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Tiêu đề Kinds Of Phrases, Clauses And Sentences
Tác giả Kelvin Dang M.A
Trường học Trung Tâm Ngoại Ngữ EFL
Thể loại Essay
Định dạng
Số trang 80
Dung lượng 1,92 MB

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ESSAY WRITING PROCESS (BEST)

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KINDS OF PHRASES, CLAUSES AND SENTENCES

I PHRASES

a Verbal Phrases

+ Present participle: begins with V-ing (Having + V3/ed)

+ Past participle: begins with V3/ed

+ Phrase of purpose: begins with to + V1/ in order to + V1/ so as to + V1

Ex: Standing on the top of the mountain, we can see many houses from far distances

Considered one of the new sports, belly dance is the best choice for many young people

You should look up the meaning of new words in the dictionary in order not to misuse them

(my/ our/ your/ their/ his/ her/ its)

(many/ some/ few/ most…)

Determiner

(this/ that/ these/ those)

Positions of Adjectives in a Noun Phrase: OSHACOM

OSHACOM = (Option (nice, five, some…) – Size (big, small, medium…) – Shape (round, square )

– Age (young, old…) – Color (white, black…) – Origin (London, Japanese…) – Material (wooden,

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The book has been translated into many different languages (V = has been translated:

S V present perfect, passive)

* Subject (S): the initial part of a sentence Subject can be pronouns (I/ You/ We/ They/ He/ She/

It) or noun or gerund (V-ing), or even a clause

Ex: The young student is looking for the meaning of the new words in the dictionary

* Verb (V): stands right after Subject and must be conjugated in terms of Tenses, Subject and Form

Ex: They have translated the book into many languages

* Object (O): go after Verbs or Prepositions Object can be pronouns (me/ you/ us/ them/ him/

her/ it) or Nouns, Gerund (V-ing) or even a Clause

Ex: We met a very nice girl at the party

* Complement (C): modify Subject or Object It can be an Adjective or a Noun

Ex: She is a nice girl

They painted their house green

* Modifier (M): it is optional, and it can be Adverbs, prepositional phrase (prep + noun), verbal

phrases or relative clauses

Ex: The baby is sleeping with her mother soundly

A new school was built near my house two years ago

Basic Sentence Structures

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It depends on kinds of Verbs: Vl (linking)/ Vi (intransitive)/ Vt (transitive)

a Linking verbs (Vl) + BE

a S + Vl +Adj (Vl = feel/ become/ seem/ appear/ sound/ smell/ stay/ remain/ get )

Ex: She feels tired after a long working day

* BE

+ S + BE + SC (NP)(S and SC: the same)

Ex: She is a good student

+ S + BE + prep + NP

Ex: The book is on the table

b Intransitive verbs (Vi)

b S + Vi (Vi = go/ come/ sleep/ lie/ rise/ happen/ arrive/ laugh/ swim/ exist…)

Ex: She sings very beautifully

c Transitive verbs (Vt)

Ex: They are building a new school near my house

teach/ send/ appoint/ call )

Ex: She gave me a present on my birthday

Ex: She painted her house green

2 COMPOUND SENTENCES: Two or more simple sentences (independent clauses) are

combined by using connecting devices: FOR (reason), AND (addition), NOR (negative), BUT (contrast), OR (alternative), YET (contrast) = FANBOY)

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Ex: She is a good students and she works very hard

3 COMPLEX SENTENCES: consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate

clauses or dependent clauses.

Ex: We stayed at home because it was raining so heavily

- Clause of Addition: “AND/ OR” (parallelism)

từ đơn: giống nhau về Từ loại

would rather….than….= prefer….to…./ not only but also (as well)/ both…and…./ neither nor / either…or.…/ as….as…/ whether.…or…

Nối các mệnh đề với nhau (S + V)

S + V + conjunction + S + V

- Clause of Concession: although/ though/ even though/ as (Adj/Adv + AS) /

No matter how + Adj/Adv)/ No matter what (+ Noun)/ whereas/ while…

although

S + V +… (even) though + S + V

Cụm giới từ tương ứng: in spite of/ despite + V-ing/ Cụm danh từ (NP)

- Clause of Reason: because/ since/ as

S + V … because + S + V

Cụm giới từ tương ứng: because of

due to + V-ing/ Cụm danh từ (NP)

- Clause of Result: so/ therefore/ hence/ as a result = consequently = as a consequence

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- Clause of Purpose: so that/ in order that (không mở đầu câu)

S + V …+ so that + S + can/ could/ will/ would + V1

in order that

Cụm động từ tương ứng (khi 2 S trùng nhau): to + V1/ in order to + V1/ so as to + V1

- Clause of Cause and Effect: so/ such….that

* so ….that so many/ few + N(số nhiều)

S + V + so + Adj/ Adv + that + S + V… S + V + so much/ little + N(số it) + that + S + V…

fast/ hard (adj/adv)

S + V + so + Adj + a/an + noun + that + S + V…

S + V + Adj/ Adv + enough + to + V1…

Enough: đứng sau Adj/ Adv (Adj/ Adv + enough); đứng trước danh từ (enough + noun)

- Clause of Time: (nhấn mạnh vào thời gian hành động xảy ra): when/ while/ before/ after/ until….

trước – h/đ sau (when/ before/ after/ by the time/ no sooner….than =hardly…when…)

H/đ cắt ngang – h/đ dài (when/ while/ as)

song song (while)

liên tục + còn lại (when/ as soon as)

Rút ngắn mệnh đề trạng ngữ, dùng V-ing (Having + V3/ed) or V3/ed

- Clause of Manner: (unreal truth) as if/ as though/ if only

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Read the paragraph about “Studying Abroad”

Studying abroad has two main benefits Firstly, people who study abroad can get a better job when they return to their home country This is because their qualifications and experience mean that they tend to get jobs that are higher paid, and they can also gain promotion quickly Another advantage of studying abroad is the independence students can gain For example, students have to cope with the challenges of living alone and meeting new people from different cultures As a consequence, they will become more confident in their life and in their relationships with others All in all, it is clear that studying abroad is a beneficial experience.

The Three Parts of a Good Paragraph

topic controlling idea

Studying abroad has two main benefits

2 Supporting Sentences

Supporting sentences explain and develop the topic sentence, using reasons, examples, facts,

results, or statistics, causes – effects, comparisons…

+ give explanation in details

+ give specific examples

- (1st supporting idea) People get a better job when they return home

Better qualifications & experience mean better pay and promotion (reason)

Now has a high standard of living (result)

- (2nd supporting idea) Students gain independence

Students have to cope with the challenges of living alone and meeting new people from different

cultures.(example)

Students will become more confident in their life and relationships (result)

It is often a paraphrase/ restatement of the topic sentence

All in all, it is clear that studying abroad is a beneficial experience.

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Unity and Coherence

logically organizes information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout

uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately

presents a clear central topic within each paragraph

Unity

Unity means that you discuss only one main (central) topic area in a paragraph The area that you

are going to cover is usually introduced in the topic sentence, and your supporting sentencesshould only be used to develop that

For the topic sentence above, you could discuss only two benefits of studying abroad You couldnot discuss three benefits, or start discussing the disadvantages of studying abroad If you did,your paragraph would not have unity

Even if there is no specific topic sentence (more advanced writers do not always have an obvioustopic sentence), the paragraph should still have one central topic area so it retains unity

Coherence

This means your paragraph is easy to understand and read because

(a) The supporting sentences are arranged in a logical order and

(b) The ideas are joined by appropriate transition signals.

(a) Logical Order

- time order/ chronological order: history, development, story, narration, process, procedure

- logical division of ideas (category): group ideas

- comparison/ contrast

- cause and effect

The mentioned-paragraph about studying abroad, there are two main ideas: People who studyabroad can get a better job, and they will become more independent Each of these ideas isdiscussed, one after the other, with examples, reasons and results to support them

(b) Transition Signals

Furthermore, the relationship between the ideas is clearly shown by using appropriate transition

words and phrases such as first of all, for instance, the result of this, another advantage, as a

consequence, all in all Using such words and phrases will guide the reader through your

paragraph, making it coherent and, therefore, easy to understand

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COMMON TRANSITION WORDS

Listing Points to Show New Ideas:

Showing time: (commonly in essay introductions)

Rearrange these supporting sentences to make a complete paragraph

A ban on smoking in public spaces would save the government money.

a Moreover, governments spend lots of money on caring for sick people

b To illustrate, in my country, health care is free for all citizens as the government pays for it

c Therefore, if the government makes a smoking ban, they can lose less money to lost taxes and

health care costs

d When citizens develop serious health problems due to smoking or breathing in second-hand

smoke, they may not be able to work any longer

e Consequently, a non-working citizen is unable to pay taxes to the government

f As more and more people develop smoking-related diseases, the government has to pay a large

amount of money to treat them

g To start with, governments lose income when their citizens who pay taxes get sick

Your answer:

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Model essay

Some people believe the aim of university education is to help graduates get better

jobs Others believe there are much wider benefits of university education for both

individuals and society Discuss both views and give your opinion.

These days, more and more people are making the choice to go to university While some peopleare of the opinion that the only purpose of a university education is to improve job prospects, othersthink that society and the individual benefit in much broader ways

It is certainly true that one of the main aims of university is to secure a better job To begin, themajority of people want to improve their future career prospects Attending university is one of thebest ways to do this as it increases your marketable skills and your attractiveness to potentialemployers For example, in Europe, further education is very expensive for many people, so mostwould not consider it if it would not provide them with a more secure future and a higher standard

of living Also, universities have their reputation to consider They definitely want to ensure thattheir students are going to get the best jobs as this will affect future funding and universityapplications

However, there are other benefits for individuals and society Firstly, the independence of livingaway from home is a benefit because it helps the students develop better social skills and improve

as a person Many students, for instance, will have to leave their families, live in halls of residenceand meet new friends As a result, their maturity and confidence will grow enabling them to livemore fulfilling lives Secondly, society will gain from the contribution that the graduates can make

to the economy We are living in a very competitive world, so countries, especially developingcountries, need educated people in order to compete and prosper

To conclude, I believe that although a main aim of university education is to get the best job, thereare clearly further benefits If we continue to promote and encourage university attendance, it will

lead to a better future for everyone (313 words)

Brainstorming and Planning

The crime rate among teenagers has increased dramatically in many countries.

Discuss some possible reasons for this increase and suggest solutions.

Why has teenage crime increased?

Breakdown in the nuclear family

Lack of things to do

What can be done about it?

Government - Provide better support for families & stricter punishments

Individuals – take responsibility

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Extending and Supporting your Ideas

Why has there been a breakdown in the nuclear family?

What is the effect of this? What is a good example of it?

Answering questions like these make sure you have fully supported and explained all your points.For example:

Why has there been a breakdown in the nuclear family?

- high divorce rates

What is the effect of this?

- no male role model; boys go astray & may commit crime

Essay Plan

Why has teenage crime increased?

1) Breakdown in the nuclear family

- high divorce rates = no father as ‘role model’

– boys go astray, drugs & crime

2) Lack of things to do

- e.g TV has shown nothing to do

– children see crime as entertainment

What can be done about it?

1) Govt - Provide better support for families

- e.g more youth centres

– guidance and activities, sport

2) Parents – take responsibility

- provide loving environment, relative as role model

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Writing an Essay Introduction

1 Write a sentence introducing the topic related to the main focus [TOPIC] and giving

some background facts [FOCUS] about it

2 Tell the readers what you are going to be writing about [THESIS]

Topic (general statement related to the main focus)

INTRODUCTION Focus (paraphrasing)

Thesis (tell readers what you are going to write about)

Some introduction examples:

Example 1: Question:

Blood sports have become a hot topic for debate in recent years As society develops

it is increasingly seen as an uncivilized activity and cruel to the helpless animals that

are killed Blood sports should be banned.

To what extent to you agree or disagree?

Sample IELTS essay introduction:

Despite the fact that killing animals for sport is popular in modern society, it remains a

contentious issue I believe that blood sports are cruel and uncivilized and so should be

banned as soon as possible.

Question:

Science and technology have helped the world make many advances The Arts, such as painting, theatre and dance, to name just three examples, however, are also valuable.

What things do the Arts provide to the world that Science and Technology do not?

Sample IELTS essay introduction:

Societies have developed rapidly over time due to the many advances in science and

technology However, the arts are also very important and provide our world with many things that science and technology cannot.

Example 3: Question:

According to a recent study, the more time people use the Internet, the less time they

spend with real human beings Some people say that instead of seeing the Internet as a way of opening up new communication possibilities world wide, we should be

concerned about the effect this is having on social interaction.

How far do you agree with this opinion?

Your answer:

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-Example 4: Question: Unemployment has become an increasing problem in the recent past What factors contribute to an increase in unemployment and what steps can be taken to solve the problem? Your answer:

-Example 5: Question: Some people think children in secondary school should study international news as part of the curriculum Others think that this would be a waste of time as there are already too many subjects for children to concentrate on Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Your answer:

-Writing a Thesis Statement

Some thesis examples:

- This essay will discuss both sides of the issue

- This essay will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of such a measure.

- I believe that this is completely wrong and should be made illegal.

- However, I strongly believe that this form of medicine does not work and is possibly a danger to those using it.

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- I am unconvinced that it is dangerous, and feel that both alternative and conventional medicine can be useful.

- Both governments and individuals have a duty to find ways to overcome these problems.

- This essay will discuss some reasons why this has occurred and examine the consequences

of this worrying trend.

1 Discuss both views

Some people think that young children should be allowed to do paid work, while others think that this should be illegal.

Discuss both opinions and give your opinion.

A thesis statement that discusses both views

 Some people believe that it is acceptable for young children to undertake jobs that they are paid for,

whereas others believe that this is wrong and should be illegal This essay will discuss both sides of the

issue

 At present, more and more young children are becoming involved in paid work Whilst some people are

of the opinion that this is an entirely acceptable practice, I believe that this is completely wrong and should be made illegal.

2 Opinions

Currently there is a trend towards the use of alternative forms of medicine However, at best

these methods are ineffective, and at worst they may be dangerous.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

+ A thesis statement that agrees with the opinion:

Alternative medicine is not new It is accepted that it pre-dates conventional medicine and it

is still used by many people all over the world However, I strongly believe that this form

of medicine does not work and is possibly a danger to those using it.

+ A thesis statement that disagrees with the opinion:

Alternative medicine is not new It is accepted that it pre-dates conventional medicine and it

is still used by many people all over the world I am unconvinced that it is dangerous,

and feel that both alternative and conventional medicine can be useful.

+ A thesis statement that partly agrees with the opinion:

Alternative medicine is not new It is accepted that it pre-dates conventional medicine and it

is still used by many people all over the world I agree that for certain conditions this

type of medicine is ineffective and could even be dangerous, but for some illnesses it

is a good alternative choice.

3 Problems and solutions:

Overpopulation of urban areas has led to numerous problems Identify one or two serious

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ones and suggest ways that governments and individuals can tackle these problems.

Many countries of the world are currently experiencing problems caused by rapidly growing

populations in urban areas Both governments and individuals have a duty to find ways to

overcome these problems.

4.Causes and Effects:

The percentage of overweight children in western society has increased by almost 20% in the last ten years Discuss the causes and effects of this disturbing trend.

Over the last ten years, Western societies have seen close to a 20% rise in the number of

children who are overweight This essay will discuss some reasons why this has

occurred and examine the consequences of this worrying trend.

5 Advantages and Disadvantages:

In order to solve traffic problems, governments should tax private car owners heavily and

use the money to improve public transportation.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a solution?

Traffic congestion in many cities around the world is severe One possible solution to this

problem is to impose heavy taxes on car drivers and use this money to make public

transport better This essay will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of such a

measure.

Writing an Essay Conclusion

2 Restate the thesis statement in different words

3 Give some personal opinions, hopes, fears, or recommendations about the future

Question:

Blood sports have become a hot topic for debate in recent years As society develops it

is increasingly seen as an uncivilized activity and cruel to the helpless animals that are killed Blood sports should be banned To what extent to you agree or disagree?

Introduction:

Despite the fact that killing animals for sport is popular in modern society, it remains a

contentious issue (thesis) I believe that blood sports are cruel and uncivilized and so

should be banned as soon as possible.

Conclusion:

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To conclude, it is clear that blood sports must be prohibited as no civilized society

should allow the pain and suffering of animals simply for fun.

I hope that governments around the world discuss this issue with haste and forbid this inhumane type of sport as soon as possible.

To sum up , I strongly believe that conventional medicine and alternative therapies can and

should coexist They have different strengths, and can both be used effectively to target

particular medical problems The best situation would be for alternative therapies to be used to support and complement conventional medicine.

Question 1: Some people believe the aim of university education is to help graduates get better jobs Others believe there are much wider benefits of university education for both individuals and society Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Introduction: Your answer:

-Conclusion: Your answer:

-

-Question 2: Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today What are the causes of global warming and what measures can governments and

individuals take to tackle the issue?

Introduction: Your answer:

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-Conclusion: Your answer:

-Question 3: Families who send their children to private schools should not be required to pay taxes that support the state education system To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Introduction: Your answer:

-Conclusion: Your answer:

Question 4: Some teachers think that international student exchange would be beneficial for all teenage school students Do you think its advantages will outweigh the disadvantages? Introduction: Your answer:

-Conclusion: Your answer:

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IELTS QUESTION TYPES

1 DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS AND GIVE YOUR OPINION

(nghĩa là đề bài đưa ra HAI quan điểm KHÁC NHAU, bạn phải phân tích cả hai quan điểm và chọn quan điểm nào bạn ỦNG HỘ HƠN)

TOPIC (general idea about the topic related to main focus)

(People have different views about + [topic])

INTRODUCTION FOCUS (paraphrase the question of 2 opposite views)

the side you disagree with], I am of the opinion that [paraphrase the

side you do agree with]

(This essay will discuss both sides of the issue)

Model:

People have different views about [topic] (how/ what/ whether + to V/ S + V) Although it can be argued (believed/ considered) that [paraphrase the view you disagree with], I am of opinion that [paraphrase the view you agree with] This essay will discuss both sides of the issue.

BODY

Body 1: discuss the view you disagree with

(On one side of the argument there are people who believe that…)

2nd + 3rd sentence: give explanations in details

4th sentence: give specific example

5th sentence: write a short summary of your ideas (optional)

Body 2: discuss the view you agree with and your opinion

(On the other hand, I strongly agree with those who…)

2nd + 3rd sentence: give explanations in details

4th sentence: give specific example

5th sentence: write a short summary of your ideas (optional)

Summarize both sides

CONCLUSIO N

(2 sentences) Restate your opinion

Model:

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To sum up, there are strong arguments for and against + [topic] As has been outlined above there are certainly pros to + [view you disagree] Nevertheless, I maintain my original position that + [view you agree]

Example

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task

Write about the following topic:

Some people think that the best way to reduce crime is to give longer prison sentences Others, however, believe there are better alternative ways of reducing crime Discuss both views and give your opinion

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge

Write at least 250 words

Model Answer

People have different views about how crimes should be reduced Although it can be believed thatthe best way to tackle this is to place people in prison for longer periods, I am of the opinion thatother measures will be more effective This essay will discuss the both views of the issue

On one side of the argument there are benefits of giving offenders longer prison sentences Firstly,spending a long time in prison provides an opportunity for the prison services to rehabilitate aprisoner For example, someone who has committed a serious offence such as assault will need along time in prison in order to be sure they can be re-educated not to re-offend In addition to this,longer prison sentences will act as a deterrent for someone who is thinking of committing a crime However, I strongly agree that it is important to look at alternative methods Leaving people inprison for a long time means that they will mix with other criminals and so their character will notimprove In addition, one alternative is community service which gives an offender the opportunity

to give something positive back to society, and so it may improve their character Also, thegovernment could focus its resources on the causes of crime, which would lead to less crime in thefuture

To sum up, there are strong arguments for and against ways to reduce crimes As has beenoutlined above there are certainly pros to long sentences Nevertheless, I maintain my originalposition that governments must continue to research the various methods of crime reduction toensure effective policies are in place

(273 words)

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Question 1: Some people think that all university students should study whatever they like Others believe that they should only be allowed to study subjects that will be useful in the future, such as those related to science and technology Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Your answer

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-Question 2: Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic accidents Others, however, believe that other measures would be more effective in improving road safety Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Your answer

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-Question 3: Some people think that in the modern world we are more dependent on each other, while others think that people have become more independent Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Your answer

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jobs Others believe there are much wider benefits of university education for both individuals and society Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Your answer

-

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in teams, like football, while other people think that taking part in individual sports, like tennis

or swimming, is better Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Your answer

-

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local areas Others think that people should have freedom to build houses of their own style Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Your answer

-

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think people should have freedom to do any sports or activity Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Your answer

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and the poor Others think it has an opposite effect Discuss both views and give your opinions.

Your answer

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highest marks, others say they should accept people with all ages, even if they did not do well

at school Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Your answer

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while others say that economic growth is damaging the environment so it should be stopped Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Your answer

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sentences Others, however, believe that there are better alternative ways of reducing crime Discuss both views and give your opinion

Your answer

-

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others believe that it is better for them to study alone Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Your answer

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home because their universities are in different places What are the advantages and

disadvantages both situations.

Your answer

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international organizations Others think that it is practical aid and advice that is needed Discuss these views and give your own opinion.

Your answer

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and culture, while others think supporting cultural activities may be beneficial for the

population and the culture Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Your answer

-

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(to what extent do you agree or disagree?/ advantage or disadvantage?/ positive or negative?)

(nghĩa là đề bài cho sẵn MÔT quan điểm, và bạn phải trả lời là ĐỒNG Ý hay KHÔNG đồng ý)

TOPIC (general idea about the topic related to main focus)

(People have different opinions about/ how + [topic])

INTRODUCTION FOCUS (paraphrase the question of 2 opposite views)

(However, I completely (totally/ fully) agree or disagree…)

Model:

People have different views about [topic] (how/ what/ whether + to V/ S + V) Although it is widely

(commomly) believed (considered) that [paraphrase the view you disagree], I strongly disagree with this opinion and believe that [paraphrase the view you agree]

2nd + 3rd sentence: explain the reason in details

Body 1 4th sentence: give specific example

5th sentence: write a short summary of your ideas (optional)

2nd + 3rd sentence: explain the reason in details

Body 2 4th sentence: give specific example

5th sentence: write a short summary of your ideas (optional)

Restate your opinion = thesis statement (agree/ disagree)

CONCLUSION: (To conclude/ To sum up/ In conclusion, I strongly believe that…)

(2-3 sentences) Restate the 2 reasons

Example 1

Trang 35

Phone: 0901.79.58.39 - 090.432.56.57

Introduction:

Body Paragraphs

Trang 36

Phone: 0901.79.58.39 - 090.432.56.57

Trang 37

Phone: 0901.79.58.39 - 090.432.56.57

Example 2

Trang 38

Phone: 0901.79.58.39 - 090.432.56.57

Trang 39

Phone: 0901.79.58.39 - 090.432.56.57

replace their functions Do you agree or disagree?

Your answer

-

Trang 40

-Phone: 0901.79.58.39 - 090.432.56.57

online nowadays Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Your answer

-

Ngày đăng: 19/10/2022, 21:39

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