Lighting with Artificial Light 13 pptx

Outdoor workplace lightingneeds to meet specific requi-rements – requirements thatdiffer from those of both clas-sical interior lighting and roadlighting.. Introduction Good lighting for

Outdoor workplaces

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2 Introduction

published by Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Contents

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orrect lighting has longbeen identified as acrucial factor for healthand safety at work The mes-sage that every lighting crite-rion needs to be duly consi-dered in the design of a plant

or facility is communicated in

a variety of ways But tion generally focuses on inte-riors It is often forgotten that

atten-a consideratten-able atten-amount ofwork is performed outdoors –

at workplaces with no or insufficient natural lighting

Outdoor workplace lightingneeds to meet specific requi-rements – requirements thatdiffer from those of both clas-sical interior lighting and roadlighting The issue of goodlighting for outdoor workpla-ces merits special attention atpresent because new stipula-tions have been developed

to take account of gical advances, occupationalmedicine, hygiene and the results of other occupationalresearch These requirementsare set out in BGR 131, therule for "Natural and artificialworkplace lighting" developed

technolo-by the institutions responsiblefor statutory accident insuranceand prevention in Germany

Aimed at employers, designersand constructors, it providespointers on the lighting re-quired for workplaces outsidebuildings

BGR 131 focuses on the health and safety of employees

at work and sets out ments for those two areas

require-It does not look at what isneeded to meet visualphysiological and production-related requirements Theseissues are addressed in thedraft European standard DIN

EN 12464-2, which definesthe standards that need to beobserved in practice to meetthe visual comfort and visualperformance requirements ofmost outdoor workplaces

There is thus a clear dividingline between the Europeanstandard and the BG rule

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Dipl.-Ing Gerold Soestmeyer Chairman of the "Lighting, light and colour" working group of the expert committee looking at

"Impacts and work-related health hazards" for the BG Central Office for Safety and Health.

Ensuring that lighting meetsall health and safety require-ments is an attainable goalfor any company

Compliance with rules andstandards aside, energy effi-ciency is an important invest-ment criterion Technically sophisticated lamps and luminaires offer a grat deal ofscope for optimizing lightinginstallations from an ergono-mic, economic and environ-mental viewpoint

Some of that scope is created

by lighting management tems, which are now availablenot only for indoor lighting butalso for outdoor installations

sys-I hope this licht.de booklet will

be widely read and receivedwith interest by all those responsible for good lighting

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Illuminance,

measured in lux (lx), is theluminous flux from a lightsource falling on a givensurface Where an area of

1 square metre is uniformlyilluminated by 1 lumen ofluminous flux, illuminance

is 1 lux

Luminance

is the brightness of aluminous or illuminatedsurface as perceived by thehuman eye Measured incd/m2 or cd/cm2, itexpresses the intensity of thelight emitted or reflected by asurface per unit area

Luminous intensity

is the amount of luminous flux radiating in a particular direction It is measured incandela (cd) The spatialdistribution of luminousintensity – normally depicted

by an intensity distributioncurve (IDC) – defines theshape of the light beamemitted by a luminaire,reflector lamp or LED

Luminous flux

is the rate at which light is

emitted by a lamp

Measured in lumen (lm), it

defines the visible light

radi-ating from a light source in

all directions

Introduction

Good lighting for

outdoor workplaces

Basically speaking, outdoor

workplace lighting addresses

the same task as interior

lighting, ensuring visual task

performance and health and

safety at work

However, the design

requirements are different

During the day, our eyes

pro-vide around 80% of thesensory impressions we regis-ter But at night, the visualacuity of the eye drops to just

3 - 30% of its day-time level – depending on lighting

What is more, the risk of glare

is significantly higher than inbright conditions

Spatial orientation and field

of vision are considerablyreduced in darkness and physical performance drops

to less than 10% as a result

of fatigue due to disruption ofnatural sleep patterns This iswhy most accidents caused

by human error occur atnight Human biorhythms aresubject to marked fluctuation

Performance decreasessharply at night; hence theloss of concentration and theincrease in the risk ofaccidents Accidents at nightare both more frequent andmore serious than they areduring the day

The four basic lighting quantities

Physical relationships are

expressed in lighting by

specific variables and units

The four most widely usedterms are explained below:

Outdoor work often entails hazards

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Correlation of melatonin levels and "cheerfulness"

Wave patterns of different circadian rhythms

Many areas of an airport are outdoor workplaces

In contrast to indoor work, the

visual effort required at

outdoor workplaces is

significantly increased by the

fact that there are generally

no walls to reflect light, so

on-ly direct lighting is possible

This can often produce deep

shadows

Generally speaking, the visual

situation is then further

aggra-vated by a dark background,resulting in higher luminancecontrasts The draft standardDIN EN 12464-2 definesrequirements for ensuringgood visual performance andgood visual comfort

Due to visual physiologicalneeds and the demands ofproduction processes, these

requirements may be higherthan those formulated foroccupational health andsafety

After a general look at thephysiology of vision and thebasic variables and qualityfeatures of lighting, thisbooklet examines some of themain lighting requirements

that need to be met atoutdoor workplaces

It then profiles a range ofmajor applications, citing spe-cific assessment criteria, andpresents a useful table of therequirements set out for thedifferent applications in thedraft European standard DIN EN 12464-2

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Lighting technology

Seeing and being seen:

good lighting avoids

accidents

Daylight illuminance ranges

from 5,000 to 100,000 lux (lx)

On a moonlit night, however,

it reaches only 1 lx at most

The fact that we can "see"

over a vast bandwidth like this

is due to the eye's ability to

adapt At low illuminancelevels, however, visual perform-ance is impaired Good light-ing at outdoor workplaceshelps significantly to guardagainst accidents, enabling us

to see well and be seen at alltimes In twilight and at night,perception and recognitionare no longer sufficiently guar-

anteed, so artificial lighting isvital for accident prevention It

is absolutely essential, forexample, at high-risk work-places at woodworkingmachines or on scaffolding orramps (where safety depends

on ability to see) or at ous workplaces near trucks,conveyors or tracks (where

hazard-being seen is a key safety factor)

The need for good lighting

at outdoor workplaces isexplained by the followingphysiological facts

Even signal-coloured objects that are clearly visible during the day are hard to make out in twilight

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Good bay entrance lighting avoids adaptation hazards.

Visual performance and colour identification are dependent

on lighting.

Colour vision,

light/dark vision

Day vision is provided by

cone receptors in the eye

which are sensitive to colour

This is when visual

perform-ance is at its best: colours

can be distinguished and

objects can be clearly made

out in 3D At night,

colour-insensitive rod receptors take

over, providing a degree of

light/dark vision that only

real-ly enables us to get our

bear-ings

Where not enough daylight is

available – as at outdoor

workplaces – adequate visual

performance and colour

dis-crimination can only be

achie-ved by using artificial lighting

to activate the cone receptors

that make better visual

performance possible

Contrast sensitivity

Contrast sensitivity is the term

used to describe the ability to

perceive differences in

lumi-nance in the field of vision

The higher the brightness

level (adaptation luminance),

the finer the differences in

luminance perceived

Con-trast sensitivity is reduced by

glare

Visual acuityThe eye's ability to make outthe contours and details ofshapes as well as shades ofcolour is determined by visualacuity Visual acuity improves

as adaptation luminanceincreases, creating betterconditions for making outobstructions, etc

ContrastsContrasts are differences inbrightness and colour in thefield of vision To be perceived

by the human eye, they need

to be sufficiently pronounced

The minimum contrast ved depends on the ambientbrightness (adaptation lumi-nance): the brighter the sur-roundings, the lower the con-trast perceived

percei-In darker surroundings, anobject needs either to con-trast more sharply or to belarger in order to be percei-ved So where fine visualdetails need to be made out –

in an aircraft maintenancezone at an airport, for exam-ple – higher illuminance levelsare required

Adaptation time

It takes time for the eye toadapt to different levels ofbrightness The adaptationprocess – and thus the adap-tation time – depend on theluminance at the beginningand end of any change inbrightness: adapting fromdark to light takes onlyseconds, adapting from light

to dark can take severalminutes Visual performance

at any one time depends onthe state of adaptation: themore light available, the better

the visual performance ved Visual impairment occurswhen our eyes have too littletime to adapt to differences inbrightness This explains, forexample, the increased risk ofaccident where fork-lift truckoperators leave a brightly litbay and enter a dark storagearea outdoors and collide withpersons or objects they fail tosee Correct illuminance levelsfor factory or warehouse bayentrances need to be geared

achie-to the illuminance inside thebay

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Lighting technology

Quality criteria

Activities at outdoor

work-places entail a variety of visual

tasks for which specific

light-ing quality requirements can

be identified

The main criteria for

out-door workplace lighting are:

luminance distribution,

illumi-nance, glare, direction of light,

light colour and colour

render-ing, light flicker

All lighting quality criteria

pri-marily apply to the task area

This is the area of the

work-place where the visual task is

performed Where the size

and location of the task area

are not known, any area

where the task could be

per-formed must be assumed to

form part of the task area for

the purposes of lighting

plan-ning As in interior lighting,

precise analyses need to be

performed to establish

reason-able task area coordinates for

adequate level of brightness/

lighting is essential This is

determined by the luminance

and the way it is distributed

light reflected by a surface

into the eyes of the observer

Balanced luminance tion determines visual acuity,contrast sensitivity and theefficiency of ocular functionssuch as accommodation,convergence, pupillary chan-

distribu-ge, eye movement, etc.)

Luminance distribution in thefield of vision also affects visu-

al comfort Wherever ble, marked changes in lumi-nance should therefore beavoided within the field ofvision At outdoor workplaces– e.g construction sites – thescope for doing so is limitedbecause vertical surfaces inthe wider surroundings aremostly in darkness One fac-tor influencing luminance isthe reflectance of the illumina-ted surface, which, in contrast

possi-to indoor lighting scenarios,tends to be very low at anoutdoor workplace The basicrule is: the lower the reflectan-

ce and the more difficult thevisual task, the higher the illu-minance needs to be

Illuminance Luminance depends crucially

on illuminance (in lx), which isdefined as the amount of lightfalling on a surface

Illuminance and illuminancedistribution are major factorsinfluencing the speed and reli-

luminous surfaceperceived surfaceluminous intensity

Luminance describes the physiological impact of light.

ability with which a visual taskcan be registered and addres-sed For outdoor workplaces,the draft standard DIN EN12464-2 contains tables set-ting out the illuminance requi-red, depending on the type ofarea, visual task or activitypresent This illuminance needs

to be realised in the task area

The reference surface may behorizontal, vertical or inclined

At workplaces that are manently manned, illuminancemust be no lower than 50 lx

per-Where visual tasks differ fromthose assumed as standard,illuminance can be raised orlowered by at least one grade

on the illuminance scale,which ranges from 5 lx to2,000 lx and is divided into

grades with a factor of around1.5 Higher illuminances thanthose shown in the tables arerecommended especiallywhere

persons working is below average,

particu-larly fine or low-contrast,

be performed for an unusually long time.Illuminance in the surroundingarea may be lower than theilluminance in the task areabut should make for a balan-

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Good lighting

n of lht

l p

erform

ance

The planes on which primary visual tasks are performed may be horizontal, vertical or inclined – standard illuminance

requirements m apply analogously.

ced distribution of luminance

in the field of vision The

"rounding area" includes

sur-faces in the field of vision

which immediately surround

the work area The standard

cites no dimensions defining

this area more closely It should

be noted, however, that theambient lighting needs to

be geared to the task areailluminance so that adequateadaptation luminance is en-sured Given this requirement,the task area defined shouldnot be too small

Uniformity of illuminance

The task area must be

illumi-nated as uniformly as

possi-ble Uniformity of illuminance

stipulated for different tasks

in the draft standard DIN EN

12464-2 Uniformity in the

surrounding area must not

be lower than U = 0.10

Value on installation

All the illuminance values

stipulated in standards are

maintained values, i.e values

below which illuminance must

not fall at any time As the

length of time a lighting

installa-tion is in operainstalla-tion increases,

the values installed at the

out-set decrease as a result oflamps and luminaires ageingand becoming soiled So, toenable an outdoor installa-tion's operating life to beextended without additionalmaintenance work, values oninstallation should be corres-pondingly higher How muchhigher is determined by main-tenance factors Values oninstallation are calculated asfollows: value on installation =maintained value / maintenancefactor Maintenance factors –

as well as all the assumptionsmade to determine them –must be stated by the lightingdesigner

Good lighting takes account of many quality criteria.

The maintained value is the local average illuminance at which the system requires maintenance Example: maintenance interval 3 years.

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Lighting technology

Glare

Glare is produced by bright

surfaces in the field of vision

and can be perceived as either

discomforting (psychological)

glare or disabling

(physiologi-cal) glare The glare caused

by light bouncing off reflective

surfaces is generally known

as veiling reflection or

Directional lighting is a tool

used to emphasize objects,

surface structures or persons

The term used to express the

balance between diffuse and

directional light is "modelling",

which is thus a lighting quality

Reflections can affect the clarity with which a visual task is perceived

Only under directional light (left) do three-dimensional structures

become visible

To avoid errors, fatigue andaccidents, it is important tolimit glare – especially at view-ing angles above the hori-zontal The degree of directglare caused by luminaires in

an outdoor lighting installation

is described by the glarerating GR

luminance of the

Connection between glare ratings and assessments of glare

Veiling reflection and

reflected glare

Highly luminous reflections on

a visual task can affect how

well the task is perceived

Veiling reflections and reflected

glare can be prevented or

reduced by

of luminaires and workplaces,

achie-Light colour and colour renderingThe light colour of lamps isexpressed by correlatedcolour temperatures Selec-ting a light colour is a matter

of psychology, aesthetics andwhat is considered natural

Because these broadly jective criteria differ from onearea of Europe to another,planning value tables contain

sub-no recommendations for lightcolours

That matter aside, light colouralso determines lamp lumi-nous efficacy, which in turnimpacts on lighting systemcosts In Central Europe,warm-white high pressuresodium vapour lamps are thelight source most widely usedfor reasons of economy andmetal halide lamps for neutral-white light are the light source

of choice where better colourrendering is required

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Despite identical light colour, the different colour rendering properties of lamps lead to variations in colour perception Where the spectrum of a lamp contains little red light, for instance, red surface colours are only incompletely rendered

For visual performance,

com-fort and sense of wellbeing, it

is important that the colours

of surroundings, objects and

human skin are rendered

accurately and naturally This

makes people look good and

healthy

To provide an objective

yard-stick for the colour rendering

properties of light sources,the general colour rendering

100 As colour rendering ity decreases, this declines

qual-Safety colours must always

be identifiable as such Toensure this, the colour render-ing index needs to be ≥ 20

Flicker and stroboscopic effects Flickering light can be distrac-ting and give rise to physiolo-gical complaints such as head-aches Stroboscopic effectscan cause dangerous situa-tions by interfering with per-ception of machine parts rota-ting or moving back and forth

at high speed On tion sites, for instance, thiscan result in a heightened risk

construc-of accidents at sawing nes

machi-Lighting systems should bedesigned so that light flickerand stroboscopic effects areavoided This can be achie-ved, for example, by usingdischarge lamps operated

by electronic ballasts at highfrequencies

Disruptive effectsLighting systems for outdoorworkplaces can contribute to

a brighter night sky and roundings Apart from this,light emissions can lead tophysiological problems such

sur-as troubled sleep, and tive impacts on fauna and floracannot be ruled out Hencethe limits imposed by stan-dards to curb light emissions,especially emissions directedupwards Limits are set toavoid disturbance for localresidents and road users

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construction sites, in the neering, plant constructionand shipbuilding industries aswell as in the energy sectorand agriculture Alongsideproduction-oriented opera-tions, a major role is playedhere by storage, logistical andtransport activities, which will

engi-be dealt with separately in alater section Values need to

be defined for the relevantlighting design variables,depending on the importance

of the work, the degree of risk

or the difficulty of the visual

task In many cases – ded that jobs are comparable

provi-or similar – the lighting lines for indoor workplaces(cf EN 12464-1) can providepointers on the illuminancelevels required outdoors.Values between 30 and 60 lxare typical for general activi-ties outdoors For placeswhere special activities areperformed, appropriate supplementary lighting isrequired

guide-Industrial plants and power facilities

The kind of workplaces most

frequently found outdoors

require adequate lighting and

agreeable surroundings to

enable night-shift workers to

perform their duties reliably

and without interruption The

draft standard DIN EN

12464-2 provides recommendations

and guideline values for

spe-cific lighting design variables

for a wide variety of concrete

applications (see tables on

pages 22 ff) On the following

pages, we also look at a

num-ber of example applications –

although the list makes no claim to be exhaustive

Work at machines and with toolsActivities in an industrial set-ting are often characterised

by people working with tools,

at machines or in plants door workplaces are typicallyfound in the chemical andpetrochemical industry, inother industries with outdoorprocessing facilities, in theraw materials, waste manage-ment and mining sectors, at

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Defining task areas where

quality criteria apply is

fre-quently a difficult exercise,

especially at industrial

work-places Small illuminated

spaces give rise to marked

luminance differences in the

field of vision, which means

the eye constantly needs to

adapt This leads to an

in-creasing loss of concentration

and premature fatigue,

result-ing, in turn, in work errors and

a heightened risk of accidents

This is avoided where workareas as a whole are brightlylit It also facilitates communi-cation with the work teamand the working environmentand thus helps promote asense of wellbeing, heightenmotivation and boost produc-tivity

So there should be no ing dark zones in the taskarea itself The admissibleratio between the lowest andaverage illuminance depends

disturb-on the visual task performed

and ranges from 0.25 forbrief, straightforward opera-tions (e.g handling large con-struction elements) through to0.5 (e.g for inspections orinstallation work)

In addition, lighting in the rounding area needs to meetthe standard requirements setout for the illuminance stipula-ted for the relevant task area(see lighting tables) A specialconsideration here is the need

sur-to avoid psychologically tive effects (sense of insecuri-

nega-ty, anxienega-ty, etc.), which canresult, for example, where thework zone is bordered by awall of darkness

Lighting as a cost factor

As a production overhead,the cost of a lighting installa-tion is also a matter of majorsignificance So aspects such

as energy efficiency, nance costs and service lifeneed to be assessed Evensimple lamp replacementoperations can entail highcosts if, for example, the pro-duction process needs to beinterrupted or complex appa-ratus needs to be used So

mainte-when selecting luminaires andlamps, it is worth payingattention to quality standards,maintenance requirementsand service life ratings At theplanning stage, care should

be taken to ensure not onlyoptimal lighting but also con-venient positioning (access)

in the outdoor space High requirementsDepending on application,lighting installations need tostand up to extreme environ-mental conditions Work-places are typically very dirty,dusty, damp and/or wet loca-tions exposed to aggressive

or explosive atmospheres,extremely high or low tempe-ratures and – during the day –

a high incidence of ultravioletlight due to sunlight Theseconditions determine the special requirements thatluminaires need to meet interms of degree of protection,design or materials used intheir construction Industrialplant lighting is comprehen-sively covered by standards.But beyond the fulfilment ofstandard requirements, there are recommendations and

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Industrial plants and power facilities

concepts for harnessing

ade-quate lighting to impact

posi-tively and significantly on the

sense of wellbeing and

pro-ductivity of the persons

pre-sent

High lighting levels and

suffi-cient cylindrical illuminance in

the task area are also key

requirements outdoors

Work-place lighting here needs to

satisfy two quality criteria

First, for security reasons, the

level of lighting needs to be

adequately high, especially inareas where encounters mayoccur, for example, betweenvehicles and pedestrians

Secondly, to guarantee easyrecognition of information,outdoor area lighting needs to

be particularly effective at ing glare As a result, asym-metrical reflector luminairesfor high-pressure lamps arethe preferred solution here

limit-These come with high-gradefacetted optics and a flatglass enclosure which ensure

that the light is mostly ted onto the defined workingplane without giving rise toglare Where lighting is required

direc-to illuminate large outdoorareas, such as loading bays,wide-angle flood systems can

be profitably used

For lighting tasks inside dings, e.g inside a processplant, linear luminaires withtubular fluorescent lamps and

buil-a high degree of protectionare frequently used In com-

parison to luminaires withhigh-pressure dischargelamps, fluorescent-lampmodels have the advantage ofsignificantly lower luminancealong direct lines of sight

At chemical and cal plants (refineries, etc.) andonshore or offshore oil andgas production facilities aswell as in mining and otherareas where explosive atmos-pheres may be present, oneimportant aspect of work-

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Self-propelled machines are generally fitted with floodlights

for manoeuvring and for illuminating the work area.

Luminaires mounted on industrial facilities outdoors need to meet higher requirements in terms of protection against the ingress of dust and moisture In some cases, explosion protection is also required

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place lighting is that the

lumi-naires selected – as electrical

fixtures – need to meet the

requirements of the relevant

explosion protection classes

Outdoor switching stations

At night, the proper operation

of outdoor switching stations

can only be guaranteed

where artificial lighting permits

all equipment to be quickly,

reliably and safely monitored

The parts of the high-voltage

system mounted on

support-ing structures – e.g busbars,

line links, insulator sets andswitchgear – should presentsurfaces to the eye with lumi-nances that allow the opera-ting condition of each element

to be clearly identified Forinspecting the bushings, oilconservators or protectiveequipment in the upper trans-former sections, angled inci-dent light from below is therecommended solution Com-munication route lightingshould ensure that controlscan be conducted safely It isessential here to avoid deepand large patches of shadow

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Depending on the prevailingambient brightness, systemarrangement clarity andreflectance factors, horizontalilluminance of 15 30 lx isrecommended in order tomeet these requirements Ver-tical illuminance on the sys-tem components mentionedshould be in the region of30 60 lx

Luminaires should be ged so that there is no danger

arran-of contact with high-voltageelements when maintenanceand lamp replacement opera-

tions are carried out ting heights should therefore

Moun-be kept as low as possible sothat ladders are not needed

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The draft standard DIN EN 12464-2 also sets out requirements for general traffic areas at outdoor workplaces.

Transport, roads and routes

Vehicle transport and traffic

Vehicle transport is part of

daily life worldwide The highly

developed countries are

covered by a dense network

of roads and motorways

Public transport routes aside,

there are also transport

infra-structures in and around large

industrial complexes which

are used exclusively for plant

operations and thus need to

be regarded as outdoor

work-places

For the safety of those using

such infrastructures, road and

route lighting must conform to

specific standards based on

the relevant regulations

gover-ning lighting for public roads

and routes (e.g EN 13201)

In contrast to many public

transport routes, however, the speed limit on plant roadsmay be 20 km/h or walkingpace, depending on hazardpotential

Special attention needs to bepaid to traffic interchanges(e.g intersections, rounda-bouts, bridges ) as well asunderpasses and tunnels,where lighting installationsneed to meet very high requi-rements in terms of lightingcharacteristics, reliability andmaintenance Depending ongeographical location, lumi-naires may need to withstandextreme weather and climaticconditions outdoors – a factwhich must be borne in mindwhen products are selected

Vehicle parking facilities arealso outdoor workplaces, so

are railway lines and shippingroutes, which present similarrequirements in terms of light-ing characteristics to e.g theapron areas of an airport

While the focus in road ing is traditionally on criteriasuch as cost-efficiency, relia-bility and maintenance-friend-

light-ly design, a new aspect isbecoming increasingly impor-tant: light immission This isthe portion of light that radia-tes upwards from a luminaireand could cause an environ-mental nuisance As a source

of "light pollution", it should

be kept as small as possible

Main roadsDanger lurks at many points

on main roads, especially attwilight and after dark Goodroad lighting makes for better

visual conditions for all roadusers and thus heightensroad safety

Statistics show that compliant road lighting sub-stantially lowers the risk ofaccidents and sharply redu-ces the severity of the acci-dents that occur Luminaireswith modern specular reflec-tor technology, e.g radialfacetted optics, in combina-tion with tubular lamps permitwide spacing betweencolumns and thus fewer lumi-naires per kilometre At thesame time, they avoid pat-ches of darkness and makefor greater road safety

standard-48

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Traffic interchanges

Roundabouts present a traffic

situation that needs a special

lighting concept – one that

calls for vertical illuminance to

make motorists, cyclists and

pedestrians clearly visible

and, secondly, couples

ade-quately high and uniform

illu-minance on the horizontal

road surfaces with good glare

limitation This is achieved, for

example, by a combination of

projector-reflector lighting

sys-tems positioned at the centre

of the roundabout and a row

of other luminaires on the

periphery

These luminaires come with

efficient specular reflector

technology and flat glass

enclosures to minimise glare

They also achieve very good

colour rendering through theuse of metal halide lamps –whose light colour, moreover,contrasts with the lighting onthe converging roads andmakes for greater alertness

Fuel stationsFuel stations are both salesoutlets and work premises

Lighting should draw attention

to the location, the brand ofthe product on sale and thenature of the service offeredfrom an adequate distance

It needs to provide ate work lighting for the pumpand service areas and shouldclearly identify access routesand exits As with any lightingdesigned to advertise, atten-tion should be drawn here bycreating a contrast with the

appropri-surroundings Where dings are generally dark,however, an excessively highlighting level can easily overstep the mark betweenconspicuousness and obtru-siveness

surroun-In bright surroundings, there

is less risk of conflict betweenadvertising and the needs ofnearby traffic Excessivelyhigh luminance of the signsidentifying the fuel station canlead to information beingobscured and details beingmissed

Luminaire luminance shouldgenerally be low, especiallywhere luminaires are posi-tioned close to the edge ofunlit roads

Road luminaires for accessand exit lighting should beselected from the range of

"shielded" luminaires A quil picture overall is achievedwith luminaires at low mount-ing heights, e.g bollard lumi-naires Very low luminance isproduced by indirect lighting,for example illuminating theunderside of a cantilevercanopy

tran-Emphasizing facades in thefuel station area lends visualappeal, makes for an inte-grated impact and indicates

a facility ready for service

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Generally speaking, the zontal luminance required is20 50 lx and the uniformity

sources are sodium vapourlamps – low-pressure modelswhere colour recognition isnot required, 400 W or 1.000 W high-pressuresodium vapour lamps as arule for high-mast systems

In areas where high ments need to be met forcolour recognition, metal hali-

require-de lamps are used For rator control lighting, attentionneeds to be paid to high verti-cal illuminance Supplementa-

ope-ry lighting is required for ging and discharging facilities

char-as well char-as for loading points

So, for all mobile port facilitiessuch as mobile bridges, tra-velling and slewing cranes inthe loading area, dynamiclighting is an appropriate choice Static lighting tends

to direct attention to buildingsand highlight them Because

of the low general lightinglevel, direct glare needs to

be limited in the direction ofthe control and monitoringstations Projectors andfloods should always bedirected away from operatingpersonnel

Transport, roads and routes

Canals, locks and

port installations

Port areas need to be

illumi-nated at night to permit

round-the-clock operations

and minimize the time vessels

spend in port What is

requi-red here is outdoor facility

lighting designed for extra

glare limitation on the water

side to ensure no interference

with shipping traffic

Cargo-handling facilities

can be divided into two

categories:

cargo, which can be

illuminated by a

conven-tional peripheral

arrange-ment of luminaires, i.e

using road luminaires or

wide angle projectors or

floods at mounting heights

up to 12 m;

terminals, served by

high-mast systems with

projectors or floods and

mounting heights between

25 and 35 m These permit

considerable leeway in

positioning, allowing

lumi-naires to be spaced

bet-ween 100 and 175 m

apart Uniform illumination

of large areas coupled

with good glare limitation

calls for projectors with

horizontal diffuser panels

and 60° beam angling to

the vertical

53

54

55