUP:

Hà Thị Kim Anh Mai Thùy Dương Phạm Hà Huyền My Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Tâm Nguyễn Phương Thúy

Thanh Hóa, năm 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I Introduction

II Development

1 Parts of speech

2 Nouns

2.1 Definition

2.2 Classification

2.3 Grammatical categories

2.3.1 Number

2.3.2 Gender

2.3.3 Cases

2.4 Syntax function

2.4.1 Subject

2.4.2 Object

2.4.3 Complements

2.4.4 Attribute to a noun

III Conclusion

I Introduction

Today, English is the most widely spoken in the world and plays an important role in the development of society and technology English is not only an

effective means of communication but also shows its progressive effect in many aspects of life It is widely applied in all areas of life such as: economy, politics, tourism, international conferences Therefore, teaching and learning English has become a great need of many people People Recognizing the importance

of English, Vietnamese learners have been learning English from the elderly to young children Knowledge of English is very important in the process of WTO integration

There are many reasons why English is difficult to learn To one person,

English is a very concise language, which can make it difficult to understand the meaning of what is being said In addition, English has a lot of irregular verbs, which can cause learners to lose interest Finally, English pronunciation can be difficult to master, as there are many different ways to say the same thing

English is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn It is

determined by the language you speak Here are some common reasons why people find it difficult to learn English The English language has many

inconsistent and illogical statements It can be difficult to adjust to the complex rules and exceptions that may arise in the English language when learning English for the first time Because the words sound right to them, native

speakers know how to arrange them

To study well and understand English deeply It is very difficult We can not only learn its basic grammar rules but also study all its aspects Grammar is often difficult because it is a complex system of rules that govern how a

language is used English grammar has many different parts, in which adjectives

play a very helpless role However, many people do not pay attention to the resonance function of nouns, which makes it difficult for people to understand Therefore, I decided to choose “a study on the resonance function of nouns in English This is the topic of our research group with the hope that learners can learn more about how to use the function of nouns in the learning process

II Development

1 Parts of speech

+) The parts of speech are the primary categories of words according to their function in a sentence

+) English has ten main parts of speech

+) However, according to “Lecture on Grammar” parts of speech has 2 items: 1.1 Open class items: N, Adv, Adj, V

+) It conveys content words (lexical meaning)

+) There are too many of them, so we can never count them, it means the member of this class is unlimited

+) Two members can go together, it means the member of this class do not exclude each other

+) We can create new members

Ex:

Act (v) school-girl-> N

Action (n) well-educated->adj

1.2 Closed system items: preposition, demonstrative, article, interjection, conjunction, pronoun

+) It conveys function words

+) We can count them, it means the members of this class is limited

+) Two members can not go together, it means the members of this class exclude the other

+) We never create new members

Ex: A table: a (indefinite, specific, generic, one)=> definite meaning the table

a/this/my book.

+) It is clearly defined in contrast with one another (grammatical meaning)

2 Nouns

2.1 Definition

2.2 Classification

2.3 Grammatical categories

2.3.1.Number

Source:

Lectures on Grammar collected and edited by Nguyen Thanh Minh

My Grammar Lab Intermediate B1/B2 by Mark Folley Diane Hall

Giai thich ngu phap by Mai Lan Huong

A, Nouns with regular plural -s Cats, bags, books, days, houses,

postcards,

B, Nouns with irregular plural

1, -s, sh, ch, ss, x, o -es Glasses, watches, tomatoes,

bushes, buses, dishes, boxes,

2, -y

Consonant -y

Vowel -y (-ay, -ey, -oy, -uy)

Proper -y

-ies -s -s

Lorries, countries Days, keys, boys, guys The Frys, the Kennedys

3, -f, -fe

Double vowel -f

-ves

-s

Calves, halves, knives, leaves, lives, loaves, selves, shelves, thieves, wives, wolves

Roofs, beliefs, handkerchiefs

-f, -fe both regular and irregular Drawfs/draves, hoofs/hooves,

scrafs/scraves, wharfs/wharves

4, internal vowel change Man -> men,

Woman -> women Goose -> geese Tooth -> teeth Foot -> feet Mouse -> mice Louse -> lice

6, -o

Cosonant -o

Vowel -o

Abbreviation -o

Italian musical terms

Proper nouns -o

-es/ -s -s

-s -s -s

Buffalos/es, cargos/es, volcanos/es

Bamboos, zoos, videos, radios, studios,

Kilos, photos Concertos, solos, pianos, sopranos

Filipinos, Eskimos,

7, other special Child -> children

Person -> people

8, of certain creatures: no change

sheep (con cừu) swine (con lợn) grouse (gà rùng) salmon (cá hôi) deer (con nai) aircraft (máy bay) trout (cá hôi) plaice (cá bơn sao) fish (con cá) craft (tàu, thuyền) squid (mực ống) carp (cá chép)

9, Letters, numerals, signs and other words that are not nouns but are used as nouns are usually added with 's

Ex: There are two 9's in 99

Dot your i's.

She spelt necessary' with two c's.

10, some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals:

a, criterion – criteria; phenomenon - phenomena

b, cactus - cacti/ cactuses; stimulus - stimuli ;syllabus -syllabi/

syllabuses

c, formula - formulae/ formulas; vertebra – vertebrae

d, analysis – analyses; basis –bases; crisis – crises; hypothesis –

hypotheses; oasis -Oases; parenthesis – parentheses; thesis - theses

e, appendix - appendices/ appendixes; index - indices/ indexes

f, bacterium – bacteria; curriculum – curricula; datum – data; medium – media; memorandum- memoranda

11, Some nouns ending in -s do not change in the plural

means (phương tiện) Swiss (nguời Thųy Si) works (nhà máy) barracks (doanh trại) crossroads (ngã tự) species (loài) headquarters (sở chỉ huy) series (dãy, chuỗi) g Một số danh từ chỉ có hình thức số nhiều (luon dược dùng với dộng

từ số nhiều) quân áo gồm hai phẩn: pants (quân), pyjamas (dỏ pijama), trousers (quần dài), jeans (quần jin), dụng cụ hoặc thiết bị gồm hai phân: scissors (cái kéo), glasses (kinh đeo mắt), pincers (cáy kìm), scales (cái cân), binoculars (ống nhòm), tongs (cái kẹp), spectacles (kinh đeo mắt), một số danh từ khác: arms (vũ khi), earnings (tiển kiếm được), stairs (câu thang), savings (tiền tiết kiệm), surroundings (vùng phų cận), riches (tài sản), goods (hàng hóa), outskirts (vùng ngoại ô), clothes (quân áo),

12, Some harmful nouns have a plural form with two different meanings

Ex: brother (anh/em trai)→ brothers (các anhlem trai); brethren (đạo hữu; đồng đội) cloth (vải) penny (đồng xu) staff (nhân viên) cloths (các mảnh vải); clothes (quân áo) → pennies (các đông xu); pence (số tiên xu) → staffs (các

nhân viên); staves (các khuôn nhạc)

13, Plural of compound nouns

- In the form of noun + noun, the first noun is usually in the singular form and the second noun is changed to the plural

Ex: toothbrush (bàn chải đánh răng) boy-friend (bạn trai) ticket collector (người soát vé) toothbrushes boy-friends ticket collectors

- In the noun form compound noun + adverb, noun + preposition + noun, noun + adjective, the plural form is formed with the first noun

Ex: passer-by (người di đường) passers-by lookers-on mothers-in-law [cũng

có thể viết mother-in-laws] ladies-in-waiting courts-martial [cũng có thể viết court-martials] looker-on (nguời xem) mother-in-law (me vợl chông) lady-in-waiting (thị nữ) court-martial (tòa án quân sự)

- In the remaining compound noun forms: adjective + noun, gerund + noun, verb + noun, etc then the plural form changes in the last

component

Ex: blackboard (bảng den) blackboards washing machines pickpockets

breakdowns washing machine (máy giặt) pickpocket (tên móc túi) breakdown (sų suy sup)

- Some nouns change both parts

Ex: man driver (tài xế nam) -> men drivers

woman doctor (bà bác sĩ) -> women doctors

2.3.2 Gender

- Masculine: men, boys and male animals (pronoun he/they).

- Feminine: women, girls and female animals (pronoun she/they)

- Neuter: inanimate things, animals whose sex we don't know and sometimes babies whose sex we don't know (pronoun it/they)

- Exceptions: ships and sometimes cars and other vehicles when regarded with affection or respect are considered feminine Countries when referred to by name are also normally considered feminine

+ The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side

+ Scotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions

* Masculine/feminine nouns denoting people

Different forms:

(a) boy, girl genleman, lady son, daughter bachelor, spinster bridegroom, bride man, woman father, mother husband, wife uncle, aunt widower, widow nephew, niece

Main exceptions:

Baby infant parent relation child relative cousin

(b) duke, duchess king, queen lord, lady prnce, princess

*The majority of nouns indicating occupation have the same form:

Artist, assistant, cook, dance, driver, doctor, Ide, etc

Main exceptions:

actor, actress conductor, conductress heir, heiress

hero, heroine host, hostess manager, manageress steward, stewardess waiter waitress Also salesman, saleseoman etc., but sometimes -person is used instead

of -man, -woman: salesperson, spokesperson

*Domestic animals and many of the larger wild animals have different forms:

bull, cow

cock, hen

dog, bitch

duck, drake

gander, goose

lion, lioness

ram, ewe

stag, doe

stallion, mare

tiger, tigres

Others have the same form

2.3.3 Cases

*The form of the possessive/genitive case

- 's is used with singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s: the people's choice

the crew's quarters

the horse's mouth

a man's job

men 's work

a woman's intuition

the butcher's (shop)

a child's voice

the children's room

the bull's horns

women's clothes

Russia's export

- a simple apostrophe (') is used with plural nouns ending in s:

a girls' school

the eagles ' nest

the students' hostel

the Smiths' car

- Classical names ending in s usually add only the apostrophe:

Pythagoras' Theorem Archimedes' Law Sophocles plays

- Other names ending in s can take 's or the apostrophe alone:

Mr Jones 's (or Mr Jones' kouse) Yeats's (or Yeats') poems

- With compounds, the last word takes the 's:

My brother-in law’s guitar

+ Name consisiting of several words are treated similarly:

Henry the Eighth's wives the Prince of wales's helicopter

+'s can also be used after initials:

the VIP's escort the MP's briefcase the PM's secrelary

Note that when the possessive case is person or thing 'possessed' disappears: the danghter of the politician - the politcian’s daughter

the intervention of America = America 's interventioy

the plays of Shakespeare = Shakespeare 's plays

*Use of the possessive/genitive case and of + noun

- The possessive case is chiefly used of people, countries or animal as shown above It can also be used:

+ Of ships and boats: the ship's bell, the yacht's mast

+Of planes, trains, cars and other vehicles, though here the of construction is safer:

a glider's wings or the wings of a glider

the train's heating system or the heating system of the train

+ In time expressions:

a week's holiday

in two years' time

today's paper

ten minutes" break

tomorrow's weather

two hours' delay

a ten-minte break, a two-hour delay are also possible:

We have ten minutes' break/a ten-minute break

+ In expressions of money + worth:

£l's worth of stamps

ten dollars' worth of ice-cream

+ With for + noun + sake: for heaven's sake, for goodness' sake

+ In a few expressions such as:

a stone's throw

journey's end

the water's edge

+ We can say either a winter's day or a winter day and a summer's day or

a summer day, but we cannot make spring or autumn possessive,

except when they are personified: Autumn's return

+ Sometimes certain nouns can be used in the possessive case without the second noun a/the baker's/butcher'slchemist's/Mlorist's etc mean 'a/the baker's/butcher's etc shop'

Similarly, althe house agent'sAravel agent's etc (office) and the

dentist's/doctor's/vet's (surgery):

You can by it at the chemist's

Names of the owners of some businesses can be used similarly:

Sotheby's, Claridge's

Some very well-known shops etc call themselves by the possessive

form and some drop the apostrophe: Foyles, Harrods

Names of people can sometimes be used similarly to mean

….'s house':

We had lunch at Bill's

We met at Ann's

- of + noun is used for possession:

+ When the possessor noun is followed by a phrase or clause:

The boys ran about, obeying the directions of a man with a whistle

I took the advice ofa couple I met on the train and hired a car

+ With inanimate 'possessors ', except those listed in A above: the walls of the town

the roof of the church

the keys of the car

However, it is often possible to replace nounX + of + noun Y by noun Y + noun X in that order:

the town walls

the church roof

the car keys

16 | P a g e

The first noun becomes a sort of adjective and is not made plural:

the roofs of the churches = the church roofs (see 16)

Unfortunately noun + of+ noun combinations cannot always be

replaced in this way and the student is advised to use of when in doubt

2.4 Syntax function

2.4.1 Subject 2.4.2 Object 2.4.3 Complements 2.4.4 Attribute to a noun

17 | P a g e

III Conclusion

Through the study, you have introduced the basic information about English nouns

in general Although many grammar textbooks refer to English nouns, learners will find and syntactic functions of English nouns clear in the graduate paper All of them can provide learners with a comprehensive view of English nouns

To help learners understand more deeply about English nouns, in the development section we have presented an overview of English nouns with their definitions at the beginning as well as the syntactic functions of the nouns

We discuss their classification according to their usage then consider them if any kind of noun belongs to syntactic function

With the comparative analysis of English nouns with their equivalent nouns, based

on new approaches, the writer has shown ways to use English nouns, clarify nouns

in English, help readers understand and access more deeply

Finally, the writer hopes that the article will be useful and helpful to English learners in general and Vietnamese students in particular

Although I have tried very hard, errors and omissions cannot be avoided The writer is looking forward to receiving sincere comments, suggestions and additions from readers Hopefully, the issue will be taken up in other studies