foreign science and engineering presence in u s potx

Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S.. citizens woul accept im adr w enero emai nthe Ute States, [NSF data reves that in 2006, the foreign student population eared approximate

Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in

U.S Institutions and the Labor Force

Fog Sens ond Bxgaring Presto nS Istitutons and he Labor Force

Summary

The ineteased presence of foreign students n gahat eience the sclatfe workforce as been and conics to he of conser to some the Sleatiic ant engineeting prograns sin

‘onmpuniy: Enrollment of 11S citizens in graduate seience and engincering prograns has not ‘Kept pace with dat af foreign stems in hose programs In adliion t he numberof fecin students a graduate seicace and eagincering yroesas a significant ume of university facully inthe scien seine are fein, an leis doctorates ae employed in age nuibers by inde

ew wil disput that U.S eniversties and indy have chosen foreign alent ofl many psitons Foreign seenists and enginers serve the nes indsty ath dato level and kohave heen founda serve in jo oles a the masters evel However, thee ate eitbes hat U.S, workers are adversely affected by the entry of foreign scieist ae engineers, ho

reportally accept lower wages than U.S citizens woul accept im adr w enero emai nthe Ute States,

[NSF data reves that in 2006, the foreign student population eared approximately 36.2% of the doctorate degrees in the sciences and approximately 636% of the dovtoate degrees in sincering Jn 200, foreign sats on temporary resident vist caned 32.0% of te torts inthe sciences, an 58.04 of the doctorate in engineering The pariiption rates in 2005 were XU and 38.4, respectively In 2006, pemmuncnt resident staus stents cared 42% ofthe

‘oesortes in bath the seiences ain eneincerine, a shah change frm the 2008 levels of 38% inthe sconces and 4.4% in engineerin,

‘Manin the scirtfe community ain ha in onder o compete with cous tht are Fapid expanding thei siete and technological eapabiis, the country needs to rine to the Unite States those hone 4s wil netic soety and wil emae ws to corer the ne technology based pla cca, The aeademic community ks enaceraed at hy mare srngent

‘sa regements or foreign tudes a have cond impo enollments in colleges und universes, Thar rete who Believe alt underlying prblcts af foreign stan in faust science and engineering programs sot nesesariy th tere are too many foreign-born Students, but hus thee ate not enous native-born Stdents pursing scene an tecimicat

—

Legislation has boom introduced inthe L11 Congress otras foreign tes the seeatiic apd tetical dscipines and to waitin the imerests of Amerian seientists H.R 4321,

Comprehensive Iiigration Reform for Ameri's Sscurity and Prosperity As, woul, rong

‘the things, amend HIB visa employer application requirements by lengthening US, woeksr Proistion and prohibiting employer positinn anananeerants that spxity positions soley to, or

$8e priority to, HAT visa holders HER, (781, Stopping Tene ip Amica PhDs fom Leaving the Enonony Act (STAPLE, would place mmerical tations on imran who have been swan doctorate degre in the stentfeeseplines from a US, iesiution and who hase a8

‘ffecoemployraeatfrowna U.S employe in a degos-ratd ila

Congolese ies

Contents

Foreign Studens in U.S lnsiuions

Participation ates in Seieace anal Engineering

Sopp of orsign Stodeis in Grate Scho

Perceived Benefits and Probes, Foreign Scientists ani Engineers i the U.S Labor Fare

Policy Implications

Figures

Figure 1, Poetoate Degrees: US an Nom US Citizens, 2006

Figure 2, Nou US, Citizens Awarded Dosorte in Seenee and Engineering ‘Citizenship, 2006 by Coantty

Tables

Table | Science Doctorates: Now U.S, Ciizens—Temporary and Permuneat Residems as ‘Percentage of Total Awards, 1997-206,

“Table 2 Engincsring Doctorates: Non-US Catzene— Temporary and Permanent Residents asa Peesotage of Tal wands, 197-2006

“Table 3 Primary Sours of Financial Spon for Doctorate Reviiems, 2006

“Table 4 HIB Peitions Approved by Major Oseuption Group Fiscal Year 2008

Contacts

‘Author Contact Information

Congolese ies

"hình af foreigh stents in taht science ad ensncsrine poetann, & siiieat umber of University tieu Ta he scene dseipines are foreign a foreign dotorates are employed in lange mimes by dst

T: netease presence of foreign studs in gubate sence and enginectng prograns

“Those inthe scenic community, arguing foe elings om admissions fo immigrants, msn Thai foreign students use US, graate education programs as stoping toe lò inmieraon

"woush sponsorships fr legal permanent residence" Approximately 56% of Torign doctorate -dege te 0 temporary “se remujA 0 he United Sates, with many’ eventually heconing

‘iuzens.' Data on alsin fon temporary vss to perma stats evel hat approximately 61m 19 sew permanent resideas ocurred i oth 2007 ad 2008 fom adusteats

‘status admissions.” In 2008, approximately 5.08 of dove individuals awarded legal Permanent reser salu sue from employment based prefect,

Fey wil spurte that U.S universities and industry have chosen foreign alee fill many

positions” Foreign cits an enginces serve the neds of indus a the doctorate eve! and ko ave bool serve inno oles a he masters level” No spisnely, here ae

+Fregn ao pntiog oo inte Unie Sas allo aanon y y el ipie wl a

‘Ss nant eno me orn tre tac Mel Sy eof Foreign Dara eof cients el Enger etn Oak Re eis Se

charges tha U.S workers ae aersely affect by the ey of foreign scientists an engineers

no reportedly accep lower wags than U.S citizens would accept in oder eater of emit the Linked Stats" These arguments occur inthe context of «debate on prsstions url potential inbulancss in cena seirfc anf ictal disciplines"The US Barc of Lahr Saistios repos tht ten the years 2008 al 2016, cmployren in scknge and engineting el wil increase 9 faster rate than other profesional eos, The grout rte wil sul, prin, From aro ia mahematis ad computer relate ecapalons,”

‘Much tenon i the sion comity has facased om the HB temporary amiss Program, pot ofthe Nations Seience Fouastion (NSF) dvi the late 1980 claiming & Tatlonwide shortage of sietsts and engineers ny ave contibuted to the decision by Congiss

to expan the skill preference ssstem ead a the Insnigration Ac of 199)" The 1990 legislation more than doubled employment-based inuigration inching sccm ane

‘nginses ering under the H-IB visa category The at ase the sutedca nits or clings

‘on permanent employment-based adinissons, fom 4.000 o L900 annually i ation, the legislation ascribed high priory tothe ea of selected skilled and profesional workers and simplified adnissions procedures for foreign nationals secking to emmporaniy work, si conduct snes inthe Unite Stats

‘On October 17, 2000, the Antica Competitiveness i the Twenly-Fts Centary Act of 2000

‘vas sane int aw (PL 106-313), sins changing the 1-10 posta snd the

enploymvnt.basalnmisraio proaram, The ksishton ase the aia amber of HIB visas

1 195.00 for FY 204 FY2O2 an PY 200% ad tamed to 65,00 in FY, exe

‘om he new eiig all 1B nonimmigrant ho are employed by insutions of higher

“alisdioD ad nonprofit or governmental sea rganieatons The la authorized alitonat

rig Werorefor tented Sater Repo othe Cares Onc ny Resch

Sate kay an sopra cmon obasn a }CUB von nth cr aroun pe

cư nace CRS Reet ROSS migration Eye foes nun rena Spe

ig Soy ond Ennorng Pesns nUS Istiution nthe Laon Force HIB visas for FY1990 woffa she visas inaertendy apposed for the yer tha exceaded the cap In aon the law inczcased the fees employers pai foreach petition for nonimmigrant Sturus—fFom $508 to $1.00 pe petition." or the development of private public partnerships in K-12 edacaton, the expansion of computer A pti of he fes were made available othe NSF Science engineering, and mathemati scholars, ad th esthlshmsent of demonstration roerame or project tha provide tcc skills aig for U.S, workers, both employed a Unemployed.”

Siebaf in law on Docenbgr 8 2064 PL 1OS-117, The Consolidated Appropsinons Act, 2005, Readbadzad HIB funding," The fe employers pay for each petition vas asl Fo SI HH0 tà S110 per peiton, Foreuphoyers wil ss than 25 ull tinw equivalent employes, the ee wk Sefar $750 per potion Ao, the gldfonerealal an aHifiaml 20100 E TP vkax ox FY 2005 for thse wo Mad cared a mastrs degre o highs: Fon a US aston of higher education, The ses common as heen vide over props to ingesesteete maton bits ‘on people with vjeife aidteerieal skis Aten ose upon the Pane Between the nesdk for a highly skilled siemife and echnical werkores ad the sd! opt and ens nh opportunities, salaries and working conditions of US, seeafe personne wil Comings to

he debated "This paper adareses these tues

Foreign Students in U.S Institutions

The mah o non U S, c2 enrolling in U.S colleges and universities slows fling the September 1” terrorist aachs "The slowing of enrollments his been Intel 1o, on siher Things, dhe giening of US, visa pies and ineteased pls] competition far grades the sess ere Cnc Acrnay Oc: Cadre 18 VF eee Werf Ned a

‘siete and echnical diseiplines fom counties such sẽ Chia, Inia, ad Cana * However 3

2109 report of the lta of Intemational Education reveal that forthe avademse yest 2008

309 the mnber of foreign-born students (ial disciplines incase by 8.0% the lagest, Fecorded incase sine 1080 The growth of students trom China conisibuted significant the increase In ation, new freien ste eollnent fr 2008 2009 ineeased by apqwoximately 16.0% fromthe previos academic year The nes envollments aes 0 result tran haih meRlimenfffufs by Ù.S iefuioreanl se improved visa processing fo stunts" Te ineratonal sere eollment changes ate fefeced sifeverly by ypes of insitions, vel of study, an selves

‘There ate nacsble ferences hy word region of origin nthe Flow of frei stents the Unite States India's stunts were 15.4% of te population for acadene year 2008-2009 The

‘ther cousics of eign of foreign staat alg within the op ten were China (14.6%), South Korea (11.29), Cana (4.4%) Japan 44%), Taiwan (4.2%), Mesico (22), Turkey (20%),

‘Vietnam, (19%), and Sal Arabia (196) Ta top te Hels of study fr all forsiga sudents swore: busines atid management (20.85), cnginecing (17.7%), physical adie senses 9.2%) Social sciences (854), muteraties Fine an apie as (3.2%), nese English ledge (4.29%), humanities (2.9), edscation and computer eines (84%) healt prfesions (5.2%) (2.74), and agriclre (1380)

Participation Rates in Science and Engineering

[NSF dats reveal hat in 206, the foreign student population eared proximately 6.2% ofthe No degrees in the sciences ap approximately 636% ofthe detorate depres i engineeũng ` In 2006, Freign students om temporary resident visas” carnal 32.0% ofthe

> Sc for angle Mio, Dy “Wid wc 1S, Opp, He Links Api sre 8p ta re, Nr nu rao

‘ned Stes Rete te Top ja Stans?” Choe an ml 964, pp 19-24

Foreign Scene ond ngacying Presect nS Iattutions an the Labor Force

“dctorates inthe seiences, and 58.6% ofthe doctorates in engineering.” (Se Figure 1.) The Participation rates in 2003 were 30.8% and 58.4%, respectively In2006, permanent resident tus” students carmed 4.25 ofthe doctorates in both he scienes and engincerin, ash

‘change from the 205 levels of 3.8% in the seencesand-4.4% in engineering Trend data for Science and engineering depres for the years 1996-2008 reveal that ofthe non-US etizen population, temporary naiden tats stunts consistently have earned the majority of the

‘doctorate dynes (See Table 1 and Table 2.)

Figure I Doctorate Degrees: U.S.and Non-US Citizens, 2006

‘Source Sens an nghewig Dera Avar 006 Table

Note: A aon 186 depres th src an 4 dares in engrng ere tarde indie

‘tenn aon

Disaggregated data for the subfields of science provide a detailed picture of dogroe recon by

US etizeaship and non-U.S citizenship stats In 200, foreign students (temporary and

Permanent resident status) were avarded 47.9% ofthe doctorates inthe physical sciences, an Increase from the 46.2% avarded in 2008 n mathemati, 55.3% ofthe doctorates were awarded

to foreign students in 2006, a light increase from te 551% award in 2008 Fr the computer sciences, 61.3 were award to foreign stadens, an increase above the 2008 level of $8 ‘The eanh, atmospheric, and occan sciences and the agrcutural and biological sciences awarded 354% and 3.6 of the dere respectively to foregn-botn students in 2006, compared 1 the

2005 fvels of 38.7% and 32.1%, Inthe socal siences and paycholog, 24,65 ofthe doctorates

‘were awarded to foreign tude in 2006, almost evel withthe 24.5% avardein 2008.”

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‘Table | Science Doctorates: Non-US Citizens—Temporary and Permanent Residents asa Percentage of Tatal Awards, 1997-2006

‘Gtizene), 345% wete fon China, 1.0% were from Ing, 34 were fom Taiwan, 28% fom

‘Canad, 3.45 from Aldea, 288 fom Turkes, 1.7% tom Japan, sid 145 fom German.” Sve

Foreign Scene ond ngacying Presect nS Iattutions an the Labor Force Figure 2 fr adtionaldisagerepatd data on doctorate degrees awarded 10 non-US

‘country of ein

ens by Figure 2 Non-US Citizens Awarded Doctorates in Science and Engineering by ‘Country or Citizenship, 2006

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Sourea Sane an Enghowing Darra Ava 806 Ti ị

Note: Atal o 5 dares ware warded trend csers fom curr rin,

Support of Foreign Students in Graduate School

‘Certain restitons have boon placed on foreign students with temporary resident student status who ate engl in graduate programs in U.S isto Foreig graduate students ae requzed

to be fulltime studems, and are proibited, duc to visa restrtions, fom seeking employment." While they are prohibited also from obtaining mest fellowships, waineshipso federally

uaranee lous, they are able to be employed as research assistants or teaching assistants on Federally fund research projects

Foreign and US science and engineringsraduate students receive Financial support from many resources personal university (primarily through teaching sistantships, research asistgtshipstrainesships ellowships/iseration grants)” foreign government employer, and

‘other Many foreign students receive suppor fom their home cours, though its generally Tinted tothe ist yea of sty." For the continuing years, the university wsbaly provides

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