Tài liệu Lighting with Artificial Light 04 doc

partially air-conditioned generally cooled • daylight-illuminated workplaces with occasional artificial lighting Office space Just as the way we work has been trans-formed, so too has th

Information

on Lighting Applications

Booklet 4

Good Lighting for Offices

and Office Buildings

Good Lighting for Offices

Cafeterias / staff restaurants / rest rooms /

Literature, standards and LiTG publications 47

Acknowledgements for photographs / Order forms 47

Information from Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 49

Vision is the most important of all the five senses – and the one we rely on most heavily at work So correct workplace lighting is a matter of particular importance As numerous scientific studies have shown, close links exist between the quality of lighting on the one hand and productivity, motivation and well-being on the other

In the modern working world, however, we need more than just the right amount of light for workplace tasks We need a succession of

stimulating and relaxing situations throughout the day.

So creating different lighting scenes in rooms with different tions (workrooms, meeting rooms, recreation/regeneration zones) helps boost motivation and promote a sense of well-being.

func-Prof Dr.-Ing Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing Dieter Lorenz

Giessen-Friedberg University of Applied Sciences

Office work

tion centres, places for ployees to meet and ex-change information Key fa-cilities here are conferencezones, conference rooms andcafeterias – places whereteams can come together forformal or informal meetings

em-The “office building” system

as a whole has thus clearlybecome more complex What

is more, employers ingly insist on company build-ings being designed to make

increas-a cohesive visuincreas-al stincreas-atement

in tune with the organisation’scorporate design From fa-çade to reception area, cellu-lar office to combi office, ex-ecutive office to office areasopen to the public, every ele-ment needs to suit the com-pany’s style

The architect thus becomes

an all-rounder, designingcolour schemes and furnish-ings, lighting and air-condi-tioning as elements of an in-tegrated system The primarygearing of that system, how-ever, is dictated by the need

to ensure efficient tion of labour Above all, em-ployees need a motivating,performance-enhancing at-mosphere, which is nowwidely known to be promoted

organisa-by an agreeable working vironment In short, the chal-lenge lies in creating an am-bience for work which is bothfunctional and agreeable

en-A major role here is played

by correct lighting This forms

an important part of the officebuilding system as a wholebecause it paves the way forgood visual performance andcomfort at work and signifi-cantly affects the way we re-spond to the architecture ofthe building and the design

of the interiors

How will office design and office workplaces change in the next five years?

German executives’ answers to this question were as follows:

71,9 %: Offices will be more variable

66,1 %: Office space will be more intensively used 56,9 %: Offices will be modifiable.

50,7 %: Rooms and workplaces will underline the value

of personnel

45,6 %: There will be totally new types/forms of office 9,8 %: Not much will change.

Source: Deutsches Büromöbelforum, Düsseldorf, 2001;

target group survey by BBE-Unternehmensberatung GmbH, Cologne

How do you see office design and office work

in five years’ time?

German executives’ answers to this question were as follows:

71,8 %: The office will remain the principal location

for work

60,5 %: Changes as a result of communication

technologies

44,3 %: Seamless transition between home and

office, work and private life

9,8 %: Not much will change.

Source: Deutsches Büromöbelforum, Düsseldorf, 2001;

target group survey by BBE-Unternehmensberatung GmbH, Cologne

How will the pattern of demand for (special) office space change in the future?

GIM poll results:

Nothing in the working

world has undergone

such a radical

trans-formation in recent years as

office work With rapid

ad-vances in information and

communication technologies,

corporate structures in a state

of flux and totally new forms

of work emerging, today’s

world of work is a world of

computers and networks,

workflow and data exchange

Office work has become

in-formation and

communica-tion work

But changes in the way we

work also impact on other

areas of our private and

working lives The knowledge

society of the 21st Century

needs different offices,

differ-ently designed buildings, even

different urban design The

industrial kind of office work,

where people streamed to

their cellular offices in the

morning and streamed back

to their homes outside the

town or city centre in the

evening, is being replaced by

new, flexible, personalised

working arrangements

The traditional form of office

work, where each employee

performs one operation at his

or her desk, has been

super-seded in many modern

com-panies and organisations by

more efficient forms of work

such as project-oriented

teamwork Here, specialised

teamworkers meet at various

locations in various

constel-lations for limited sessions

of cooperation Their office

equipment consists of

mo-bile phone, laptop computer

and PDA (Personal Digital

As-sistant) and they decide for

themselves where, when and

with whom they work

Flexible working times and

flexible work locations,

non-territorial offices and mobile

workstations present new

ar-chitectural requirements for

the places where we work

Individual work is done at

home in a home office or at

customers' premises, in

com-bi offices or in a recreation

zone Company buildings are

thus becoming

In modern forms of office,rigid room and workplacestructures are being super-seded by flexible and re-quirement-oriented concepts

of use In many cases, a kind

of nomadic culture prevails,with employees able to useany workplace This calls fornew room architecture andmore flexible furnishings:freely rearrangeable roomstructures, individually ad-justable desks and officechairs, and variable lightingsystems

On the following pages, welook at modified types of of-fice which meet these re-quirements The new lightingconcepts and lighting solu-tions crafted for them – aswell as their realisation in linewith the new European stan-dard DIN EN 12464 and EDIN 5035-7 – are the focus ofthis publication A matrix onthe pages devoted to the in-dividual types of office showsthe kind of lighting recom-mended for the different ap-plications

One modern innovationshowing how the workingworld has changed and howmany different forms officesand office work can take isthe call centre

The need for efficient salessupport and qualified cus-tomer service worldwidemake call centres an indis-pensable facility for manycompanies today

The activities performed in acall centre are defined by newinformation and communica-tion technologies: the prima-

ry tools are computer works, databases and head-set telephones

net-1

4 OPEN PLAN OFFICES

• room area 400 to 1200 m 2

• room depth approx 20 to 30 m

• room width approx 20 to 40 m

• 25 to over 100 employees per room

• storey height approx 3.8 to 4.5 m

• non-corridor systems for workplace access

• power/data cabling via access floor

or underfloor duct systems, times suspended ceilings

• room width approx 2.5 to 4.5 m (1 to 2-person room)

• 1 to 6 employees per room

• storey height up to 4 m

• access to offices via corridor

• power/data cabling via window ducts, cavity floor or underfloor duct systems

• window-ventilated rooms, poss.

partially air-conditioned (generally cooled)

• daylight-illuminated workplaces with occasional artificial lighting

Office space

Just as the way we

work has been

trans-formed, so too has the

design of the rooms in which

we work become more

com-plex and diverse The

activi-ties performed in offices today

range from graphic design

work on a VDU to multimedia

presentations for colleagues

and clients

Regardless of the way offices

are used, they can be divided

into four basic types: the

cel-lular office, the group office,

the combi office and the open

plan office The most

impor-tant form of office at present

is the traditional cellular

of-fice According to a study

conducted by the Dresdner

Bank Property Group (see

page 2, table 3), 80.7% of all

offices conform to this type

In the years ahead,

howev-er, we will see a dramatic

de-cline in its significance New

flexible forms of office, such

as the combi office or the

flexspace (flexibly adaptable)

office will be the norm in the

working world of the future

Production processes and

building design, work

hierar-chies and room layouts,

re-sponsibilities and types of

room – in the future, virtually

no aspect of office work or

its architecture will remain as

it is today Even the role of

lighting will be reviewed In

the past, the primary purpose

of office windows was to

ad-mit natural light and provide a

visual link with the outside

world; artificial lighting

gen-erally consisted of fixed

lumi-naires arranged in line with

the axes of the building This

arrangement then determined

the positioning of workplaces

in the room – and a central

light switch permitted a

choice between light and

darkness

In recent years, the design of

all lighting components has

become much more

sophis-ticated Regulating the

day-light that enters a room – e.g

through the use of façade

el-ements or window blinds –

makes for better air

condi-tioning, reduces artificial

light-ing costs, promotes a greatersense of well-being and thusheightens the motivation andoperational efficiency of per-sonnel

Artificial lighting is seen as anarchitectural element Lampsand luminaires are smallerand more efficient, they blenddiscreetly with the architec-ture or they strengthen itsstatement through their owndesign Today, a variety oftypes of lighting are available

to cater for every office tivity and room situation Forexample: direct/indirect lumi-naires with variable intensitydistribution curves for agree-able ceiling illumination andglare-free workplace lighting,

ac-or flexible combinations ofstandard and desktop lumi-naires which move withdesks

Lighting control is a core ment of any building man-agement system Central andlocal regulation of communi-cations, air-conditioning, day-light control and artificial light-ing systems makes buildingmanagement more efficientand boosts productivity Mod-ern lighting control systemsare designed for daylight-de-pendent and presence-de-pendent regulation, permitnumerous lighting scenes andoffer a high degree of opera-tor convenience

ele-To ensure the right standard

of lighting for a specific roomuse, the right balance needs

to be struck between visualperformance, visual comfortand visual ambience Theemphasis may need to be on

• visual performance, which isprimarily defined by lightinglevel and glare limitation,

• visual comfort, which pends mainly on colour ren-dering and harmoniousbrightness distribution,

de-• visual ambience, which isessentially influenced by lightcolour, direction of light andmodelling

15 STG 17/29

8 7

7 6

5

3 1

8 OFFICES OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

• room area 50 to 400 m2

• room depth 5 to 15 m

• room width 8 to 20 m

• storey height 2.5 to 4.5 m

• power/data cabling via cavity floor or

underfloor duct systems

• partially air-conditioned, poss fully

air-conditioned

• daylight-illuminated workplaces

with occasional artificial lighting and supplementary lighting for multi- media presentations

• non-corridor access to workplaces

• power/data cabling via cavity floor or

underfloor duct systems

• partially air-conditioned, from 15 m

room depth fully air-conditioned

• permanent artificial lighting with

occasional reduced daylight

access via corridor or anteroom

• power/data cabling via cavity floor,

underfloor duct systems and/or window duct

• window-ventilated rooms, poss.

• 1 to 2 employees per room

• storey height approx 3.0 to 4.0 m

• offices accessed via communal zones

• power/data cabling via window ducts, cavity floor or underfloor duct systems

• window-ventilated rooms, poss.

partially air-conditioned (generally cooled)

• daylight-illuminated workplaces with occasional artificial lighting

• workrooms arranged around an internal communal area

2 GROUP OFFICES

• room area 100 to 300 m 2

• room depth up to 18 m (up to 15 m where window-ventilated)

• room width approx 12 to 24 m

• 8 to 25 employees per room

• storey height approx 3.7 to 4.0 m

• power/data cabling via cavity floor or underfloor duct systems

• partial air-conditioning, ventilation, daylight-illuminated workplaces and occasional artificial lighting in inner zones

rooms and sets the

scene for room use;

the different types of lighting

available provide the tools for

doing this Aside from

meet-ing the requirements of

tech-nical and functional

regula-tions, standards and

guide-lines, good lighting also

cre-ates an aesthetically pleasing

environment, generates

pos-itive moods and promotes a

sense of well-being

The modern working world

with its mobile teamwork,

recreation zones and

flat-screen monitors permits and

requires new lighting

solu-tions Designing a lighting

system for optimum

func-tionality and aesthetic appeal

calls for a knowledge of the

different types of modern

lighting available and the kind

of impact they have

Today, numerous luminaire

systems with different

light-ing characteristics are

avail-able for providing good

light-ing in office and administrative

buildings: from the traditional

recessed luminaire for direct

lighting through direct/indirect

surface-mounted, pendant or

standard luminaires for

vari-able light distribution to

com-puterised lighting systems

Major advances in

compo-nent design have brought

about considerable

improve-ments in all luminaire systems

in recent years New

elec-tronic ballasts and control

systems, reflector materials

and lamps make for higher

luminous efficacy, precise

op-tical control, better glare

sup-pression and lower internal

power losses Greater

cost-efficiency is achieved due to

the higher light output ratios

of modern types of lighting

and marked improvements

have been made in

conve-nience and safety

Selecting the right type of

lighting entails striking the

right balance between visual

performance, visual comfort

and visual ambience It also

means meeting the

require-ments of the technical and

statutory regulations

govern-ing the lightgovern-ing levels,

harmo-nious brightness distribution,

direct and reflected glare itation, direction of light, mod-elling, light colour and colourrendering required for the rel-evant office activity

lim-For office lighting applications,there are three lighting con-cepts These concepts can

be realised by lighting typesB1, B2, B3, B4, Z1, Z2, Z3and Z4 The table on page 7shows the types of lightingrecommended – B1 to B4 –for each lighting concept

Additional recommendationsfor lighting types Z1 to Z4 areshown in a matrix on thepages devoted to the individ-ual types of office

Designing a lighting systemcalls for detailed specialistknowledge The expertiseand experience of lighting de-signers and lighting engineersare essential for good results

More information about thecomponents of the differenttypes of lighting is provided

on pages 38 to 46 of thisbooklet

B1 B2 B3 B4

Room-related lighting

Uniform lighting throughout the room creating roughly the same visual conditions

at all points This is recommended where the arrangement of task areas is unknown

during the planning phase or where the arrangement of task areas needs to be

flexible

Task area lighting

Different lighting for task areas and the space around them This is recommended

where a room contains several task areas which are used to address different visual

tasks and thus have different lighting requirements It is also an option where visual

divisions are needed to identify different workplace clusters.

Work surface lighting

Workplace luminaires can be used to supplement “basic lighting” – which can be

either room-related or task area lighting – to achieve a level of lighting finely tuned

to the requirements of the visual task or to personal needs DIN 5035-8 sets out

Indirect lighting with direct workplace lighting

(standard and desktop luminaires)

Wall luminaires

for illuminating walls

Downlights for illuminating

15 STG 17/29

Preferred types of lighting

7 6

8

Cellular offices

The cellular office is the

type of office

tradition-ally used to

accom-modate a maximum of six

of-fice workers – and it is still

the best solution for

person-nel who predominantly

per-form tasks which require

con-centration, a personal archive

of files and books or the

privacy needed for

confiden-tial conversations with clients

or staff It is also ideal for

small groups of two to three

people who work together as

a team and constantly need

to exchange information

about their work

Despite its structural

limita-tions, the cellular office is very

popular with most office

workers For many, the high

degree of privacy, the

prox-imity of windows and the

possibility of tailoring the

room, its climate and its

light-ing to personal tastes

out-weigh the disadvantages

The lack of interaction with a

larger group needs to be

made up in other ways here,

e.g in meetings

Cellular offices are put to

many different uses They

accommodate scientists and

section leaders, secretaries

and designers; they are used

for VDU work and team

meetings, concentrated study

and appointments with

clients The diversity of room

use is reflected accordingly

in a wide range of room

shapes, furnishings, colour

schemes, etc

The type of lighting required

depends on the structure of

the room, the use or uses to

which it is put and the

at-mosphere that needs to be

created In most cellular

of-fices, louvered recessed

lu-minaires are the option most

widely preferred Louvered

luminaires suitably

glare-suppressed for direct lighting

are an economical solution

for many applications, also

providing good conditions for

VDU work

A more agreeable and more

motivating impression is

made by a room where

pen-dant luminaires for

direct/in-direct lighting are used Byilluminating the ceiling, theseavoid a “cave effect” even insmall offices, achieve a morenatural distribution of bright-ness and give the room amore homely appearance

For meetings especially, rect/indirect lighting systemsgenerate a better visual am-bience because light andshade are more balancedand faces look more natural

di-Standard luminaires add aprestigious note to cellular of-fices As direct/indirect lightingsystems, they offer all the ad-vantages mentioned abovebut can additionally enhancethe room architecture throughtheir design In conjunctionwith desktop luminaires, theroom and the work surface

on the desk are equally wellilluminated Another impor-tant advantage is flexibility,because even today one infour company employeeschanges offices at least once

a year A lighting system sisting of standard and desk-top luminaires can move with

con-a reloccon-ating employee out ceiling and electrical in-stallations having to betouched

with-For vertical surfaces wherereading tasks are performed,e.g at cabinets, shelving sys-tems, wall charts, maps, sup-plementary lighting is need-ed

Even though light switchesare normally within easy reach

in cellular offices, lighting trol systems have distinct ad-vantages Conferences andgroup communication oftentake place outside the cellularoffice, which then standsempty, so presence-depen-dent control is a practical andconvenient addition to thelighting system Other eco-nomic and logistical advan-tages are provided by cen-tral control systems whichcheck if office lights havebeen switched off in theevening and whether lampsneed to be replaced

of façade, interior work and building systems)

• 1-person room for work requiring intense concentration behind a closed door

• 2 to 3-person room for intensive cooperation and communication within a very small unit

• Multi-person room for intensive cooperation and communication in a team or small unit

8

response to the new

forms of work that heralded

the age of communication It

made its appearance in the

late 1970s and early 1980s

when offices started to

be-come computerised and

of-fice work was transformed as

a result The rigid

depart-mental groupings of the open

plan office were replaced by

smaller units which could

work more closely and

effec-tively as teams

In the 1990s, architects

looked at the down-scaled

open plan offices again and

developed new ideas for

group or team offices

Mo-notonous arrangements of

desks designed solely to

make efficient use of space

were superseded by zonal

concepts

Owing to its comfortable size,

flexible design and effective

communication structure, the

group office is still a popular

office and work concept even

today It avoids the

anony-mity of the open plan office

and provides good conditions

for direct personal teamwork

in established groups of 8 to

25 employees

One central issue in the

con-text of group office lighting is

daylight control Where rooms

are seven to eight metres

deep, special light-reflecting

window blinds can usefully

direct available daylight to

the parts of the room farthest

from windows

But adequate daylight is not

always available, so

work-places located deep in the

room still need to be

illu-minated by artificial light

sources In the classic

set-up, desks are positioned one

behind the other at right

an-gles to the window wall

Day-light then falls on desktops

and workstations from the

side, with window glare

elim-inated by blinds The artificial

lighting units – e.g louvered

luminaires for direct lighting

– are mounted parallel to the

window wall to provide tive task area illumination

effec-Other lighting concepts mit a free and flexiblearrangement of workplaces

per-For workplace clusters – i.e

relatively small groups ofdesks – pendant luminairesfor direct/indirect lighting gen-erally yield better results Ow-ing to the brightness of theceiling, the lighting looks morenatural, dazzling reflections

on work materials and screenare reduced, and the bettermodelling makes faces andobjects look more appealing

For a more flexible workplacearrangement, direct/indirectstandard luminaires can beused in combination withdesktop luminaires Verticalsurfaces where reading tasksare performed – at cabinets,shelving systems, wall charts,maps, etc – call for adequatesupplementary lighting

To give a group office an ergising, motivating atmos-phere without compromising

en-on clarity of structure, thelighting should emphasisethe zonal layout of the room

Downlights, for example, can

be used to provide agreeable,non-directional lighting forservice centres, where docu-ments are faxed or copied

Where these facilities are cated at the perimeter of theroom, indirect wall luminairesare another option In con-ference zones, direct/indirectluminaires should be usedwherever possible to ensurenatural modelling for facesand work materials In regen-eration zones, light coloursshould be warm, e.g provid-

lo-ed by luminaires in an rect trunking system supple-mented by table luminairesfor reading tasks

indi-10

10

11

15 STG 17/29

Preferred types of lighting

Features

• Enclosed open-plan group rooms with few room-dividing elements

(screen or cabinet partitions) or rooms with a combination of open and

closed structures defined by room-dividing systems (room-in-room

systems) or elements

• Open office space with open group zones which can be separated

from one another – e.g by assignment to different levels – yet which

still permit inter-zonal visual communication and generate a sense of

security through their architecture and workplace clusters

12

13

15 STG 17/29

Preferred types of lighting

14

Combi offices

In the office buildings of

the information society,the efficiency and success

of employees depends to alarge extent on communica-tion In many cases, employ-ees work on successive pro-jects in a team, with eachteam member addressing aspecial assignment relating

to the project The trated work of the individual isthus performed in constantconsultation with the team

concen-The combi office is an tectural response to this way

archi-of working It permits a nection between the opencommunication of the teamand the individual work of theteam members The combioffice thus combines teamspirit and communication,transparency and flexibility

con-Structurally, a combi office islike a marketplace: a com-munal space surrounded byindividual “houses” A mar-ketplace provides a platformfor the public exchange ofinformation and trade ingoods The houses around itare where the information isprocessed and the productsmanufactured

In the same way, the ual workrooms of a combi of-fice can also be seen as pro-duction sites They are whereparts of the project are craft-

individ-ed in concentratindivid-ed individualwork The fruit of that labour

is taken to the adjacent munal zone, where the vari-ous parts of the project areput together by the team Butthe communal zone performsother vital functions as well It

com-is both a communication and

a supply centre – dating not just the zones forteam meetings but also pho-tocopiers and fax machines,files, records and shared in-formation resources, such asperiodicals and referenceworks

accommo-Lighting for a combi officeshould also be modelled onthe concept of the market-place and provide zonal light-ing wired for individual control

In the workrooms in particular,

it must be remembered that

“production work” is very verse, ranging from readingproject papers to performinggraphic design work at aVDU, to holding small informalmeetings at the workplace

di-A bright, agreeable phere is created by direct/

atmos-indirect pendant luminaires

or standard luminaires mable luminaires, supple-mented by desktop lumi-naires at the workplace, per-mit individual lighting scenes

Dim-As most offices have

relative-ly large windows, the use oflighting control systems per-mitting daylight-dependentregulation of the general light-ing is recommended

For vertical surfaces wherereading tasks are performed –e.g at cabinets, shelving sys-tems, wall charts and maps– adequate supplementarylighting is required

In the communal room, thelighting should be designed

to enhance spatial clarity bydifferentiating between zones

This helps identify the ous function zones of the

vari-“marketplace” and enableslighting to be tailored to therelevant visual tasks

Direct/indirect pendant naires over conference zonescreate an agreeable ambi-ence in which faces and workmaterials can be clearly iden-tified For temporary work-places and reading areas inthe communal room, direct/

lumi-indirect standard luminaires– possibly regulable models –are a flexible solution For op-tical emphasis and differen-tiation of the individual zones,downlights are a suitablechoice They also provide ef-fective guidance through theroom

For the general lighting in thecommunal room, economicallouvered luminaires with goodglare suppression offer a highdegree of visual comfort

12

15 STG 17/29

Features

• Standard workroom for one person, with glass wall to the central zone, partially glazed walls to neighbouring offices (above 1.8 to

2 m above floor level) and glass fin window wall.

• Two-person workroom with block or facing arrangement of workplaces created

wall-by removal of a partition wall; features wise the same as those of the standard workroom.

other-• Executive office: multi-axial room created by removal of one or more partition walls.

Ficus Benjamini

14

Open plan offices

For quite some time,

open plan offices have

been experiencing a

re-naissance The functional and

flexible structuring they permit

makes them an attractive

tion for many company

op-erations where efficient room

use is a must Their

popular-ity has been boosted, in

par-ticular, by the rapid spread of

call centres Nearly 200,000

people in Germany work in

this sector alone

Modern open plan offices are

still very much geared to VDU

work; most of the activities

performed in them consist of

computerised tasks requiring

concentration

Communica-tion in an open plan office is

mostly telecommunication,

i.e telephone communication

with customers or outfield

colleagues

In today's open plan offices,

one finds many “clusters” of

workplaces, where teams

work together Workplace

arrangements here can vary

considerably, from strict

geo-metrical patterns to circular

office landscapes

With computer workplaces,

it is essential to ensure that

the strain on the eyes from

switching constantly back

and forth between screen,

work materials and

sur-roundings is kept to a

mini-mum and that the need for

strenuous accommodation

and adaptation is avoided

So monitors and any papers

the operator needs to

con-sult should be the same

dis-tance from the eye, 40 to 80

cm

It is also important to avoid

direct and reflected glare

Di-rect glare occurs as a result

of excessively high luminance

contrast, e.g where a VDU

is positioned directly in front

of a window Reflected glare

results from bright surfaces,

such as windows or

lumi-naires, being reflected on

screens

Where these sources of turbance are not adequatelylimited, fatigue, underperfor-mance and personnel healthproblems result It is import-ant, therefore, that VDUsshould be arranged in rela-tion to windows or shielded

dis-by curtains or blinds in such away that glare is avoided

Room-dividers or cabinet titions can help make glaresuppression measures moreeffective

par-For the lighting designer, thismeans meeting a number ofspecific requirements First,account needs to be taken

of the insular character of theteam clusters A variety ofmodern direct/indirect pen-dant luminaires specially de-veloped for VDU work areavailable for workgroup light-ing in open plan offices Forvertical surfaces where read-ing tasks are performed, e.g

at cabinets, shelving systems,wall charts or maps, ade-quate supplementary lighting

is required

The challenge does not endwith work zone lighting, how-ever Communication andperimeter zones also requireattention Conference and re-ception zones lend structure

to the room and call for variedlighting to emphasise theirspecial character and facili-tate orientation in the room

as a whole Bright perimeterzones, e.g walls illuminated

by wallwashers, make theroom look larger

In open plan offices in ticular, user comfort can besignificantly enhanced bylighting control systems And

par-as such offices frequentlyhave long rows of windows,considerable room depthsand various types of lighting,daylight-dependent regulation

of window blinds and ual room lighting elementsmay also be considered

individ-19

Ficus Benjamini

Features

• Large office unit with mostly open workplace structure and few subdividing partitions and cabinets Pronounced hierarchi- cal layout: prestige offices near windows, preferably in corners

of the room (corner offices).

• Office landscape with various team zone clusters with variable arrangements of partitions More private areas for managerial workplaces Integrated confer- ence, technical and regeneration zones

• Room-in-room systems with the high degree of flexibility needed

to cater to different

organisation-al and staff requirements.

Preferred types of lighting

15 STG 17/29

16

Prestige offices

As the name indicates,

a prestige office

un-derlines the stature of

the company and the

individ-ual to whom it is assigned

Its interior design should

re-flect the identity of the

com-pany or the personality of the

occupant This is where

pres-tige offices get their

atmos-phere, which can range from

cool and businesslike to light

and experimental, to

uncom-promisingly sumptuous

Most prestige offices consist

of three zones, each with a

clear purpose: first the

work-place, where a variety of

tasks are performed and VDU

work plays only a minor role;

secondly a conference zone,

designed to cater for small

group meetings; and thirdly

a “presentation zone”, where

the company presents its

cor-porate culture and its work

The three room zones share a

uniform atmosphere, although

each zone has its own

func-tion and mood The

atmos-phere needs to be

appropri-ate for the stappropri-atement which

the room is supposed to

make; in most cases, a

cheerful homely atmosphere

is required In offices with a

relatively dark colour scheme

and lots of wood finishes, this

is best supported by soft

in-direct lighting and warm light

colours

At the workplace, there is

normally no need for purely

functional lighting On the

contrary, the lighting should

be part of the architecture

and designed to cater for a

variety of visual tasks

Stan-dard and desktop luminaires

or pendant luminaires of

dec-orative, futuristic or purist

de-sign are suitable options

What is important is that the

lighting is bright enough for

all visual tasks, glare due to

windows and luminaires is

avoided and the distribution

of light at the workplace and

throughout the room is

har-monious Marked differences

in brightness along different

lines of sight make it harder

for the eye to adapt and give

rise to fatigue

For vertical surfaces wherereading tasks are performed– e.g at cabinets, shelvingsystems, wall charts or maps– adequate supplementarylighting is required

In the conference zone, ing should be low-key to per-mit full concentration on thepersons present Balancedmodelling and warm lightcolours help give faces amore natural and agreeableappearance Direct/indirectluminaires fitted with warm-tone lamps provide the highvertical illuminance requiredand cast a soft, pleasant light

light-Glare due to direct lighting orreflections needs to be avoid-

ed, as does a marked trast in brightness with thesurroundings Both are dis-tracting and cause visual fa-tigue; concentration and mo-tivation suffer

con-In the third room zone, thepresentation zone, attentionneeds to be directed to ob-jects or images At the sametime, the presentation zonemust be neither too bright nortoo dark in relation to the rest

of the room; direction of lightand modelling must be de-signed to ensure that three-dimensional objects are iden-tifiable as such Downlights,wallwashers and a variety ofspots can be an effective ac-centuating lighting solutionhere

In view of the many differenttypes of lighting used in mostprestige offices, a program-mable lighting control systemmakes good sense Pre-de-fined lighting scenes for con-centrated work at the desk,meetings with colleagues orthe reception of guests helpensure balanced lighting inthe room and permit a com-fortable lighting atmospherefor the situation required

23 22

15 STG 17/29

Preferred types of lighting

Features

• Multi-axial room with very open room structure, little or no subdivision

by room partitioning systems

• Open conference zone distinguished from the workplace by its interior and lighting design

• Direct connection to adjoining conference rooms or secretarial offices

24

design is one of the

most demanding office

activ-ities of all Characters and

symbols, super-fine lines and

patches of varying contrast

and colour call for intense

concentration and perfect

visual clarity of screen

dis-plays, work materials and

other objects So special

at-tention needs to be paid in

CAD offices to ergonomic

workplace design

Room and workplace

light-ing plays an important role in

ergonomic design Lighting

levels need to be chosen to

ensure a balance between

the brightness of VDU screen,

task area and surroundings

Changing visual tasks – i.e

working on screen,

execut-ing sketches on light-coloured

paper and making visual

con-tact with colleagues in the

room – call for harmonious

luminance distribution

Direct and reflected glare

needs to be limited Direct

glare is caused by bright

sur-faces, such as windows, or

unshielded lamps; reflected

glare is caused by light

re-flections on glossy paper or

screens Direct and reflected

glare cause extreme

differ-ences in luminance and

im-pair visual conditions, thus

undermining office workers’

sense of well-being and

abil-ity to concentrate on the task

in hand

To ensure good visual

perfor-mance, a classic

arrange-ment of workplaces at right

angles to the window wall is

recommended, with desks for

ancillary design operations

positioned near the window

and CAD workstations

locat-ed nearer the middle of the

room Daylight then falls on

desks from the side and glare

is largely eliminated

Lumi-naires should be installed

par-allel to the window wall

High-grade specular louver

lumi-naires with specially designed

louvers ensure glare-free

light-ing at the workplace

Adequate daylight is not ways available, so luminairesshould be positioned to theleft and right of the desks

al-The direction of light andmodelling thus achieved per-mits paperwork and objects

to be viewed without unduerisk of fatigue

As for types of lighting, rect/indirect luminaires offerthe highest degree of com-fort A bright ceiling makesfor balanced luminance dis-tribution, giving the roomlighting a more natural andmore motivating impact Sup-plementary desktop lumi-naires enable the lighting to

di-be tailored to individual worksituations In aisles, louveredluminaires, downlights or di-rect/indirect wall luminairesare a suitable option

What is particularly important

in CAD offices is modernlighting control For one thing,the lighting level at each indi-vidual workplace needs to beadjustable for different tasksbecause while a great deal

of light is needed for studyingtechnical drawings on paper,VDU work often calls for dim-ming Secondly, uniformity oflighting needs to be right at alltimes of day Where incidentdaylight at desks is intense,both the German national or-dinance protecting employ-ees working at VDUs and EUDirective 90/270 stipulate thatwindow-blinds must be pro-vided for screening and sup-plemented, if necessary, byartificial lighting

For vertical surfaces wherereading tasks are performed– e.g at cabinets, shelvingsystems, wall charts or maps– adequate supplementarylighting is required

28 26

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15 STG 17/29

Preferred types of lighting

15 STG 17/29

Preferred types of lighting

play a central role in

many companies They are

used to receive visitors,

ad-dress clients and staff and

provide a place where

col-leagues can confer amongst

themselves They need to

re-flect the company’s image

and corporate culture,

pro-mote lively discussion and

in-depth consultation and

pro-vide access to multimedia

facilities

So these rooms need to

per-form a wide variety of

func-tions and create a wide

vari-ety of moods Receptions for

clients, for example, call for

an air of openness, whereas

intensive consultation requires

a more secluded

atmos-phere So the prime

require-ment that conference and

training rooms need to meet

is flexibility of room use –

something which is achieved

by a variable room layout

cre-ated by movable partitions

and versatile furniture This

variability needs to be

reflect-ed by the lighting, which must

also be able to cater for

dif-ferent functions and create

different moods

Attaining this goal calls for a

differentiated lighting design

permitting a variety of

light-ing scenes For the general

lighting, two basic scenes are

particularly important: a

bright, illuminated ceiling

cou-pled with harmonious

bright-ness distribution for

convey-ing an impression of

open-ness in the room, and highly

accentuating lighting in

cer-tain zones for conveying an

impression of seclusion

For the first lighting scene,

direct/indirect pendant

lumi-naires can make for balanced

room lighting with an

agree-able basic brightness For the

second, the “private” lighting

atmosphere required can be

provided by downlights or by

spots mounted on power

track Vertical surfaces where

reading tasks are performed –

at cabinets, shelving systems,

wall charts, maps, etc – call

for adequate supplementary

lighting

Many mood variants can beachieved for multifunctionalrooms by combining differentlighting systems, e.g pen-dant luminaires with down-lights or recessed or surface-mounted ceiling luminaireswith power track and spots

General lighting must always

be supplemented by accentlighting because certain roomzones require different illumi-nation, depending on the use

to which they are put Forpresentations, accent light-ing provides the vertical illu-mination needed at rostrum

or stage to cast speakers inthe right light; for video-con-ferences or beamer presen-tations, it ensures basic light-ing for safety in the room andsmoothes out extreme differ-ences in luminance For theaudience, safe glare-free ori-entation in the room must beguaranteed at all times

The bandwidth of options foraccentuating lighting is ex-tremely wide: it ranges fromdownlight wallwashers andpower track spots for illumi-nating rostrums and walls todecorative recessed wall lu-minaires and recessed floorluminaires What is very im-portant for accent lighting is abalance between functionali-

ty and creativity The ter of the room should be un-derlined and the architecture

charac-or selected room zones phasised Variations in the lu-minaires used, different lightcolours and switches fromwide to narrow-beam lumi-naires offer many opportuni-ties to inject life into the roomthrough lighting

em-Using differentiated lightinglike this in practice calls formodern lighting control

Where several lighting tems are present and multipleroom users involved, the light-ing needs to be programma-ble, enabling a predefinedlighting scene to be activatedwhen a particular lighting at-mosphere is required This isthe only way the lighting de-signer can craft the right light

sys-to make the right statementfor receptions and presenta-tions, training sessions andconferences

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15 STG 17/29

Features Video-conference room

• Multi-axial room with very open room structure, no subdivision

by room partitioning systems

• Open hall, no subdivision or flexible subdivision by means

of partitions for room-in-room systems

• Variable arrangement of individual and team desks

32

Ficus Benjamini

22

Offices open to the public

Despite Internet and

e-mail, personal contact

is more important

than ever for many

compa-nies and organisations today

Customers, clients and

mem-bers of the public want

per-sonalised advice and wish to

meet the people they deal

with face to face In much of

the private sector, an

invita-tion to visit the company in

person is an important part

of customer bonding and a

good opportunity to promote

image and product range

Classic service halls, with their

cold stone floors and high

ceilings, are being

relegat-ed to the past The

prefer-ence today is for a more

homely atmosphere, with

warm colours, small room

units and a consulting zone

that has shifted from the

counter to niches or desks

As in all relatively large

interi-ors, the lighting concept here

needs to reflect the structure

of the room, with its various

zones for different tasks

Vis-itors entering the room want

to be able to identify clearly

where they need to go Bright

reception areas and

illumi-nated information panels

fa-cilitate initial orientation and

direct visitors’ attention

To avoid cave effects in an

entrance area, room lighting

and ceiling illumination need

to be adequately bright An

interesting effect is achieved

with louvered luminaires or

downlights in the ceiling and

indirect ceiling floodlights

mounted on walls or pillars

Large luminous ceilings or

di-rect/indirect pendant

lumi-naires also create an

agree-able and natural atmosphere

In interview niches and atconsultants’ desks, the light-ing needs to be suitable forboth communication situa-tions and VDU work Whereroom layouts frequentlychange, the lighting needs to

be equally flexible Desktopluminaires and standard lu-minaires for direct/indirectlighting can be repositioned

at any time and, where ings are bright and a normalheight, create lighting con-ditions which permit high vi-sual comfort for interviewsand good visual performancefor VDU work

ceil-For vertical surfaces wherereading tasks are performed –

at cabinets, shelving systems,wall charts, maps, etc – ad-equate supplementary lighting

is required

Offices which are open to thepublic also perform a repre-sentative function, so atten-tion needs to be paid not on-

ly to the functional design ofthe lighting but also to itsvisual appeal and aestheticimpact Even with the mostimpressive architecture, how-ever, that impact can only beachieved if the right light isprovided at the right place

Recessed floor luminaires anddownlights vividly emphasisepillars; spots cast selectedzones in a dramatic light orimbue presentation areas forimages and artworks with vi-sual tension For the public,good and exciting lighting de-sign brings a room and its ar-chitecture to life

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Ficus Benjamini

Preferred types of lighting

15 STG 17/29

Preferred types of lighting

24

Reception rooms / reception areas

Entrance areas make a

first and crucial pression on visitors

im-Architecture and dimensions,materials and furniture, light-ing and acoustics – they allcombine to form an “image”

the moment the visitor entersthe room For every visitor,the entrance area is the point

of initial contact, the ning of all communicationwith their host

begin-Entrance areas generally sist of four zones: the actualentrance, the reception area,the lobby and the areas lead-ing into the building So theprimary task for architect andlighting designer is to identifythese zones and provide clearaids to orientation for the vis-itor

con-The entrance links the door areas with the interior

out-of the building This is wherethe visitor steps out of thedaylight into the building Asthe human eye takes time toadapt from the bright daylightoutdoors to the lower light-ing indoors, entrances need

to be particularly bright

Adaptation is facilitated bylarge windows and glare-freelighting of high luminous in-tensity in this area A day-light-dependent lighting con-trol system should adjust theartificial lighting in line withthe level of available daylight

Steps or stairs in this areaneed to be particularly wellidentified and illuminated

Most visitors first make theirway to the reception desk,

so this needs to be clearlyidentifiable as such Supple-mentary lighting providedfor a reception area and anyvertical information panelsmakes these stand outagainst the surroundings andhelps visitors find their way Acheerful, inviting atmosphere

is generated by harmoniousbrightness distribution withanti-glare lighting for coun-ters and signs as well aswarm light colours

The lobby area is a placefor communication, a placewhere visitors are greeted

The purpose of lighting here

is to create a visual ambiencewhere people – and espe-cially people’s faces – can beclearly recognised Highly di-rectional lighting should beavoided because it casts un-favourable shadows Direct/

indirect lighting with warmlight colours ensures a bal-anced distribution of light andhelps create a positive at-mosphere for communication

Corridors, staircases or liftsconnect the entrance areawith the interior of the build-ing Here, too, lighting canfacilitate visitor orientation,e.g in route guidance sys-tems incorporating colouredLED luminaires A clear lightguidance system points visi-tors in the right direction andbright display panels or back-lit signs provide information

Corridors and staircases canappear intimidating if they aremuch darker than the en-trance area To avoid this tun-nel effect, care must be taken

to ensure uniform or

In entrance areas with largewindows, a daylight-depen-dent lighting control systemfor the artificial lighting is asound proposition, as are op-tical control blinds designed

to direct daylight deep intothe room Both systemsmake the lighting more at-tractive, heighten user com-fort and improve the econo-

my of the entire system

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