New matrix intermediate SB

, We cannot use that in a non-defining relative clause.. ~ We cannot leave out which/who/whose in a non-defining relative clause.. otherme worked so hard that she earned enough money to

"Watch o u t !

The first conditional

The second conditional

infiniliv~Ilave apicnic.

I

will(or a modal) -+ I

we'll you should

I1 + past-+

If she had more money,

If you saw a ghost,

If + I pr~nl -+

If It'ssunny tomorrow.

If you feel ill,

In conversation and informal writing, we use the short form of wifl (unless we are asking a question).

I'll go alld see Pom tomorrow Sa", won't be bad lI11til lole.

Form

1 We use where to talk about places.

This is the street when! Sally lives.

2 We use when to talk about times.

July is the month when I usually go on holiday.

1 to talk about something which isn't happening or is very unlikely to happen in the future.

If I won the lottery, I'd give up my job. (I don't think I'll win the lottery)

If J hod a lot of money I'd buy a new cor.~ haven't got a lot

We use the second conditional:

U

We use the first conditional to talk about something which mayor may not happen in the future.

If I get good marks in the aom, I'll go out and celebrate.

If you pass your driving test, Imight buy you0second·hond cor.

CDr that/which) I'm buying is the latest model.

, We cannot use that in a non-defining relative clause.

~ We cannot leave out which/who/whose in a

non-defining relative clause.

"Watch out?

so that.,. to describe purpose.

(atherine worked hard so that she could get enough money to

cravel abroad. (in order to get enough money)

_ so that to describe result.

(otherme worked so hard that she earned enough money to

rrawl round the world. (beouse she worked so hard, she

earned enough money)

on-defining relative clauses

'l-defining relative clauses give us extra information about

I'lerson or thing It is necessary to put commas at the

eo; nning and end of a non-defining relative clause.

use:

fining relative clauses

ng relative clauses give us essential information about a

erred to.

,~hofor a person.

The studenl5, who speak German, ore going to Berlin,

nhich for a thing.

(QVlIlg, which is one of my favourite sports, con be dangerous.

•\hose when we want 10 talk about possession.

BIrmingham, whose population i5 about one million, is the

'i«ond biggest city in England.

''''at or who for a person.

- at is the man thot/who I was telling you about.

~hestudents that/who speak GermanOfegoing 10 Berlin.

_ "/lat or which for a thing.

- ISis the holiday that/which interests me most.

mg is05port that/which con be dangerous.

"hose when we want to talk about possession.

That is the film star whose performance hos just won on Oscor.

QndOIl is a city whose popula/lon is over 6 million.

Expressing result and purpose

euse:

Other changes in reported speech

1 We change words which have an immediate cann with the present.

loves sweets: , Bob loved sweets.

fast food is great.' sa

t

fast food was great

think I thoughi

"

t

ElIa said (that) she

Bob said (thal) his sister

yesterday ~ the day before I previous tomorrow ~ the day after I thefollo\\lr~

this I these ~ that I those

2 we leave oul any unnecessary words and check n _ agreements.

'Well, my sisler I

Changes in verb tenses

When the reporting verb is in the past tense, we chan,,'" verbs in the direct speech to a tense further back in t e , Present simple-Jopast simple

'I'm amazed the food is so good: Maria said.

Moria said (that) she was amazed Ihe food was sa g<

2 Present continuous - past continuous 'I'm studying geology: Siman said.

5imon said (that) he was studying geology.

3 Present perfect-Jopast perfect 'We have been to the theatre: Ihe students said

The studen15 'j(Jid (thot) they hod been to th, rhtotrt

4 Past simple - past perfect 'I gave you the homework on Tuesday: the teacher reminded the class.

The teocher reminded Ihe class (that) she had given I homework an Tuesday.

Reported statements

When we change direct speech to reported speech

1 we usually change the pronoun, the verb tense anu punctuation.

1 although + clause

I went to Fiona's party although I didn't really wont to.

2 despite/in spite of + noun or -ing,

I went out for a long walk, despitdin spite of the rain.

Despite/in spite of being tired, we dedded 10 finish the project

that evening.

Wishes

1 We use wish + the past tense lor wishes about a situation

we want to be different.

I wish I didn't hove brown hair. (I have brown hair)

jon wishes he spoke Chinese. (He doesn't speak Chinese)

2 We use wish + would + infinitive for wishes to change

something or someone's behaviour because it causes

irritation, annoyance or frustration.

/ wish Peter wouldn't leave the top off the toolhposte.

/ wish it would stop raining.

3 When we express wishes we never say 11 We wish /1 we

would. We use could.

I wish J could go on hofiday.

We wish wc could go oul more often.

Although, despite, in spite of

We use all these expressions to mean 'even if this is the case'.

Would rather, would prefer to, prefer

1 We use would rather + infinitive and would prefer to +

infinitive 10 talk aboul specific preferences.

I'd prefer to go to the cinema tonigh/.

We'tl rather stay 01 home We've been very busy recently.

2 We use prefer + infinitive, -ing or a noun to talk about

general preferences.

She prefers to reod rather than wotch teln'ision.

I prefer dancing 10 playing sport.

We prefer footballlO basketball.

2 We also change present modals.

\e do not change past modals.

could/might give you a lilt home,' Tom said.

-Jmsaid he could I might give me a lift home.

parted requests, orders or commands

.~t:use the verb asked and an indirect object + the

"finitive with to when we report polite orders or

ommands,

Please sit down: the manager said to us.

~1Jt'manager asked us to sit down.

M use the verb told and an indired object + the infinitive

l\llh to when we report an order or a command.

'5tt down and be quiet: the father said to his children.

-'It'father told his children to sit down and be quiet.

,'.e use the verb asked or told and an indirect object + not

- [he infinitive with to in a negative order or a command.

Don't sit on the wall,' the teacher said to us.

- e teacher told us not to sit on the wall.

parted questions

\\"'en we change a direct question into a reported

~uestionwe change the pronoun the verb tense and the

ord order.

;.jow often do you go to the cinema?' Anya asked Mike.

.0asked Mike how often he went to the cinema.

• there is no question word, we need to add If or whether

" complete the sentence.

43\eyou ever been to Paris?' Mike asked Anya.

*e asked Anya if/whether she had ever been to Paris.

,'Speaking activities

IUnit 1 Listening and speaking page 11

jnformatioo for Student B:

The Graod Hotel is looking for WaiterslWaitresses and cleaners for the summer months.

For all jobs no experience is needed but would be useful However, the staff have to be hard workers, cheerful and polite.

The basic pay is~:s.oo an hour plus tips.

There is a basic 40 hour·week plus the opportunity of overtime.

Staff work five and a half days a week on a shift system There is a choice of three shifts 7 a.m 3 p.m.; 12 nooo to

B p,m.; or 6 p.m to midnight.

There is a 45-minute break for lunch Staff have ooe weekend off a month, but days off are usually during the week.

They are looking for people to start by 15 June.

(Unit 2 Listening and speaking page 23

lllformation for Student B:

You need to find out the details of the crime Ask about: place the bike was left

time of day the bike was left the appearance of the bike how the bike was locked (to what)

f1Jorting verbs

"eare ma ny reporti ng verbs in English Here are some of

• admit· agree' answer' ask, confess' explain

• e it) clear' order' promise' reply' tell' want to know

OflID say • recommend, offer' suggest

est, recommend

- report suggestions we use either:

suggest + that + objed + present simple

sl/ggest that jufia works with rim.

b suggest + ·ing

She suggested starting the project as soon as possible.

report recommendations we use either:

recommend + that + object + present simple

lIt'are recommending that you take the exam again.

recommend + object (+ to + someone)

The book club recommends a new book (to us) every week.

llJnit 7 Listening and speaking page 89

7 Role play

I nformation for Student B:

The Reading pen helps students learn English It allows them

to read texts without using a dictionary and build up their vocabulary.

Students simply scan the word they don't know with the pen

~lJ1d use the keypad to choose the function they want.

Students can:

hear the pronunciation of the words.

hear how the word is spelled.

hear and read the definition of the word keep a record of the words they have scanned.

The pen holds 200,000 definitions It costs $100.00.

Wordlist Note; oeliOllIOO'i taken from the OXford WordllOWtr O,(llOl1iryCl Ollford

Unit 1

Nouns

physic;J1 powerOfskillthat make<;It ~'>Ibll'10 do

sill:an ability10mok( cJ«isioM

ucenll'lI:ks;lnl; -sent/ apani(ulMway of

pronouncing words IlIat;'; connected WIth the

country or area that you come from

"'II"'T",nU~J 'n:Jl:KIsltht l!:dmg of being angry or

slightly angry rt oil "

hcklJ'OllH i'bzkgraondllht~oIli1milyand

<;O(wlda\s1Nl,ou(~from andthe~uutlOll

,trilltxpffltn(1''IOU~

IIemiourIb,htrvj~ ~wayUlalyou actOfbehavt

~"ild/bud} thesh.l~and'lilt'0' \.1,1 body

andld<1ltrll:~ndld t: -den!a~rsonwhoma~a

formalr~uC1110becon'lidered lor a job

(h noduillkl,kle~kt"'T1sllkl)1 sbisth a Quality

IlIal is typical of sb/sth and that make<;him/her/it

diffefent from other prople or things

crtllen I'SJ11U1! a peoon who IS1~lIyaccepted as a

mffllbrf01a parti(u!arcounllY

cOtnbinatle I,komb,De'InIa number 01peopleor

thlngo;mIXedOfJOml'd IlIgl'lher,<lmllllure

cOIIfll$ioolllr:X1fju:JDIiI Slattofd~

-~

c_ndKt o J,l:ootD'dllr:fnJ~RitlemertL lact or

adJon that ii Oppll\lle 10 or dllferenllrom ilnother

one ve,b conlfad,(1

culture fl:AflJ';w' thecU~loms,Ideas, beliels, etc 01 a

particular SOCltty, country, et(

customI'k"st~ml ~wav of IJehaying which a

partkular group or societyha~had for a longtime

dtl;:uion Idl'SI3'1/ a choice or Judgement lhilt you

ITIiIke~fterIhmkmg about YilrlOUi pos$Ib,lihes:

HtJlIf' you mode 0 decisionr"'

deltrmi.auo./dl,t3;ml DClfnJ I~

quality 01 havl"l tilmlyde<idcd todosth,tvtn1111

isYt'fYdItlicult You n«d gfM! dttermiflDrN:m to

~ctnJ If!buulk'SS eo:

tlfKlII'fel:lI a chanv thal IScau~bv

ilh; a result !he el/et/.<, oJ acid rom ontheIokes

tlllOr;on II'fIl:l'Jfnl a strongI~lingsuch as love,

anger fear etc

tmployf't ilrn'pbti:l a peoon who works for'>b:The

joctory hos500 employees

people toWOIt forhl~rrl

ftI¥i.onmt.l/m·\~IDnm"",t/ th(oconditIOnS m

whidlyou live,work,eK

or ItIt state of beingbrggtrthanbtfoftw

fluibllityI,nel:~'bdilti/Ihe fact 01 being able 10 be

moved or changed e.:osily

ItntrallYllon l,d3Cnr;)lat'zelfnl a general

stalement IhalIsbased on only a lew facts or

examples

hlstO'll'hlStril all thet'Vl'fIt'iof the paSl

humourf'hju:rn~bemg~bletosetwl1~ilh ii

lunny and 10~ughat things:; Rose /las0 greot

senseof humour

HHlltityfaJ'dent~illtledlariKternUG.let!IDgS or

bellek that d,sMguosh people IrtWllothef1;

lubllity, ,ID;) bd;)tilladt 01 alHlity,ll(I'Wer Of\.kill

Job Iof'tktr fd3Db si:k.v a person who is looking fo'

a permanenl jobman"'ltmut/'m>en"J3JYl~nl/thepeople who(Onllol a busrness or a companV:The mOM/lfmenr i1l0re comidermg making some worl.ers redundonr.

mOlivation l.m:IUtl'vclfnl the feeling that you want

10 do Yh, tWtCially~hthat involves hardwork

and effort Ht~cJever enough, butheloch

molllfltlOll

utioAality, ,nzf;) nz-lxif tht Ritle 01 btiOS Icgally

a utlZC'fl01a p,lrtlCUl.Jf country_ o _ r nJu:lu.~aptn()fIwha has JUst

~llived In 01 plar:eoplJmlstk I,opu mlslllc/ feeling

01 belie'Ilng that the future Will be good oriUcce':isful: I'veapplied jar the Job bur I'mnor~ery

optimistiC about ge!ting it.nQUI) <Jlltlrni\rllpatltn(t 1'pl.'lfnsl the quality 01 bemg able to stayc:alm and r1{)t get anWV, especially when Ihere li adifficulty or youhave10wan a long tllne'tolose

potitnu wirh:sb

l"!alritlHl J"penfrendlilpenonthal you btcome

fnrndlyWith by txr:haOSlOS Ietlm, oItm~ peI'j(lI1

Ptrlonnaoc:t1~'fJ:m;JfllJ1 theactoIliIklflgpart

10 a play or slOglng daocrnlL C'fC In fronl01~n

audience.2 ttle~ InwhKh yout:Iosth

esJ,l«ialtyhowiucct:SSlu! you are;rhe (Ompony's perfarmONce WOjdi~(Jppoill/ingthiS yeor verbper/mm

ptnpf-dl¥eJp~'!lpek:trvl pe ~t, ',th anopinion or at1l!ude lowards Slh

pel;slmillpeslmlSl1 il person ho alwar.; Ihinhtlla1 bad Ihlngs Will~ppenor that Slh Willno(belolK:cesilul

, ,fileI'pDOfal1l a ihort de'icnptlOOofib/Yh that

g1veiusefuf mforlTlilllOl1· Wt'U' b!l1/dltlr up 0 projile

protKllollfpr~tf-kfn! the act 01 ketPIOS WlSlh~Ie

qUf-S1;onn;llrtl,kll-estI;)'ne~a Iiit of qUesllOl1'l thalare answered by many people, '"qu~t;onnaire isusedtocollect IfIformation about a partiwlar

~ubjecl.

~(t{rel!;/ a group 01 IJI'Ople whoha~ethe samelaosuage, cUitoms history, C'fC

SQll /sta:f! tilt group 01people"'haworkfor a

parti<:u~rOfSi'msatl(l,'-Thehotdhasr:werlOO

prople0tI ItSJlfJjf.

S1renJth JS!ferj9llhe quality 01 belns~Iy

ilrong;lilt amount of thli quality thal)'Ollhave:I didn't/law:the strengrh to wolk ony fur/ho.

IU~f5:J:\'eiJ a study of lhe oplfllOni, behavioor,etc 01 a gJoup 01 Pf'Ople

InrnIti:m1a group01people who work togetherttst Itestll a~horte:<ilm to meaSure sb's knowledge

expeliment to set If 5th worlrs or to find out morelflform,)tion about if to aury out 0lesllolft"illnCt f'IDI;)T;)nsl the abibly 10 allow or aueplsth thal you donotlike oragr~wllh

lru:'OI whatli IlIIt,the lam

havetointdlogtt!>ef 10 formnotCOUntry or group

tflt European UniOn

uniqoeness lju'm:kn;)!U the fact 01 bems ItIt onlyone01It! kmd

unity I'ju;nali1 a situation IfI which people are in

riewI\)u:/ an OllmlOflOf part

wayoflh.nkmS~bootilh SN has$Iron:."in

the subltet

Verbs

way; to inftuerlCe sb/stll:lierpersollolprobleff'! were oJJtelmg her wark.noun etll"Ctblamt Iblcnnl tur 10 thmk or say that aet"

pl'f'iOn Of thing IS respollSlble fOf sth badth.l:

your own counlry togoand live m arlOlher:T1l

tmrgroled 10 Australia ten )'eOrs ogo.

tnn(h frn'mfJ lO Improve the qualily.llavour rot

hoveb«rIr«ru,ttd to the tt«h"'8profns«;

SlKr:H4 s;;Ksi:di to marlilge •a<:hltV1! wh.aI)'Oll want 1060 wtll.to~un1

pawngonDoom

AdjectiYes

Iblt I'elbll havlfIg the ability, power, opportuntime, etc to do ith lOlik un.bll'affec:llonltt /;)'fel:f;JIIall shOWing that}OU , likes.b very much

Igrnsiw ;)gresl\' ready or Ii y 10fighlorao.oytltll;)n,)jn)f making you let!ilIghtl~anrHISmostDnnoylflg hobltISDIwo)'5 ormmll

Irrop_t zDg;)nt/thinl<ios that you arebr'!<

more lmponanllhan olher peopleashamtcl 1;)'ff-llT1df (not before a noun)

\'lIurwlllleelinggullty or embarrassed about

or because of slh YQU have done:You shOUld

OIWilFe (;) 't;:N tl t ~noWlngabout or red

thorj(IfIIf)ftt' wo~wa!lhlflllfM

"'rHlbJ:dI leril"l tired and anI'beGlme ithI\;nollnlr:mJ.ins

QI Iku:mf 1nottxr:lled, WOfnedOfaO&f\

-k~pcDI", - there'1 no n«d to ponlC-.2 ~

abouI the sea) wnhoul IHg",avescompliQ!tcI tkomplil:enKIImadeof mamdlllerenlthIDSi or parts that~re(onnwed

difficult to understand

mnfidtnl /'konrrd;mtl feeling or shOWing th;Jtare sure about your own abilities, opmioni ~

KlJleis confidentlhol she willpasstfltew".

conhollnllbn'fju:n.Q! dlffJcull 10 undern,amSlnKIJ()ns~CtJrItrDdKtory ondconjus lltllr<llblt Idl'lll1aDbIf wanted,oft~b¥ rn.m

people;worthhavlns;&~enuISdtsIro~

nol~tloljar this job_

dirfft dal'rckll W)'I"I what you fTltan dearUSr-tOllll' i:zi 'Q:lUIl)1 (used about a penoo.elaxed and nOI easily worned or UPil'lbo,other people do