1. Trang chủ
  2. » Ngoại Ngữ

algorithm for jitter and shimmer measurement in pathologic voices

9 10 0

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU

Thông tin cơ bản

Định dạng
Số trang 9
Dung lượng 247,12 KB

Các công cụ chuyển đổi và chỉnh sửa cho tài liệu này

Nội dung

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CENTERI

Trang 1

Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 271 – 279

1877-0509 © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CENTERIS 2016

doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.155

ScienceDirect

&RQIHUHQFHRQ(17(5SULVH,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPV,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3URMHFW 0$1DJHPHQW&RQIHUHQFHRQ+HDOWKDQG6RFLDO&DUH,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPVDQG7HFKQRORJLHV

&(17(5,63URM0$1+&LVW2FWREHU

$OJRULWKPIRUMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHUPHDVXUHPHQWLQSDWKRORJLFYRLFHV

3RO\WHFKQLF,QVWLWXWHRI%UDJDQoD&DPSXVGH6WD$SROyQLD%UDJDQoD3RUWXJDO

$EVWUDFW

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



‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9

3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI&(17(5,6

Keywords:-LWWHU6KLPPHU9RLFHDQDO\VLV3DWKRORJLFYRLFHGLDJQRVH9RLFHFOLQLFV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KHSUHVHQWZRUNKDVDVORQJWHUPREMHFWLYHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQDXWRPDWLFGLDJQRVLVRIODU\QJHDOSDWKRORJLHV V\VWHP)URPWKHYRLFHVLJQDOLWLVSRVVLEOHWRH[WUDFWDVHWRISDUDPHWHUVWKDWFRPELQHGLQDQLQWHOOLJHQWZD\FDQJLYH DVWURQJKHOSIRUGLDJQRVHRIYRLFHSDWKRORJLHV





E-mail address:MRDRSW#LSESW

© 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CENTERIS 2016

Trang 2

FRQVLVWVLQWKHDXGLWRU\SHUFHSWXDODQDO\VLV+RZHYHUWKHDXGLWRU\SHUFHSWXDODQDO\VLVPD\OHDGWRGLIIHUHQWUHVXOWV GHSHQGLQJRQWKHH[SHULHQFHRIWKHGRFWRU7KXVWKLVSUDFWLFHLVVXEMHFWLYHDQGOHDGVWRWKHODFNRIFRQVHQVXVDPRQJ SURIHVVLRQDOV7KHUHIRUHLWEHFDPHQHFHVVDU\WRVHDUFKIRUDQREMHFWLYHDVVHVVPHQWLQZKLFKWKHYRLFHVDUHDQDO\]HG E\GHYLFHVZKLFKDUHFDSDEOHRIPHDVXULQJVHYHUDODFRXVWLFSDUDPHWHUV

7KHPRVWFRPPRQVLJQVWKDWPD\LQGLFDWHFKDQJHVLQWKHODU\Q[UHODWHKRDUVHQHVVEUHDWKLQHVVDQGURXJKQHVV7KH WUDQVLHQWKRDUVHQHVVPD\UHVXOWIURPDEXVHRIWKHYRLFHRUWKHFDVXDOIOX%XWZKHQWKHKRDUVHQHVVSHUVLVWVDQGEHFRPHV DFKDUDFWHULVWLFYRLFHLVLQGLFDWLYHRISDWKRORJ\RIWKHODU\Q[+RDUVHQHVVFDQDOVREHDQHDUO\V\PSWRPRIFDQFHURI WKHODU\Q[7HL[HLUDHWDO>@7KHPRVWFRPPRQSDWKRORJLHVDIIHFWLQJYRLFHDUHYRFDOQRGXOHVWKHODU\QJLWLVWKH XOFHUVRIFRQWDFWDV/RSHV>@

7KHSDUDPHWHUVREWDLQHGE\WKHDFRXVWLFDQDO\VLVKDYHWKHDGYDQWDJHRIGHVFULELQJWKHYRLFHREMHFWLYHO\:LWKWKH H[LVWHQFH RI QRUPDWLYH GDWDEDVHV FKDUDFWHUL]LQJ YRLFH TXDOLW\ RU XVLQJ LQWHOOLJHQW WRROV FRPELQLQJ WKH YDULRXV SDUDPHWHUVLWLVSRVVLEOHXVLQJDUWLILFLDOLQWHOOLJHQWWRROVWRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQQRUPDODQGSDWKRORJLFDOYRLFHVRU HYHQLGHQWLI\RUVXJJHVWWKHSDWKRORJ\7KHVHWRROVDOORZWKHPRQLWRULQJRIFOLQLFDOVWDQGSRLQWDQGRUHPSOR\PHQWDQG UHGXFHWKHGHJUHHRIVXEMHFWLYLW\RISHUFHSWXDODQDO\VLVDV7HL[HLUDHWDO>@

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

2WKHUSDUDPHWHUVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHJORWWDOVLJQDOZHUHDOVRXVHGUHFHQWO\LQ>@EHVLGHVMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHU7KHVH QHZ SDUDPHWHUV DUH FORVLQJ SKDVH RSHQLQJ SKDVH RSHQ TXRWLHQW FORVHG TXRWLHQW DPSOLWXGH TXRWLHQW QRUPDOL]HG DPSOLWXGHTXRWLHQWTXDVLRSHQTXRWLHQWVSHHGTXRWLHQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQKDUPRQLFVDQGKDUPRQLFVULFKQHVVIDFWRU

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

7KHMLWWHULVDIIHFWHGPDLQO\E\WKHODFNRIFRQWURORIYLEUDWLRQRIWKHFRUGV7KHYRLFHVRISDWLHQWVZLWKSDWKRORJLHV RIWHQKDYHKLJKHUYDOXHVRIMLWWHU7KHVKLPPHUFKDQJHVZLWKWKHUHGXFWLRQRIJORWWDOUHVLVWDQFHDQGPDVVOHVLRQVRQ WKHYRFDOFRUGVDQGLVFRUUHODWHGZLWKWKHSUHVHQFHRIQRLVHHPLVVLRQDQGEUHDWKLQHVV>@,WLVH[SHFWHGWKDWSDWLHQWV ZLWKSDWKRORJLHVKDYHKLJKHUYDOXHVRIVKLPPHU7KHDUWLFXODWRU\RUDOVSDFHPHDVXUHV>@PD\FRQWULEXWHZLWKVRPH QHZLQIRUPDWLRQWRH[SODLQWKHKLJKHUMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHUYDOXHV

7KHDLPRIWKHZRUNUHSRUWHGKHUHLVWKHDFFXUDWHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHUPHDVXUHVE\WKHGHYHORSHG DOJRULWKP7KLVLVEDVHGRQDMRLQRIWKHPD[LPXPPLQLPXPIXQFWLRQVDQGPRYLQJHQHUJ\RYHUWKHVSHHFKVLJQDOWKDW ZLOOILQGDXWRPDWLFDOO\WKHJORWWDOSXOVHVDPSOLWXGHDQGSRVLWLRQ

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

7KHEHKDYLRURIWKLVDOJRULWKPZDVFRPSDUHGXVLQJFRQWURODQGSDWKRORJLFDOYRLFHVLJQDOV2QFHWKLVUHDOVSHHFK VLJQDO KDYH XQNQRZQ YDOXHV RI MLWWHU DQG VKLPPHU WKH PHDVXUH REWDLQHG E\ WKH DOJRULWKP ZHUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK PHDVXUHVJLYHQE\WKH3UDDWSURJUDPMXVWWRHYDOXDWHWKHFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHPHDVXUHVLQERWKDOJRULWKPV

Trang 3

)RUWKLVVWXG\WKHRSHQµ6DDUEUXHFNHQ9RLFH'DWDEDVH¶ZDVXVHG7KLVGDWDEDVHFRQWDLQVUHFRUGHGVHJPHQWVRI VSHHFKRISHUVRQVZLWKVHYHUDOSDWKRORJLFGLVHDVHVFRPELQDWLRQRIGLVHDVHVDQGDOVRKHDOWK\YRLFHV)RUHDFKSDWLHQW UHFRUGLQJVHVVLRQWKLVGDWDEDVHSURYLGHVILOHVRIVSHHFKEXWRQO\WKHUHFRUGLQJVRIWKHYRZHOVDLDQGXIRU /RZ1RUPDODQG+LJKWRQHVZHUHXVHGPDNLQJDWRWDORIUHFRUGILOHVIRUHDFKSHUVRQ:KHQDVHDUFKRIVSHDNHUV LVGRQHWKLVGDWDEDVHFDQSURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQDVJHQGHUWKHOLVWRIGLDJQRVHGGLVHDVHVDQGWKHDJHRIWKHVSHDNHU>@ 7KHILOHVZHUHUHFRUGHGZLWKDN+]VDPSOLQJIUHTXHQF\DQGELWVUHVROXWLRQ

6HYHUDO VLJQDOSDWKRORJLHVZHUH WHVWHGVHSDUDWHO\ EXW LQ WKLV SDSHU RQO\ WKH UHVXOWVIRU WKH 5HLQNH¶V (GHPD DUH SUHVHQWHG

HGHPD7KHVZHOOLQJLVW\SLFDOO\ELODWHUDOEXWRIWHQDV\PPHWULFLQYROXPHDQGYHU\PRELOHGXULQJSKRQDWLRQ7KH

-LWWHUDQGVKLPPHUSDUDPHWHUV

3.1 Jitter

-LWWHUSHUWXUEDWLRQFDQEHJLYHQE\IRXUUHODWHGSDUDPHWHUVWKHDEVROXWHMLWWHU MLWWD WKHORFDORUUHODWLYHMLWWHU MLWW  WKHUHODWLYHDYHUDJHSHUWXUEDWLRQ UDS DQGWKHILYHVDPSOHVSHULRGSHUWXUEDWLRQ SST 7KHMLWWDLVXVXDOO\SUHVHQWHG LQPVDQGWKHRWKHUWKUHHSDUDPHWHUVLQSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHDYHUDJHJORWWDOSHULRG>@

-LWWHU DEVROXWH jittaLVWKHDYHUDJHDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQFRQVHFXWLYHSHULRGVLQVHFRQGVRUPVJLYHQE\

(T7LLVWKHH[WUDFWHGJORWWDOSHULRGOHQJWKDQG1LVWKHQXPEHURIJORWWDOSHULRGV

-LWWHU ORFDO jittLVWKHDYHUDJHDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQFRQVHFXWLYHSHULRGVGLYLGHGE\WKHDYHUDJHSHULRG

LQSHUFHQWDJHDVJLYHQE\(T

-LWWHU RAP WKH5HODWLYH$YHUDJH3HUWXUEDWLRQLVWKHDYHUDJHDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQDSHULRGDQGWKHDYHUDJH

RILWDQGLWVWZRQHLJKERUVGLYLGHGE\WKHDYHUDJHSHULRGLQSHUFHQWDJH JLYHQE\(T 

-LWWHU PPQ5 WKHILYHSRLQW3HULRG3HUWXUEDWLRQ4XRWLHQWLVWKHDYHUDJHDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQDSHULRGDQG

WKHDYHUDJHRILWDQGLWVIRXUFORVHVWQHLJKERUVGLYLGHGE\WKHDYHUDJHSHULRGLQSHUFHQWDJH JLYHQE\(T 

ܰ െ ͳ෍ȁܶ௜െ ܶ௜ିଵȁ

ேିଵ

௜ୀଵ





  





݆݅ݐݐ ൌ

ͳ

ܰ െ ͳσேିଵȁܶ௜െ ܶ௜ିଵȁ

௜ୀଵ

ͳ

ܰ ߑ௜ୀଵே ܶ௜

כ ͳͲͲ

  





 ݎܽ݌ ൌ 

ͳ

ܰ െ ͳσ ቚܶ௜െ ቀͳ͵σ௜ାଵ ܶ௡

ேିଵ

௜ୀଵ

ͳ

ܰσே௜ୀଵܶ௜

כ ͳͲͲ

  







݌݌ݍͷ ൌ

ͳ

ܰ െ ͳσேିଶቚܶ௜െ ቀͳͷσ௜ାଶ௡ୀ௜ିଶܶ௡ቁቚ

௜ୀଶ

ͳ

ܰσே௜ୀଵܶ௜

כ ͳͲͲ

  

Trang 4

3.2 Shimmer

6KLPPHULVDYDULDWLRQRIDPSOLWXGHVRIFRQVHFXWLYHSHULRGV)RUVKLPPHUWKHUHDUHDOVRIRXUUHODWHGPHDVXUHVWKH DEVROXWHRUORFDOVKLPPHU 6KG% JLYHQLQG%WKHORFDOVKLPPHU 6KLP LQSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHDYHUDJHDPSOLWXGHWKH WKUHHSRLQW $PSOLWXGH 3HUWXUEDWLRQ 4XRWLHQW DST  DOVR LQ SHUFHQWDJH DQG WKH ILYHSRLQW $PSOLWXGH 3HUWXUEDWLRQ 4XRWLHQW DST DOVRLQSHUFHQWDJH

6KLPPHU G% ShdBLVWKHDYHUDJHDEVROXWHEDVHORJDULWKPRIWKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKHDPSOLWXGHVRIFRQVHFXWLYH

SHULRGVPXOWLSOLHGE\DQGJLYHQLQDGHFLEHOVFDOH G% DVJLYHQE\(T$LLVWKHDPSOLWXGHDQG1LVWKHQXPEHU RIJORWWDOSHULRGV

6KLPPHU ORFDO ShimLVWKHDYHUDJHDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHDPSOLWXGHVRIFRQVHFXWLYHSHULRGVGLYLGHG

E\WKHDYHUDJHDPSOLWXGH (T 

6KLPPHU APQ3 WKHWKUHHSRLQW$PSOLWXGH3HUWXUEDWLRQ4XRWLHQWLVWKHDYHUDJHDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH

DPSOLWXGHRIDSHULRGDQGWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHDPSOLWXGHVRILWDQGLWVQHLJKERU¶VGLYLGHGE\WKHDYHUDJHDPSOLWXGH (T

 

6KLPPHU APQ5 WKHILYHSRLQW$PSOLWXGH3HUWXUEDWLRQ4XRWLHQWLVWKHDYHUDJHDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH

DPSOLWXGHRIDSHULRGDQGWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHDPSOLWXGHVRILWDQGLWVIRXUFORVHVWQHLJKERUVGLYLGHGE\WKHDYHUDJH DPSOLWXGH (T 



ܰ െ ͳ෍ȁʹͲ כ ݈݋݃ሺܣ௜ାଵȀܣ௜ሻȁ

ேିଵ

௜ୀଵ





  

݄ܵ݅݉ ൌ

ͳ

ܰ െ ͳσேିଵȁܣ௜െ ܣ௜ାଵȁ

௜ୀଵ

ͳ

ܰσே௜ୀଵܣ௜

כ ͳͲͲ

 

ܽ݌ݍ͵ ൌ

ͳ

ܰ െ ͳσேିଵቚܣ௜െ ቀͳ͵σ௜ାଵ௡ୀ௜ିଵܣ௡ቁቚ

௜ୀଵ

ͳ

ܰσே௜ୀଵܣ௜

כ ͳͲͲ



ܽ݌ݍͷ ൌ

ͳ

ܰ െ ͳσேିଶ௜ୀଶ ቚܣ௜െ ቀͳͷσ௜ାଶ௡ୀ௜ିଶܣ௡ቁቚ

ͳ

ܰσே௜ୀଵܣ௜

כ ͳͲͲ

 

$OJRULWKP

7KHIXQGDPHQWDOLVVXHRIWKLVDOJRULWKPLVWRILQGWKHPD[LPXPYDOXH SRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYH DQGWKHLUSRVLWLRQVRI WKHJORWWDOSHULRGV/DWWHUWKHDOJRULWKPZLOOGHWHUPLQHWKHMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHUSDUDPHWHUVDFFRUGLQJWRHTXDWLRQVWR



7KHUHIRUHDIWHUUHDGLQJWKHVSHHFKVRXQGILOHDVPDOODOJRULWKPZDVFUHDWHGLQRUGHUWRHVWLPDWHWKHIXQGDPHQWDO IUHTXHQF\ ) ,QWKLVDOJRULWKPWKHDXWRFRUUHODWLRQPHWKRGZDVXVHG

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

7KLVDQDO\VLVZDVGRQHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHVLJQDOEHFDXVHWKHVSHHFKVLJQDOVKDYHVRPHYDULDWLRQRYHUWLPHEXW DUHPRUHVWDEOHLQWKHPLGGOHSDUW7KHDPRXQWRIWKHJORWWDOSHULRGVZDVGHWHUPLQHGDIWHUDQDO\]LQJDVHTXHQFHRI

Trang 5

H[SHULPHQWVLQZKLFKLWZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWIRUDZLQGRZORZHUWKDQJORWWDOSHULRGVWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHVDPSOHZDV QRWHQRXJKDQGIRUDZLQGRZORQJHUWKDQJORWWDOSHULRGVWKHUHVXOWVZHUHQ¶WFKDQJHG

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

)LJ6LJQDOZLWKKLJKHUQHJDWLYHSHDN XS VLJQDOZLWKPRUHWKDQRQHSHDNIRUHDFKJORWWDOSHULRG ERWWRP 

)LJ&RUUHFWLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHSHDN OHIWVLGH ZURQJLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHSHDN PLGGOH ]RRPRIDSRUWLRQRIPLGGOHSRVLWLRQVLJQDO ULJKW

VLGH 

Trang 6

7KHQWKHDOJRULWKPWHVWVWKHILUVWFRQGLWLRQ)RUWKHILUVWJORWWDOSHULRGLIWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHLVJUHDWHURUHTXDOWR WKHPLQLPXPYDOXHLQPRGXOHDQGIRUWKHILUVWWHQJORWWDOSHULRGVWKHQXPEHURISHDNVDERYHRIPD[LPXPLV HTXDOWR LHH[LVWVRQO\RQHSHDNLQHDFKGHILQHGZLQGRZ RULIWKHQXPEHURISHDNVDERYHRIPLQLPXPLV PRUHWKDQWKHDOJRULWKPZLOOXVHWKHPD[LPXPIXQFWLRQIRUHDFKJORWWDOSHULRGRIWKHVLJQDODQGVWRUHLWVYDOXHV DQGSRVLWLRQV

,QWKLVFRQGLWLRQDVLQWKHIROORZLQJLW¶VJLYHQLPSRUWDQFHWRWKHYDOXHRIPD[LPXPPLQLPXPEHFDXVHLQVRPH FDVHVKDYHDKLJKHUPD[LPXPYDOXHFRPSDULQJWRPLQLPXPRUYLFHYHUVDLVV\QRQ\PRXVWKDWWKHVLJQDOKDYHDQ LVRODWHGSHDNDWWKDWSRVLWLRQ)LJSUHVHQWVWKHIORZFKDUWRIWKHDOJRULWKP

)LJ$OJRULWKPIORZFKDUW

,IWKLVFRQGLWLRQIDLOVIROORZVDYHU\VLPLODUFRQGLWLRQLQZKLFKPLQLPXPSHDNVDUHWHVWHGLQVWHDGRIWKHPD[LPXP 7KH FRQGLWLRQLV DV IROORZV)RU WKH ILUVW JORWWDO SHULRG LI WKH PD[LPXP YDOXH LV EHORZ WR WKH PLQLPXP YDOXH LQ PRGXOHDQGIRUWKHILUVWWHQJORWWDOSHULRGVWKHQXPEHURISHDNVDERYHRIWKHDEVROXWHRIPLQLPXPLVHTXDOWR LHH[LVWVRQO\RQHSHDNLQHDFKGHILQHGZLQGRZ RULIWKHQXPEHURISHDNVDERYHRIPD[LPXPLVPRUHWKDQ

WKHDOJRULWKPZLOOXVHWKHPLQLPXPIXQFWLRQIRUHDFKJORWWDOSHULRGRIWKHVLJQDODQGVWRUHLWVYDOXHVDQGSRVLWLRQV

$VVHYHUDORIWKHDQDO\]HGVLJQDOVGRQRWKDYHDZHOOGHILQHGVLJQDO OLNHVLJQDOVRIULJKWVLGHRI)LJDQG)LJ  WKHVHFRQGLWLRQVKDVQRVDWLVIDFWRU\UHVXOWV,QRUGHUWRVROYHWKHSUREOHPLWZDVGHFLGHGWKDWIRUVLJQDOVWKDWGRQRW FRPSO\ZLWKWKHDERYHFRQGLWLRQVLWLVDSSOLHGDPRYLQJDYHUDJHIXQFWLRQ>@

5HDGVRXQGILOH

0D[DQG0LQ

YDOXHVIRU

JORWWDOSHULRGV

6HOHFWSHDNV

RYHURI

0D[DQG0LQ

)LUVW0D[!_0LQ_DQGWKHQXPEHURI

0D[ 

2U 1XPEHURI0D[ DQGQXPEHURI

0LQ!

)LQGSHDNVWURXJK

WKH0D[IXQFWLRQ

<HV

1R )LUVW0D[_0LQ_DQGWKHQXPEHURI

0D[ 

2U 1XPEHURI0LQ DQGQXPEHURI

0D[!

)LQGSHDNV

WURXJKWKH

0LQIXQFWLRQ

5XQWKHPRYLQJ

DYHUDJH 0$

,GHQWLI\WKH

0D[B0$DQG

0LQB0$RIWKHILUVW

SHULRG

,GHQWLI\WKHSHDNV

RYHURI

0D[B0$DQG

0LQB0$

1R

<HV

7KH0D[B0$!_0LQB0$_DQGWKH

QXPEHURI0D[B0$SHDNV 

2U 1XPEHURI0D[B0$SHDNV DQG

1XPEHURI0LQB0$SHDNV!

)LQGSHDNVWURXJK

WKH0LQIXQFWLRQRQ

WKH0$

)LQGSHDNVWURXJK

WKH0D[IXQFWLRQ

RQWKH0$

<HV 1R

Trang 7

7KLVIXQFWLRQPDNHVDVOLGLQJZLQGRZZLWKLQWKHVLJQDOLQZKLFKWKHDYHUDJHLVGHWHUPLQHG7KLVZLQGRZVLJQDO PD\EHZHLJKWHGE\DZLQGRZIXQFWLRQ,QWKLVFDVHWKH+DQQLQJZLQGRZW\SHZDVXVHGZLWKOHQJWKRIDERXWRI WKHJORWWDOSHULRG

2QFHREWDLQHGWKHVLJQDORIWKHPRYLQJDYHUDJH 0$ DFWLRQVZLOOEHLPSOHPHQWHGRYHUWKLV0$VLJQDODQGQRWLQ WKHRULJLQDOVLJQDO7KHUHIRUHIRUWKHJORWWDOSHULRGORFDWHGLQWKHLQWHUPHGLDWH]RQHRIWKHVLJQDOVWRUHVWKHYDOXHDQG SRVLWLRQRIWKHPD[LPXPDQGPLQLPXPDQGOLVWVWKHSHDNVZLWKYDOXHVXSSHUWKDQRIPD[LPXPPLQLPXP 6RLWIROORZVWKHODVWFRQGLWLRQRIWKHDOJRULWKPLIWKHYDOXHRIWKHPD[LPXPLVJUHDWHURUHTXDOWKDQWKHDEVROXWH RIWKHPLQLPXPDQGWKHQXPEHURISHDNVDERYHRIPD[LPXPLVHTXDOWRRULIWKHQXPEHURISHDNVKLJKHUWKDQ

RIPD[LPXPYDOXHLVHTXDOWRDQGWKHQXPEHURISHDNVKLJKHUWKDQRIDEVROXWHRIPLQLPXPYDOXHLV JUHDWHUWKDQIRUHDFKJORWWDOSHULRGZLOOUXQWKHPD[LPXPIXQFWLRQRYHUWKH0$DQGVWRUHVLWVYDOXHDQGSRVLWLRQ ,IWKLVFRQGLWLRQLVQRWVDWLVILHGIRUHDFKJORWWDOSHULRGZLOOUXQWKHPLQLPXPIXQFWLRQRYHUWKH0$DQGVWRUHLWVYDOXH DQGSRVLWLRQ

)LQDOO\WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKLVSXOVHVLVXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHOHQJWKRIJORWWDOSXOVHV7KLVJORWWDOSXOVHVOHQJWKVDQG WKHLUDPSOLWXGHVDUHXVHGWRH[WUDFWWKHMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHUSDUDPHWHUVDFFRUGLQJWRHTXDWLRQVWR

5HVXOWV

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

5.1 Algorithm Results With Human Speech

7KHH[SHULHQFHVKRZHGDPRUHGLIILFXOWWDVNWRGHWHUPLQHWKHJORWWDOSHULRGVRYHUKXPDQYRLFHV3DUWLFXODUO\IRU SDWKRORJLF YRLFHV WKH JORWWDO SHULRG¶V GHWHUPLQDWLRQ FDQ EH YHU\ KDUG 7KH WUXH YDOXHV RI MLWWHU DQG VKLPPHU DUH XQNQRZQWKHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRPHDVXUHWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHDOJRULWKPIRUWKHSDWKRORJLFYRLFHV7KLVVHFWLRQ FRPSDUHVWKHPHDVXUHVRIWKHDOJRULWKPZLWKWKHRQHVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKH3UDDWVRIWZDUH3UDDWLVRSHQVRXUFHVRIWZDUH ZHOODFFHSWHGE\VFLHQWLILFFRPPXQLW\DOWKRXJKWKHLUDOJRULWKPIRUWKHMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHUGHWHUPLQDWLRQLVQRWSXEOLF 7DEOH  SUHVHQWV WKH FRPSDULVRQ RI -LWWHU DQG 6KLPPHU GHWHUPLQHG ZLWK WKH 3UDDW VRIWZDUH DQG WKH GHYHORSHG

$OJRULWKPIRURQHFRQWUROIHPDOHDQGPDOHYRLFHVDQGRQHSDWKRORJLFIHPDOHDQGPDOHYRLFHV7KLVFRPSDULVRQLV LPSRUWDQWWRVKRZVRPHFRQVLVWHQF\EHWZHHQWKHWZRDOJRULWKPVEXWGRQRWDOORZWRUDQNWKHP7KHSDWKRORJLFYRLFHV XVHGDVH[DPSOHLVWKH5HLQNH¶V(GHPD,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWQRVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVH[LVWEHWZHHQWKHWZRDOJRULWKPV )RUWKH-LWWDLQPVLWVKRXOGEHPHQWLRQHGWKDWRQHVDPSOHFRUUHVSRQGVWRPVDWWKHVDPSOLQJIUHTXHQF\RIN+] 7KHUHIRUHGLIIHUHQFHVOHVVWKDQPVKDYHQRVLJQLILFDQFH

7DEOHSUHVHQWVRQO\WKHDEVROXWHDQGUHODWLYH-LWWHUSDUDPHWHUVDQGORFDOVKLPPHUWKHRWKHUSDUDPHWHUVDUHVLPLODU YDULDQFHVIRUDQDYHUDJHRYHUVXEMHFWVLQHDFKFDVHIRUFRQWURODQGSDWKRORJLFIHPDOHDQGPDOHYRLFHV

7DEOH-LWWHUDQGVKLPPHUYDOXHVRIYRZDODWRQH/RZIRUFRQWURODQGSDWKRORJLFYRLFHV

Trang 8

7DEOH-LWWHUDQGVKLPPHUDYHUDJHYDOXHVIRUYRZHOD/RZWRQH





,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWJHQHUDOO\VDPHOHYHORIYDOXHVDUHGHWHUPLQHGE\ERWKDOWHUQDWLYHVXQOHVVIRUWKH-LWWDDQG IRU6KLPRIIHPDOHSDWKRORJLFYRLFHVZKHUHWKHDOJRULWKPJLYHVUHODWLYHO\KLJKHUYDOXHVHYLGHQFLQJPRUHFOHDUO\WKH SDWKRORJLFVLWXDWLRQ*HQHUDOO\WKHDOJRULWKPWHQGVWRJLYHDVOLJKWO\KLJKHUYDOXHVIRU-LWWDSDUDPHWHUV

&RQFOXVLRQ

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

5HIHUHQFHV

7HL[HLUD-3)HUUHLUD'&DUQHLUR6$QiOLVHDF~VWLFDYRFDOGHWHUPLQDomRGR-LWWHUH6KLPPHUSDUDGLDJQyVWLFRGHSDWDORJLDVGDIDOD,Qž

&RQJUHVVR/XVR0RoDPELFDQRGH(QJHQKDULD  

/RSHV-$PELHQWHGDDQiOLVHUREXVWDGRVSULQFLSDLVSDUkPHWURVGDYR]0VF8QLYHUVLW\RI3RUWR  

)RUHQR/.RKOHU09HOODVFR0DQG&DWDOGR($QDO\VLVDQG&ODVVLILFDWRLQRI9RLFH3DWKRORJLHV8VLQJ*ORWWDO6LJQDO3DUDPHWHUV-RXUQDO RI9RLFHSS  

%URFNPDQQ0'ULQQDQ0-6WRUFN&&DUGLQJ315HOLDEOH-LWWHUDQG6KLPPHU0HDVXUHPHQWVLQ9RLFH&OLQLFV7KH5HOHYDQFHRI9RZHO

*HQGHU9RFDO,QWHQVLW\DQG)XQGDPHQWDO)UHTXHQF\(IIHFWVLQD7\SLFDO&OLQLFDO7DVN,Q-RXUQDORI9RLFH9ROXPH,VVXH3DJHV -DQXDU\  

6LOYD'*2OLYHLUD/&$QGUHD0-LWWHU(VWLPDWLRQ$OJRULWKPVIRU'HWHFWLRQRI3DWKRORJLFDO9RLFHV(85$6,3-RXUQDORQ$GYDQFHVLQ6LJQDO 3URFHVVLQJ  

)DUU~V0LUHLD+HUQDQGR-DYLHU(MDUTXH3DVFXDO-LWWHUDQGVKLPPHUPHDVXUHPHQWVIRUVSHDNHUUHFRJQLWLRQ,Q,17(563((&+S  

7HL[HLUD-32OLYHLUD&DQG/RSHV&9RFDO$FRXVWLF$QDO\VLV±-LWWHU6KLPPHUDQG+153DUDPHWHUV3URFHGLD7HFKQRORJ\(OVHYLHU9RO

  

%LHODPRZLF]6.UHLPDQ-*HUUDWW%'DXHU0%HUNH*&RPSDULVRQRI9RLFH$QDO\VLV6\VWHPVIRU3HUWXUEDWLRQ0HDVXUHPHQW-RXUQDO RI6SHHFKDQG+HDULQJ5HVHDUFK  

%URFNPDQQ%DXVHU0,PSURYLQJMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHUPHDVXUHPHQWVLQQRUPDOYRLFHV3KG7KHVLVRI1HZFDVWOH8QLYHUVLW\  

WƌĂĂƚ ůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵ WƌĂĂƚ ůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵ WƌĂĂƚ ůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵ WƌĂĂƚ ůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵ :ŝƚƚĂ;PƐͿ ϭϬ͕ϯϰ ϭϯ͕ϯϭ ϯϯ͕Ϭϳ ϯϵ͕Ϭϲ ϰϮ͕Ϭϱ ϲϰ͕ϳϮ ϰϳ͕ϰϵ ϱϬ͕ϵϱ

ŽŶƚƌŽůsŽŝĐĞƐ

&ĞŵĂůĞ DĂůĞ

WĂƚŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůsŽŝĐĞƐ

&ĞŵĂůĞ DĂůĞ

WƌĂĂƚ ůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵ WƌĂĂƚ ůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵ WƌĂĂƚ ůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵ WƌĂĂƚ ůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵ

:ŝƚƚĂ;PƐͿ ϴ͕Ϯϰ Ϯϯ͕ϭϮ Ϯϭ͕ϳϯ Ϯϲ͕ϳϭ Ϯϯ͕ϰϴ ϭϮϱ͕ϱϯ ϯϱ͕ϯϲ ϰϯ͕ϯϯ

ŽŶƚƌŽůsŽŝĐĞƐ WĂƚŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůsŽŝĐĞƐ

Trang 9

:HUW]QHU+6FKUHLEHU6$PDUR/$QDO\VLVRIIXQGDPHQWDOIUHTXHQF\MLWWHUVKLPPHUDQGYRFDOLQWHQVLW\LQFKLOGUHQZLWKSKRQRORJLFDO GLVRUGHUV5HY%UDV2WRUULQRODULQJRORJLD  

9DVLODNLV06W\OLDQRX<6SHFWUDOMLWWHUPRGHOLQJDQGHVWLPDWLRQ%LRPHGLFDO6LJQDO3URFHVVLQJDQG&RQWURO  

-HVXV/$UD~MR$&RVWD,$UWLFXODWRU\2UDO6SDFH0HDVXUHV8VLQJWKH0RGLILHG$6SDFH3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO:RUNVKRS RQ0RGHOVDQG$QDO\VLVRI9RFDO(PLVVLRQVIRU%LRPHGLFDO$SSOLFDWLRQV)LUHQ]H  

7HL[HLUD-3DQG*RQoDOYHV$$FFXUDF\RI-LWWHUDQG6KLPPHU0HDVXUHPHQWV3URFHGLD7HFKQRORJ\9ROXPH3DJHV  

%DUU\:-3W]HU06DDUEUXFNHQ9RLFHGDWDEDVH,QVWLWXWHRI3KRQHWLFV8QLYRI6DDUODQGKWWSZZZVWLPPGDWHQEDQNFROLXQLVDDUODQGGH

0DUWLQV5)DEUR$'RPLQJXHV0&KL$*UHJyULR(,V5HLQNH¶V(GHPDDSUHFDQFHURXV/HVLRQ"+LVWRORJLFDODQG(OHFWURQ0LFURVFRSLF

$VSHFWV-RUQDORI9RLFH  

7HL[HLUD-30RGHOL]DomR3DUDPpWULFDGH6LQDLVSDUD$SOLFDomRHP6LVWHPDVGH&RQYHUVmR7H[WR)DOD0VF)DFXOGDGHGH(QJHQKDULDGD 8QLYHUVLGDGHGR3RUWR  

7HL[HLUD-3DQG)HUQDQGHV$'LGDFWLF6SHHFK6\QWKHVL]HU±$FRXVWLF0RGXOH)RUPDQWV0RGHO,QSURFHHGLQJVRIWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RLQW

&RQIHUHQFHRQ%LRPHGLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ6\VWHPVDQG7HFKQRORJLHV  

%RHUVPD3:HHQLQN'3UDDWGRLQJSKRQHWLFVE\FRPSXWHU3KRQHWLF6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI$PVWHUGDPKWWSZZZIRQKXPXYDQOSUDDW

...

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CENTERIS 2016

Trang 2

FRQVLVWVLQWKHDXGLWRU\SHUFHSWXDODQDO\VLV+RZHYHUWKHDXGLWRU\SHUFHSWXDODQDO\VLVPD\OHDGWRGLIIHUHQWUHVXOWV...

2WKHUSDUDPHWHUVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHJORWWDOVLJQDOZHUHDOVRXVHGUHFHQWO\LQ>@EHVLGHVMLWWHUDQGVKLPPHU7KHVH QHZ SDUDPHWHUV DUH FORVLQJ SKDVH RSHQLQJ SKDVH RSHQ TXRWLHQW FORVHG TXRWLHQW DPSOLWXGH TXRWLHQW QRUPDOL]HG DPSOLWXGHTXRWLHQWTXDVLRSHQTXRWLHQWVSHHGTXRWLHQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQKDUPRQLFVDQGKDUPRQLFVULFKQHVVIDFWRU...  

Trang 4

3.2 Shimmer

6KLPPHULVDYDULDWLRQRIDPSOLWXGHVRIFRQVHFXWLYHSHULRGV)RUVKLPPHUWKHUHDUHDOVRIRXUUHODWHGPHDVXUHVWKH

Ngày đăng: 08/11/2022, 15:03

TÀI LIỆU CÙNG NGƯỜI DÙNG

TÀI LIỆU LIÊN QUAN

w