Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy, by Chevalier Jackson potx

CHAPTER I INSTRUMENTARIUM 17 CHAPTER II ANATOMY OF LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND ESOPHAGUS, ENDOSCOPICALLY CONSIDERED 52 CHAPTER III PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT FOR PERORAL ENDOSCOPY63 CHA

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Title: Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy

A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and

Laryngeal Surgery

Author: Chevalier Jackson

Release Date: September 13, 2006[eBook #19261]

This book is one of the pioneering works

in laryngology The original text is fromthe library of Indiana University

Department of Otolaryngology-Head andNeck Surgery, Bruce Matt, MD It wasscanned, converted to text, and proofed

by Alex Tawadros

BRONCHOSCOPY AND ESOPHAGOSCOPY

A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and

Professor of Bronchoscopy and

Esophagoscopy, Graduate School ofMedicine, University of Pennsylvania;Member of the American

Laryngological Association; Member ofthe Laryngological,

Rhinological, and Otological Society;Member of the American Academy

of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology;Member of the American

Bronchoscopic Society; Member of the

American Philosophical Society;etc., etc.

With 114 Illustrations and Four ColorPlates

Philadelphia And London

W B Saunders Company

1922

Copyrights 1922, by W B SaundersCompany

Made in U.S.A

TO MY MOTHER

TO WHOSE

INTEREST IN

MEDICAL SCIENCE THE AUTHOR

OWES HIS

INCENTIVE, AND

TO MY FATHER

WHOSE CONSTANT ADVICE TO

This book is based on an abstract of theauthor's larger work, Peroral Endoscopyand Laryngeal Surgery The abstract wasprepared under the author's direction by

a reader, in order to get a reader's point

of view on the presentation of the

subject in the earlier book With thisabstract as a starting point, the authorhas endeavored, so far as lay within hislimited abilities, to accomplish the

difficult task of presenting by writtenword the various purely manual

endoscopic procedures The large

number of corrections and revisions

found necessary has confirmed the

wisdom of the plan of getting the

reader's point of view; and these

revisions, together with numerous

additions, have brought the treatment ofthe subject up to date so far as is

possible within the limits of a workingmanual Acknowledgment is due thepersonnel of the W B Saunders

Company for kindly help

CHEVALIER JACKSON OCTOBER, 1922 II

CONTENTS PAGE

CHAPTER I INSTRUMENTARIUM 17 CHAPTER II ANATOMY OF LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND ESOPHAGUS, ENDOSCOPICALLY CONSIDERED 52 CHAPTER III PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT FOR PERORAL ENDOSCOPY

63 CHAPTER IV ANESTHESIA FOR

PERORAL ENDOSCOPY 65 CHAPTER V BRONCHOSCOPIC OXYGEN

INSUFFLATION 71 CHAPTER VI

POSITION OF THE PATIENT FOR

PERORAl ENDOSCOPY 73 CHAPTER VII DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY 82 CHAPTER VIII DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY

FOOD PASSAGES 126 CHAPTER XIII FOREIGN BODIES IN THE LARYNX AND TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE 149

CHAPTER XIV REMOVAL OF FOREIGN BODIES FROM THE LARYNX 156

CHAPTER XV MECHANICAL

PROBLEMS OF BRONCHOSCOPIC

FOREIGN BODY EXTRACTION 158

CHAPTER XVI FOREIGN BODIES IN THE BRONCHI FOR PROLONGED PERIODS

177 CHAPTER XVII UNSUCCESSFUL BRONCHOSCOPY FOR FOREIGN

BODIES 181 CHAPTER XVIII FOREIGN BODIES IN THE ESOPHAGUS 183

CHAPTER XIX ESOPHAGOSCOPY FOR FOREIGN BODY 187 CHAPTER XX

PLEUROSCOPY 199 CHAPTER XXI

BENIGN GROWTHS IN THE LARYNX 201 CHAPTER XXII BENIGN GROWTHS IN THE LARYNX (Continued) 203 CHAPTER XXIII BENIGN GROWTHS PRIMARY IN

THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE 207 CHAPTER XXIV BENIGN NEOPLASMS

OF THE ESOPHAGUS 209 CHAPTER XXV ENDOSCOPY IN MALIGNANT DISEASE

OF THE LARYNX 210 CHAPTER XXVI BRONCHOSCOPY IN MALIGNANT

GROWTHS OF THE TRACHEA 214

CHAPTER XXVII MALIGNANT DISEASE

OF THE ESOPHAGUS 216 CHAPTER XXVIII DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY IN DISEASES OF THE LARYNX 221

CHAPTER XXIX BRONCHOSCOPY IN DISEASES OF THE TRACHEA AND

BRONCHI 224 CHAPTER XXX DISEASES

OF THE ESOPHAGUS 235 CHAPTER XXXI DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS (Continued) 245 CHAPTER XXXII

DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS

(Continued) 251 CHAPTER XXXIII

DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS

(Continued) 260 CHAPTER XXXIV

DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS

(Continued) 268 CHAPTER XXXV

GASTROSCOPY 273 CHAPTER XXXVI ACUTE STENOSIS OF THE LARYNX 277 CHAPTER XXXVII TRACHEOTOMY 279 CHAPTER XXXVIII CHRONIC STENOSIS

OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA 300 CHAPTER XXXIX DECANNULATION AFTER CURE OF LARYNGEAL

STENOSIS 309 BIBLIOGRAPHY 311 INDEX 315

[17] CHAPTER I—

INSTRUMENTARIUM

Direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy,esophagoscopy and gastroscopy are

procedures in which the lower air andfood passages are inspected and treated

by the aid of electrically lighted tubeswhich serve as specula to manipulateobstructing tissues out of the way and tobring others into the line of direct vision.Illumination is supplied by a small

tungsten-filamented, electric, "cold"lamp situated at the distal extremity ofthe instrument in a special groove whichprotects it from any possible injury

during the introduction of instrumentsthrough the tube The bronchi and theesophagus will not allow dilatationbeyond their normal caliber; therefore, it

is necessary to have tubes of the sizes tofit these passages at various

developmental ages Rupture or even

over-distention of a bronchus or of thethoracic esophagus is almost invariablyfatal The armamentarium of the

endoscopist must be complete, for it israrely possible to substitute, or to

improvise makeshifts, while the

bronchoscope is in situ Furthermore, theinstruments must be of the proper modeland well made; otherwise difficultiesand dangers will attend attempts to seethem

Laryngoscopes.—The regular type of

laryngoscope shown in Fig I (A, B, C)

is made in adult's, child's, and infant'ssizes The instruments have a removableslide on the top of the tubular portion ofthe speculum to allow the removal of the

laryngoscope after the insertion of thebronchoscope through it The infant size

is made in two forms, one with, the otherwithout a removable slide; with eitherform the larynx of an infant can be

exposed in but a few seconds and adefinite diagnosis made, without

anesthesia, general or local; a thingpossible by no other method For

operative work on the larynx of adults,such as the removal of benign growths,particularly when these are situated inthe anterior portion of the larynx, a

special tubular laryngoscope having aheart-shaped lumen and a beveled tip isused With this instrument the anteriorcommissure is readily exposed, andbecause of this it is named the anterior

commissure laryngoscope (Fig 1, D).The tip of the anterior commissure

laryngoscope can be used to exposeeither ventricle of the larynx by liftingthe ventricular band, or it may be passedthrough the adult glottis for work in thesubglottic region This instrument mayalso be used as an esophageal speculumand as a pleuroscope A side-slide

laryngoscope, used with or without theslide, is occasionally useful

Bronchoscopes.—The regular

bronchoscope is a hollow brass tubeslanted at its distal end, and having ahandle at its proximal or ocular

extremity An auxiliary canal on itsunder surface contains the light carrier,

the electric bulb of which is situated in arecess in the beveled distal end of thetube Numerous perforations in the distalpart of the tube allow air to enter fromother bronchi when the tube-mouth isinserted into one whose aerating functionmay be impaired The accessory tube onthe upper surface of the bronchoscopeends within the lumen of the

bronchoscope, and is used for the

insufflation of oxygen or anesthetics,(Fig 2, A, B, C, D)

For certain work such as drainage ofpulmonary abscesses, the lavage

treatment of bronchiectasis and for

foreign-body or other cases with

abundant secretions, a

drainage-bronchoscope is useful The drainagecanal may be on top, or on the undersurface next to the light-carrier canal.For ordinary work, however, secretion

in the bronchus is best removed by

sponge-pumping (Q.V.) which at thesame time cleans the lamp The drainagebronchoscope may be used in any case

in which the very slightly-greater area ofcross section is no disadvantage; but inchildren the added bulk is usually

objectionable, and in cases of recentforeign-body, secretions are not

troublesome

As before mentioned, the lower air

passages will not tolerate dilatation;therefore, it is necessary never to use

tubes larger than the size of the passages

to be examined Four sizes are sufficientfor any possible case, from a newborninfant to the largest adult For infantsunder one year, the proper tube is the 4

mm by 30 cm.; the child's size, 5 mm by

30 cm., is used for children aged fromone to five years For children six years

or over, the 7 mm by 40 cm

bronchoscope (the adolescent size) can

be used unless the smaller bronchi are to

be explored The adult bronchoscopemeasures 9 mm by 40 cm

The author occasionally uses specialsizes, 5 mm x 45 cm., 6 mm x 35 cm., 8

mm x 40 cm

Esophagoscopes.-The esophagoscope,

like the bronchoscope, is a hollow brasstube with beveled distal end containing asmall electric light It differs from thebronchoscope in that it has no

perforations, and has a drainage canal onits upper surface, or next to the light-carrier canal which opens within thedistal end of the tube The exact size,position, and shape of the drainage

outlets is important on bronchoscopes,and to an even greater degree on

esophagoscopes If the proximal edge ofthe drainage outlet is too near the distalend of the endoscopic tube, the mucosawill be drawn into the outlet, not onlyobstructing it, but, most important,

traumatizing the mucosa If, for instance,the esophagoscope were to be pushed

upon with a fold thus anchored in thedistal end, the esophageal wall couldeasily be torn To admit the largest sizes

of esophagoscopic bougies (Fig 40),special esophagoscopes (Fig 5) aremade with both light canal and drainagecanal outside the lumen of the tube,

leaving the full area of luminal section unencroached upon They can, ofcourse, be used for all purposes, but theslightly greater circumference is at times

cross-a discross-advcross-antcross-age The esophcross-agecross-al cross-andstomach secretions are much thinner thanbronchial secretions, and, if free fromfood, are readily aspirated through acomparatively small canal If the canalbecomes obstructed during

esophagoscopy, the positive pressure

tube of the aspirator is used to blow outthe obstruction Two sizes of

esophagoscopes are all that are required

—7 mm X 45 cm for children, and 10

mm X 53 cm for adults (Fig 3, A andB); but various other sizes and lengthsare used by the author for special

purposes.* Large esophagoscopes causedangerous dyspnea in children If, it isdesired to balloon the esophagus withair, the window plug shown in Fig 6, isinserted into the proximal end of theesophagoscope, and air insufflated bymeans of the hand aspirator or with ahand bulb The window can be replaced

by a rubber diaphragm with a

perforation for forceps if desired It will

be noted that none of the endoscopic

tubes are fitted with mandrins They are

to be introduced under the direct

guidance of the eye only Mandrins areobtainable, but their use is objectionablefor a number of reasons, chief of which

is the danger of overriding a foreignbody or a lesion, or of perforating alesion, or even the normal esophagealwall The slanted end on the

esophagoscope obviates the necessity of

a mandrin for introduction The longerthe slant, with consequent acuting of theangle, the more the introduction is

facilitated; but too acute an angle

increases the risk of perforating theesophageal wall, and necessitates theutmost caution In some foreign-bodycases an acute angle giving a long slant

is useful, in others a short slant is better,and in a few cases the squarely cut-offdistal end is best To have all of thesedifferent slants on hand would requiretoo many tubes Therefore the author hassettled upon a moderate angle for the end

of both esophagoscopes and

bronchoscopes that is easy to insert, andserves all purposes in the version andother manipulations required by thevarious mechanical problems of foreign-body extraction He has, however,

retained all the experimental models, foroccasional use in such cases as he fallsheir to because of a problem of

extraordinary difficulty

* A 9 mm X 45 cm esophagoscope will

reach the stomach of almost all adultsand is somewhat easier to introduce thanthe 10 mm X 53 cm., which may beomitted from the set if economy must bepracticed.

[FIG I.—Author's laryngoscopes Theseare the standard sizes and fulfill allrequirements Many other forms havebeen devised by the author, but havebeen omitted from the list as

unnecessary The infant diagnostic

laryngoscope (C) is not for introducingbronchoscopes, and is not absolutelynecessary, as the larynx of any infant can

be inspected with the child's size

laryngoscope (B)

A Adult's size; B, child's size; C, infant's

diagnostic size; D, anterior commissurelaryngoscope; E, with drainage canal;

17, intubating laryngoscope, large

lumen All the laryngoscopes are

preferred without drainage canals.]

[FIG 2.—The author's bronchoscopes ofthe sizes regularly used Various otherlengths and diameters are on hand foroccasional use for special purposes.With the exception of a 6 mm X 35 cm.size for older children, these specialbronchoscopes are very rarely used andnone of them can be regarded as

necessary For special purposes,

however, special shapes of tube-mouthare useful, as, for instance, the oval end

to facilitate the getting of both points of a

staple into the tube-mouth The illustratedinstruments are as follows:

A, Infant's size, 4 mm X 30 cm.; B,child's size, 5 mm X 30 cm.;

C, adolescent's size, 7 mm X 40 cm.; D,adult's size, 9 mm X 40 cm.;

E, aspirating bronchoscope made in allthe foregoing sizes, and in a

special size, 5 mm X 45 cm.]

[FIG 3.—The author's esophagoscopes

of the sizes he has standardized for allordinary requirements He uses variousother lengths and sizes for special

purposes, but none of them are reallynecessary A gastroscope, 10 mm X 70cm., is useful for adults, especially incases of gastroptosis Drainage canals

are placed at the top or at the side of thetube, next to the light-carrier canal.

A, Adult's size, 10 mm X 53 cm.; B,child's size, 7 mm X 45 cm.; C and D,full lumen, with both light canal anddrainage canal outside the wall of thetube, to be used for passing very largebougies This instrument is made inadult, child, and adolescent (8 mm by

45 cm.) sizes Gastroscopes and

esophagoscopes of the sizes given above(A) and (B), can be used also as

gastroscopes A small form of C, 5 mm

X 30 cm is used in infants, and also as aretrograde esophagoscope in patients ofany age E, window plug for ballooninggastroscope, F.]

[FIG 4.—Author's short

esophagoscopes and esophageal specula

A, Esophageal speculum and

hypopharyngoscope, adult's size; B,esophageal speculum and

hypopharyngoscope, child's size; C,heavy handled short esophagoscope; D,heavy handled short esophagoscope withdrainage.]

[FIG 5.—Cross section of full-lumenesophagoscope for the use of largestbourgies The canals for the light carrierand for drainage are so constructed thatthey do not encroach upon the lumen ofthe tube.]

[25] The special sized esophagoscopesmost often useful are the 8 mm X 30

cm., the 8 mm X 45 cm., and the 5 mm.

X 45 cm These are made with the

drainage canal in various positions

For operations on the upper end of theesophagus, and particularly for foreignbody work, the esophageal speculumshown at A and B, in Fig 4, is of thegreatest service With it, the anteriorwall of the post-cricoidal pharynx islifted forward, and the upper esophagealorifice exposed It can then be inserteddeeper, and the upper third of the

esophagus can be explored Two sizesare made, the adult's and the child's size.These instruments serve, very efficiently

as pleuroscopes They are made withand without drainage canals, the latter

being the more useful form.

[FIG 6.—Window-plug with glass capinterchangeable with a cap having arubber diaphragm with a perforation sothat forceps may be used without

allowing air to escape Valves on thecanals (E, F, Fig 3) are preferable.]

Gastroscopes.—The gastroscope is of

the same construction as the

esophagoscope, with the exception that it

is made longer, in order to reach allparts of the stomach In ordinary cases,the regular esophagoscopes for adultsand children respectively will afford agood view of the stomach, but there arecases which require longer tubes, andfor these a gastroscope 10 mm X 70 cm

is made, and also one 10 mm X 80 cm.,though the latter has never been neededbut once.

[26] Pleuroscopes.—As mentioned

above the anterior commissure

laryngoscope and the esophageal

specula make very efficient

pleuroscopes; but three different forms

of pleuroscopes have been devised bythe author for pleuroscopy The

retrograde esophagoscope serves verywell for work through small fistulae

Measuring Rule (Fig 7).—It is

customary to locate esophageal lesions

by denoting their distance from theincisor teeth This is readily done by

measuring the distance from the

proximal end of the esophagoscope tothe upper incisor teeth, or in their

absence, to the upper alveolar process,and subtracting this measurement fromthe known length of the tube Thus, if anesophagoscope 45 cm long be

introduced and we find that the distancefrom the incisor teeth to the ocular end

of the esophagoscope as measured by therule is 20 cm., we subtract this 20 cm.from the total length of the

esophagoscope (45 cm.) and then knowthat the distal end of the tube is 25 cm.from the incisor teeth Graduation marks

on the tube have been used, but are

objectionable

[FIG 7.—Measuring rule for gauging incentimeters the depth of any location bysubtraction of the length of the uninsertedportion of the esophagoscope or

bronchoscope This is preferable tograduations marked on the tubes, thoughthe tubes can be marked with a scale ifdesired.]

Batteries.—The simplest, best, and

safest source of current is a double drybattery arranged in three groups of twocells each, connected in series (Fig 8).Each set should have two binding postsand a rheostat The binding posts shouldhave double holes for two additionalcords, to be kept in reserve for use incase a cord becomes defective.* The

commercial current reduced through arheostat should never be used, becausethere is always the possibility of

"grounding" the circuit through the

patient; a highly dangerous accidentwhen we consider that the tube makes along moist contact in tissues close to thecourse of both the vagi and the heart.The endoscopist should never dependupon a pocket battery as a source ofillumination, for it is almost certain tofail during the endoscopy The wiresconnecting the battery and endoscopicinstrument are covered with rubber, sothat they may be cleansed and

superficially sterilized with alcohol.They may be totally immersed in alcoholfor any length of time without injury

* When this is done care is necessary toavoid attempting to use simultaneouslythe two cords from one pair of posts.

[FIG 8.—The author's endoscopic

battery, heavily built for reliability

It contains 6 dry cells, series-connected

in 3 groups of 2 cells each

Each group has its own rheostat and pair

of binding posts.]

Aspirating Tubes.—Independent

aspirating tubes involve delay in theiruse as compared to aspirating canals inthe wall of the endoscopic tube; butthere are special cases in which anindependent tube is invaluable Threeforms are used by the author The

"velvet eye" cannot traumatize the

mucosa (Fig 9) To hold a foreign body

by suction, a squarely cut off end isnecessary For use through the

tracheotomic wound without a

bronchoscope a malleable tube (Fig 10)

is better

[FIG 9.—The author's

protected-aperture endoscopic aspirating tube foraspiration of pharyngeal secretionsduring direct laryngoscopy and

endotracheobronchial secretions atbronchoscopy, also for draining

retropharyngeal abscesses The

laryngoscopes are obtainable with

drainage canals, but for most purposesthe independent aspirating tube shown

above is more satisfactory The tubesare made in 20 30, 40, and 60 cm.

lengths An aperture on both sides

prevents drawing in the mucosa It can

be used for insufflation of ether if

desired An aspirating tube of the samedesign, but having a squarely cut off end,

is sometimes useful for removing

secretions lying close to a foreign body;for removing papillomata; and even forwithdrawing foreign bodies of a softsurface consistency It is not often thatthe foreign bodies can be thus

withdrawn through the glottis, but

closely fitting foreign bodies can at least

be withdrawn to a higher level at whichample forceps spaces will permit

application of forceps Such aspirating