Md HINH BAI TAP TOAN SINH HOC ThS, NGUYEN THI H A N G N G A * Abstract Thinking capacity teaching ivith math homework has been studied and used in high school and college However, most of biology teac[.]
Trang 1Md HINH BAI TAP TOAN SINH HOC
ThS, N G U Y E N THI H A N G N G A *
Abstract: Thinking capacity teaching ivith math homework has been studied and used in high school and college However, most of biology teachers only use the exercises in the textbook or refer-ences, sodesign of teaching is poor and development of thinking capacity for students is limited This article presents some models of biology homework simulated by math models with the arrows These models are applied in genetics In schools with aim lo develop logical thinking for students and easy for teachers to design teaching lessons
Keywords: model, math homework, biology math homework
Dayhpc(DH)phatfrien nang Itic tu duy (NLTD)
vdl cong cu la bai tap toan (BTT) da duoc
nghien ciiu va sufdtjng trong DH pho thong
va daihoc Tuy nhien,doi vert mon S//7/j/Joc(SH), da
sogiao vien (G V) chi sudung cac bai tap trong sach
giao khoa (SG K) hoac tai lieu tham khao phuc VLI cho
quatrinh giang day cua minh KTnang thiet ke BTT
frieo cac muc dich DH cdn nhieu han che, vivay hieu
qua SLT dung BTT vao cac khau cua qua trinh DH
chuacao
Deed (iupc nhiJng BTT dat chuan cho tting muc
DH, bai Viet nay Mnh bay mpt so ket qua nghien ciiu
mo hinh hpp li detao ra BTT trong npi dung Ditmyen
hgc (DTH j pho thdng nh§m phat trien tu duy logic
Clio hpc sinh (HS) trong DH
I K h a i n i e m m o h i n h
MohinhlahinhthiJfcdiendathetsiic ngin gpn cac
dac diem chuyeu cua suvat hien tupng von c6, mang
cong cumang tinh SH vest/vat, hien tupng,quatrinh
nao dd, dap iing cho hoat dong hoc tap, nghien ciiu
ffai,co'6m,chuadung noidung cua suvat, hiai tupng
mata nghien cuu Theo quan diem Giao due hpc, Logic
hpc, cd4 loai mo hinh dupc sudung trong giao due
-DH.ddlamo hinh hefrid'ng, mo hinh cau true, mo hinh
k}gic va mo hinh toan hpc Sau day, ehung toi di sau
vao mohlnh bai toan dupcth&'hien theo logiehinhfli lie
mang ban chatvecac md'i lien he rang buoc theo cau
true cac yeu to trong loan hoc
2 Mo hinh BTT SH
Xuat phat tti dac diem cija mo hinh, chung toi de
xuat mo hinh BTT SH nhusau (xem hinh 1):
Cdthe giai thich md hinh nhusau:
- Mi/c tieu giao due: dupc hieu la nhung muc
tISu can dat, bao gom muc tieu ve kien thiic va phat
k i ^ thiic cung cap cho H S macdn la "nguyen lieu" de
CAU TRUC
^
• " A t S ^
r
Ket lugn
PHEP TUY BIEN (' A+C">
T
Ket luin
<"B+ir,
T
K^Huan
^t+B+i
T
Kil i u ^
Hinh 1 Mdhinh BUSH
GV "gia cdng"thanh cac hoatdpng vdi nhieu cong cu khac nhau, trong dd BTT cung dupc coi la mot cdng
cu ed gia tri sudung cao trong cac khau cua quatrinh
DH Phattrien nang luc trongddeoNLTD lamuc tieu quan trpng cua nen giao due nude nhatrong giaidoaii hien tai Xac djnh muc tieu giao due la nhiem vu rat dpng DH, tinh huong, cac cau hdi, baitap; tht/c hien cac hinh thtic DH va nhiem vu giao dudng cua G V dd'i vdiHS
Vi du: Mue tieu giao due can dat d bai 9 "Quy luat Menden: quy luat phan li doc lap" (SH 12) nhu sau: tich ketquathinghiem cua Menden trongpheplai2tirih trang;+Trinh bay co sdtebao hpc de nit ra ban chat cua quy luat phan lidpc lap la:sutae dmg rieng reeua eae cap tudo cija cac cap gen khdng alen frong quatrinh tao giao
* Tnrtins fiai hpc SiTpliam Ha No!
(ki 2-4/2016) Tap chi Giao due so 380 | 55
Trang 2tu - Ve djnh hucffig phat tnen nang ILIC, can: phat trien
nang luc huy dpng kien thuc, phan tieh, tong hpp, khai
quat hoa, tnju tupng hoa va nang ILIC giai quyet van de
^Dexacdjnhdupcmtictieu giao due, moiGV can
hieu sau s i c cac npi dung kien thtic iien quan (ban
chatSH),sudung nhung kien thuc SHdd lam "nguyen
lieu"thuc hien cac nhiem vu ma rnuc tieu giao diic da
dat ra Viec hieu sau sac ban chat SH rat quan trpng
trongviecthietkecactinh hud'ng, BTT _
•Ban chatSH:\anhiing ndi dung kien friiic dupc
thehien trong SGK/tai Beu tfiam khao, €ay lanhung
thdng tin cot Idi ve cau tnic, cac cP che SH phuc tap,
nhOng moi quan he huii^co giua eac yeu to SH do
NhiJng kiai thiJC nay cdthemahoa thanh eac da Iupng,
(A,B,C ), tao dial kien cho HS huy ddng vd'n kiai thtic
SH vavan diing nhiing thuattoan dechuyai dich, bien
ddi va giai quyet cae tinh huong, van de ma G V dat ra
trongquatrinhhrctap.Dedebien doi, chuyen dich tao
ra nhieu tinh huong SH phtic tap, nhung kien thiic SH
phai &1UC suban chat, vtia cd tinh cu the, vda cd tinh
khaiqijatvathehienrd moiquan he nhan qua giua
cac kien thtic, Detao tinh hud'ng cung nhu ma hoa
cac kien thiic cd't loi thanh cac dai Iupng cij the hieu
xac dinh, it/a chon kie'n thtic trpng tam, cot loi va md'i
quan he huu^cp giua cae ye'u to SH, dayJal<hau
quan trpng cija gua trinh soan giao an, thiet ke cau
hoi, BTT SH.Oetht/c hien dupc khau nay, GV phai
sudung cac kTnang tuduy nhutd'ngquatvande, roi
tien hanh phan tich, so sanh xae djnh kien thiic cot
loi va ma hda thanh cac dii kien Day la dieu kien can
cua BTT.Cung tii cac dpnvj kie'n thtic cd't loi va muc
tieu de ra, G V sudung cac thao tac taai tupng hda,
khai quat hda thanh ke't luan cho BTT
Vi dy: bai 9 "Quy luat Menden; quy luat phan li
ddc lap" (SH 12}, G V can xac djnh cac kien thtic cot
loi: + Khi phan tich su di truyen cua tting tinh trang
tha'y mdi tinh trang phan litheolile3:1, nghTa la tuan
theo quy luat phan li, chophep nit ra ket luan "Moi
+ Khixetti le phan likieu hinh d F^thay ti le mdi kieu
hinh bang tich xac sua't cac tinh trang hop thanh nd
9:3:3:1 = (3:1).(3:1], cho phep njt ra ket luan "Cae
cap nhan td'di truyen (gen) quy djnh cac tinh trang
phan li ddc lap trong qua trinh hinh thanh giao tt)"
-dd chinh la ndi dung quy luat phan li dpc lap
Tiinhung kie'n thiic cot Idi, GV cdthe thay doi,
chuyen djch dOkien deed the tao dupe nhieu BTT cd
dpkhdkhacnhau.ddihdiHStuduyeao.Delinhhoat
bien doi tao tinh hud'ng, GV phai sii dyng phep tij'y
bien Vay phep tuy bien dupc hieu nhuthe nao?
56 Tap chi Giao due so 380
- Phefj ttjybien: B d la cac phep hay thuat bieri
dd'i, chuye'n dich dua tren cac edng thiic toan hpc va
he SH dupc ma hda thanh nhiJng dai Itipng chiia dting cac an so; cac an sd'SH dupe bien ddi thanh dai Iupng SH khac cdthecy the hpn, khaiquathOn.Tuy nhien, phep tuy bien cung tuan the9 nguyen tac chat ehe, dam bao quy luat Iupng chat; quy luat^nhan -qua, Oephep tuy bien hieu nghiem, td cac kie'n thtic c6tldlA,B,C linhhoatchuyend!chchijng thanh dai
SH nhatdjnh; chi can thay dd'i hoan canh hoac bien mptdailUPngnaodd(A'hoaeB'hoacC'jsethudupc nhQng ket luan tuong ting Phep ttiy bien khdng chi cho phep thay dd'i d i i kien, hoan canh ma cdn cho phep mdrdng, hoac thu nhd diJ kien de rut ra nhiing ke't luan td'ng quat, ban chat ^
Qua motloatphepchuyen djch, bien ddi, ketqua cho thay, tii nhurig kien thuc dPn gian, rdi rac dupc
khaiquat, hethong thanh nhiing kien thtic cPban m
miic dp cao hdn, sau hon; hay ngijfpc lai, tii nhiing kien thiic phtic tap, tiTiutU(?ng khd hieu, ntidcac phep chuyen dich, bien dd'i trdthanh kien thtic cuthe, tudng minh Ngoai thuatbien dd'i, chuye'n dich can sudung huy dpng va chuyen dich kien tti tic cd hieu qua Sau mpt loat phep bien doi, xii li cac so lieu trong nhiing hoac mdt kien thiic cot Idi nao dd dupc khlng djnh Cd the ndi, day la mdt khau khd cua quatrinh thiet ke'BTT SH,bcSdemahoamptkle'n thiic nao dd thanh mdt dai
SH viia chinh xac khoa hpc, viia dam bao tinh logic
va d l hieu, ddi hoi GV cd kinh nghiem, cd dc tUPng tupng va nghe tiiuat ma hoa dtrinh dp cap
VI du:bai9"QuyluatMenden:quy iuat phan li doc lap" (SH 12) G V cd the thay dd'i tl le phan li cac kieu hinhdF2khdngphaila9:3:3:1 mala3:3:1:1 hoac3:1 hoac 6:3:32:1:1 detao ra nhiJng tinh hud'ng cd van
d e m d i v d i t i n h m a u t l i u i n c a o
- Cautmc^BTT: BTT SH cung nhu BTT ndi chung phai the hien rd cau tnic gom 2 bd phan: gia thieiva ket luan Gia thiet phai chtia day 6u cac "60
kien can"-la nhiing diikien b i t budc phaied deed the tim ra ket luan, phai chtia dt/ng nliifng an so ma ddi hdi ngudigiaiphaivan dyng linh hoat cac thao tac tu duy, phep bien dd'i toan hpe^etim ra nhiing an sddd; tuy nhien cd nhiing BTT bo sung them dieu kien du (dii kien bosung} detang do khd va ait ra nhiing ket luan khaiquat hon Ket luan la nhirng cau hdi, nhiing vandeean dupc xac djnh,caned ketqua cutheva khi
(Xem tiep trang 63)
(ki 2-4/2016)