eoc review with answers from the Gaston Co

One branch-legislative-all 13 states had to agree to make a law No federal taxes, voluntary military mainly state militia, no way to enforce laws made by Congress 24.. No federal taxes,

CIVICS EOC REVIEW Name _

trade, shipbuilding

Direct democracy through town meetings, government influenced by religion

Wanted religious freedom

(Puritans/

Separatists) in England, religiousfanaticism results

in Salem Witch Trials

shipping

People with $$ aremost influential, proprietary colonies

Religious freedom(MD- Catholics, PA-Quakers)

Royal colonies – king will appoint governor and legislature, GA-debtor’s colony

not religious

2 What were the purposes of the following colonial organizations:

joint stock company: investors want to make $$$$$ off of colony

proprietary: king grants land to friend- friend makes rules for the colony

royal: king grants land to friend- king makes rules for the colony

3 Illustrate the movement of goods and people in the triangular trade route

MiddlePassage

Africa

3 What role did slaves and indentured servants play in the colonies?

Cheap source of labor for agricultural use

5 Where was the first permanent English settlement in North America? Jamestown

6 What was the Virginia House of Burgesses? What English tradition influenced its structure?

First Legislative body in the colonies – 1619

Parliament influenced structure

7 Who landed at Plymouth and why did they leave England?

Puritans – looking for religious freedom

8 What is a compact?

Written agreement

9 What did the Mayflower Compact create?

Rules to govern Plymouth colony – direct democracy through town meetings

10 What two bodies made up the government of each of the 13 colonies?

legislative body & governor

11 How was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut similar to the Mayflower

Compact?

Create governments in colonies

12 Enlightenment Thinkers

Locke -Natural rights – life, liberty, property

- consent of governed – when you lose consent of governed, they can replace you-

“social contract”

Thomas Jefferson – Declaration of Independence

Hobbes -Absolute rule by kings

– government absolutely has to exist – life without is poor, nasty, solitary, brutish, short

Montesquie

u Separation of powers – no one group should have power Constitution’s creation of three governmental

branches

Rousseau Social contract – idea that you have a bargain

with people you are ruling – when two sides can no longer agree, gov’t can be replaced

Declaration of Independence

13 How did the Magna Carta limit the power of the English king?

1215 – king could not take away the rights of the nobles – have certain rights – e.g trial

by jury

14 How did the English Bill of Rights limit the power of the government?

Extended the rights that were in Magna Carta to all people

15 How did the Albany Plan of Union encourage self-government in the colonies?

Creation of Benjamin Franklin – in battles with Native Americans that the

American colonies needed to stand as one against the natives—previously

allowed Britain to fight for us

16 What was salutary neglect?

King leaving colonies alone to rule themselves until after the French and Indian War

How will colonists’ feelings toward this practice change in 1763?

King ended salutary neglect, restricted movement of the colonists, and raised taxes— colonists weren’t happy

17 How did the economic practice of mercantilism cause colonists to feel about motherEngland?

Not happy about having their only choice of goods being British—were not allowed to trade unless it was on English ships—they saw that England was profiting from

mercantilism

18 Know how each event led to calls for independence by the colonists:

French and Indian

Act-Coercive Acts/Intolerable

Acts-First Continental

Congress-Lexington and

Concord-Common Sense- written by Thomas Paine, argued that it was just “common sense” to break away from Great Britain

Second Continental Congress-1) met as a response to Lexington and Concord 2) voted to break away from Britain, 3) selected George Washington as commander of Continental Army, 4) sign Declaration of Independence, 5) write first

constitution called the Articles of

Constitution

19 How did boycotts play a role in colonial rebellion?

Colonists refused to buy British goods—created a feeling in Parliament of unease, whichmade them end the taxes in some cases, and enact revenge in others

20 Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

Whose ideas influenced its content?

John Locke

21 What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence?

To declare independence from Great Britain and list the grievances against the King

22 What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 create?

Created ways that the Northwest Territories could become states

23 How was the government structured under the Articles of Confederation?

One branch-legislative-all 13 states had to agree to make a law

No federal taxes, voluntary military (mainly state militia), no way to enforce laws made

by Congress

24 How did Shay’s Rebellion change people’s opinions about the Articles of

Confederation?

Central government could not “squash” the rebellion

What issue was at the center of the rebellion? taxation

25 What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

No federal taxes, voluntary military (mainly state militia), no way to enforce laws made

by Congress- no executive branch, all 13 states had to agree to make a law

(unanimously) so it was nearly impossible to make a new law

26 What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention?

Revise the Articles of Confederation

How was the Convention conducted? Who is called the “father of the Constitution?”

George Washington presided

27 Constitutional Compromises

Issue

4Representation

New Jersey plan- “Small state plan”- wanted a gov’t that had 3 branches- same branches as VA plan- but wanted state’s representatives to be based on EQUAL representation- all states have

1 vote

The Great Compromise-

“Connecticut Compromise”- Roger Sherman of Connecticut proposes a plan that has a two house Legislature- a HoR based on population and a Senate based on equal representation

Virginia plan- “Large state plan”- wanted a gov’tthat had 3 branches- leg, exec, jud- and wanted the state’s representatives in Congress to be

28 Compare the views of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists on government.

Who should have power?

Central government/federal govt’

Interpretation of the Constitution

“strict interpretation”

Rights

People Thomas Jefferson

Who should have power?

States

Interpretation of the Constitution Loose interpretation- like exercising implied powers

Rights

To protect rights of the citizens from violation by federal gov’t

29 What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?

To convince the state of NY to adopt the Constitution

30 Explain the key principles included in the Constitution?

Separation of Powers- power of the national government is spread between 3 branches so that no one branch is more powerful than another

Checks and Balances- each branch has the power to check (or limit) the powers ofthe other two branches Ex- Congress can override veto of Pres, impeach Pres.,

Rule of Law- every one has to follow the same rules, even the President

Exception- high government jobs carry immunity

Popular Sovereignty- people have the power- shown by voting

Federalism- powers of government are shared between national and state

governments- with Federal govt having more power

31 When was the Constitution ratified? Sept 17, 1787

32 What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights? to protect the rights of individuals from being abused by the Federal government

Who pushed for the inclusion of a bill of rights to the Constitution?

The Anti-Federalists

34 Types of Governments

Democracy- Rule by the people

Direct democracy- people are allowed

to have a direct say in the running of

government- Ex everyone votes on a

law

Representative democracy- we elect

people to represent our interests in

government and make choices for us

Dictatorship/Totalitarian- government controls all aspects of human life, may restrict personal and religious freedoms Rule by one person who controls all aspects of government

Theocracy- government based on

religious ideas and leader may be a

religious leader

Ex Pope as leader of Vatican City

Oligarchy- rule by a few individuals

Monarchy- rule by a King or Queen-

inherited position

Goal 2

1 What is stated in the Preamble?

Purposes of new government- establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, secure the future for upcoming generations

“We the people ” = government= people

2 What is “full faith and credit?”

Laws are one state are recognized by other states

3 How does the Constitution allow for flexibility?

Amendment process, amendment 9 says that citizens have other rights than those listed in the Constitution, EXERCISING THE IMPLIED POWERS

4 What are implied powers?

Ones that are not specifically listed in the Constitution

What clause of the Constitution allows for them to be used?

Elastic/ Necessary and Proper

Enforcing lawsCollect taxesBorrow moneyProvide for general welfare

State only

(Reserved)Regulate trade within the stateProtect public safety and welfare (police, fire, EMS)

Conduct electionsEstablishing local

governments (power given in state

Constitution)

6 How does the Constitution create a framework for the US government?

Article 1-Legislative Article 5- Amendment process

Article 3- Judicial Article 7- says the Constitution becomes valid

(ratified) when 9 states agree to itArticle 4- Relation among States

7 Who is the leader of the House of Representatives? Speaker of the House

8 Who is the official leader of the Senate? VP of the US

What is their only official role in the Senate? Vote in a tie

9 Who is the leader of the Senate in their absence? President pro Tempore

10 How are legislative districts drawn? based on population, redrawn every 10 years after census, drawn by state legislatures

Legislative districts are strangely drawn to elect a particular party/race-

Gerrymandering

11 What are the requirements to be a member of

district)

12 What are the non-legislative powers of Congress?

Declare war, levy taxes, approval of Presidential appointments, House elects president

if Electoral College does not, approve Presidential treaties

13 How is the committee system used in Congress?

Standing- permanent, conference- work out differences in bills, joint- members of both houses, Select- temporary, have special investigations/jobs- 9-11Commission, Warren Commission, Baseball steroids

14 What must happen in order for a bill to become a law?

See “I’m Just a Bill”

15 How can Congress override a presidential veto?

2/3 vote of both houses

16 What tactic is used in the Senate to delay a vote on a bill so that it dies?

Filibuster- talking on and on about a bill Ended by a 2/3 vote for cloture “closure- toend debate”

17 How can Congress limit the power of the President?

Override Pres veto, impeach, power to approve/not approve treaties and Presidential appointments to Cabinet/Ambassador

18 Explain the 7 roles of the President

Chief Executive- hires and fires workers

in his administration,

Commander in Chief- power over the

armed forces (Army, Navy, Marines,

Coast Guard)

Chief Diplomat- makes treaties, meets

with leaders for foreign nations and

ambassadors

Economic Leader- makes sure the

economy moves smoothly- visits job

sites

Party Leader- leader of his/her political party, campaigns for other members of the party who are running for elected office

Legislative Leader- delivers the state of the union address, proposes the federalbudget

Head of State- represents our country

at events- throwing out first pitch in baseball season, lighting national Christmas tree, hosting foreign dignitaries

19 How does the 25th amendment describe presidential succession?

Vice President will assume the role of the President if he dies/become incapacitated.New President has power to pick new VP

20 How does the Presidential Succession Act describe presidential succession?

VP Speaker of the House President Pro Tempore Secretary of State followed

by all other Presidential Cabinet secretaries in order of when Dept was created

21 How can the president bypass the non-legislative powers of Congress?

Can make Executive Agreements with leaders other nations instead of treaties Executive agreements do not have to be approved by Congress.

22 Who makes up the US Supreme Court? 8 Associate Justices, 1 Chief Justice= 9 justices

Who appoints them? President Who approves them? Senate (first a hearing

Court case could be heard by either

Federal or State courts

Some crimes violate both Federal and

State laws- either court count try them

Exclusive Jurisdiction

Case can be heard only in Federal court

SC has power to hear cases

24 What limits on power does the Legislative branch have?

Can not pass ex post facto laws (makes something illegal after the fact), pass bills of attainder (be punished without a jury trial), suspend writ to habeas corpus (bring

suspect to court and be told what they are being charged with) Congress can not pass laws that violate the Constitution

SC can declare laws passed by Congress as unconstitutional, President can veto laws passed by Congress

25 What limits on power does the Executive branch have?

Congress can impeach President (House brings charges, Senate conducts trial and votes on the articles of impeachment); Congress can veto treaties made by President;

SC can rule Presidential actions unconstitutional

26 How can the Constitution be changed? Amendments=

2/3 vote by both houses of Congress, and ¾ of all states must approve for it to be added to the Constitution

27 How can the Constitution be “informally” changed? Different interpretations of

the constitution by the SC

28 How have Constitutional amendments changed suffrage rights throughout US

history?

14th- suffrage to African Americans, 19th- suffrage to women, 23rd- DC residents vote,

24th- ends poll taxes, 26th amendment- voting age changed from 21 to 18

29 Supreme Court Cases

Implied powers of the Constitution Judicial Review

Brown v Board of Education Elastic Clause

McColloch v Maryland

Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg

Gibbons v OgdenKorematsu v US

Heart of Atlanta Motel v US

Bakke-New Jersey v

TLO-Bethel School District v

Fraser-Tinker v Des Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier-Texas v Johnson-

Moines-Engel v Miranda v Arizona-Mapp v Ohio-

Vitale-In re

Gault-30 Why have civil liberties been limited during times of crisis?

Fear of attack/security of the nation overrides personal freedom- ex- World War II Japanese internment; 9/11 aftermath- Patriot Act

31 What are some services governments provide?

Federal- military protection, Medicare/Medicaid, Social Security

State- Education, health services,

32 Define revenue:

Government income- raised through taxes, utility user fees

33 Fill in the chart:

regressive, etc.)

Income tax levied by federal and state

governments on individuals and corporations-

taxed on the amount of money you make in a

calendar year

Progressive- those with higher incomes pay more

Sales tax levied by state governments on items

purchased Regressive- although everyone pays the same %, the

percentage of total income

spent on this tax is highest at the lowest income levels Payroll tax Social Security and Medicare

automatically deducted from paycheck by the

federal government

regressive

Excise tax tax placed on specific items, usually

alcohol, tobacco, or gasoline- sometimes called

“sin” tax, used to discourage consumption

regressive

Estate and gift taxes taxes that are paid on

property after it is inherited

Customs duties taxes placed on products that are

brought into the country from foreign nations

32 What is the largest expenditure of the federal government?

Varies- generally social security, but currently defense is highest

33 What is Medicare? Medicaid?

Heatlth care provided by Federal government- cost is shared with state and local governments Medicare is for elderly, Medicaid is for low income

34 What is the difference between a Progressive Tax and a Regressive Tax?

Progressive taxes create low tax burdens on those with low incomes and higher tax burdens as income increases Regresssive creates higher tax burdens on low income and lower tax burdens on higher incomes

35 Describe each of the following Regressive Taxes:

a Social Security Tax- above

b Excise Tax- above

c Property Tax- tax that is paid to local governments for houses as well as

automobiles

d Sales- above

36 Describe each of the following Progressive Taxes:

a Income Tax: above

b Corporate income Tax: above

37 What government agencies protect the safety of citizens?

Crime Control National

Security Transportation Immigration FormingPoliciesFeder

National Guard

Department of Transportation

Department of Transportation,DMV

ICEBorder Patrol Within the executive

branches of each level ofgovernment,different agencies areresponsible for forming

Local Sheriff,

Metropolitan

Police

Municipal Transit Authorities (CATS

in Charlotte, ex)

policies

GOAL 3:

1 How many constitutions has North Carolina had? 3- 1776, 1867, and 1971

2 What is a charter? Permission given my government in order to form local

governments

What role does the NC government play in the creation of local governments?

New counties and cities must obtain a charter from the NC General Assembly beforethey can organize

3 What branches of state government does the NC Constitution create?

Executive, legislative, and judicial

4 Fill in the chart:

Executiv

e branch

Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Governor’s Cabinet (appointed by Governor), and the Council of State (elected by the people of North Carolina

Enforce the laws passed by the General Assembly

Legislativ

e branch

General Assembly composed of two House of Representative (120) and Senate (50 members)

houses-Committees of General Assembly

Make laws of North Carolina- called Statutes

5 Where in the North Carolina Constitution do we find the rights of citizens?

Article I of the NC Constitution is called the Declaration of Rights- listing the rights of NCcitizens

6 How can the North Carolina constitution be changed?

Amendments- must be put on ballot and approved by the citizens of NC in a referendum

7 Who rules on matters affecting the state’s constitution? The NC Supreme Court

8 What is meant by “equal protection of the laws”? everyone, regardless of race,

gender, age, is protected by the law but the law is also applied equally to everyone

9 How does the 14th amendment restrict the actions of states? s

amendment provides a broad definition of United States citizenship, superseding the

U.S Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v Sandford that had excluded African

Americans The amendment requires states to provide equal protection under the law

to all persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions and was used in the

mid-20th century to dismantle legal segregation, as in Brown v Board of Education

10 What power did the governor of North Carolina not have before 1996?

The power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly

11 What are the sources of tax money for the state of North Carolina and local

governments?

State Local

Personal and corporate income taxes property taxes

levelsintergovernmental revenues- from other of government

levels of gov’t

12 Name ways that state and local governments can pay for major projects

Unlike the federal government, state and local governments are not allowed to run

deficits To pay for major projects, state and local governments may borrow money for major projects- they do this by financing bonds

Ex school bonds, parks and rec bonds, and the Community College bonds

13 Give examples of services provided by state and local governments.

State Local

Court system, public schools, consumer Elections, jails, mental health services, public

Protection (Attorney General’s office), schools, social services, utilities,

cemeteries, highways, prisons and mental institutions, libraries, street lights, trafficcontrol, animal

14 What is an appropriations bill?

A legislative bill giving money to particular government programs

15 What is the largest source of income for:

a State Governments- individual income tax

b Local Governments- utility user fees

16 Why does Gaston County Schools answer to the Gaston County Board of

Commissioners?

Gaston County Schools, which is a special district called an LEA (Local Education

Authority), creates the budget for GCS and hires the superintendent The Gaston

County Board of Commissioners gives Gaston County Schools its money to operate so they have much power over the county school

17 What was the ruling in the Leandro case? That while everyone is entitled to receive

an education in NC, funding does not have to be equal because some districts have more low income students which requires more money to educate

18 What was the ruling in State v Mann?

Supreme power of the NC Constitution- slave owners have absolute power over their slaves

19 What is the difference between a Strong Mayor system and Weak Mayor System?

strong mayors and weak mayors are all elected by the people- weak mayors can only vote at city council meetings if there is a tie strong mayors have strong executive powers most NC cities have weak mayors

GOAL 4

1 What is a political Party and what are the functions of Political Parties?

A group of citizens with common interests who form to get candidates of their own party elected to office

1 selecting and supporting candidates through nomination

2 inform citizens about issues

3 act as a watchdog- watching the moves of the other party and warning public ifnecessary

4 operate the government

5 linking the levels of government- ensuring cooperation between fed, state, and local govt

2 What party system do we have in the US? Two party system

What are the major parties? Democrats and Republicans

3 What are third parties? Small, minor political parties

Why do they run for office even though they know they will not win?

They want to influence policy: historically successful third parties initially promoted ideas that were unpopular with Dems and Republicans Eventually their policy would be adopted by the mainstream parties (Ex Populists- 8 hour work day, direct election of senators; Progressives- initiatives and

referendums)

4 How are parties in a multiparty system able to achieve their political agenda?

Multiparty system governments will cause the parties to make agreements with other parties, called consensus Two or more parties join together to form a majority

5 What are the requirements to vote in North Carolina? Be a citizen of the US, 18 yearsold, live in your residence for 30 days, not serving sentence as a felon, be registered

to vote

6 Define each of the following:

a Primary Election- vote in one party’s primary, select person to represent the party in the general election

b Caucus- meetings of local party organizations where a nominee is picked