Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration pptx

Preface Contributors Part I: Approaches to the Study of Environmental Policy and Administration Introduction: Dennis L.. Approaches to the Study of Environmental Policy and Administra

n on

To our mentor and friend

NICHOLAS

for years of support and guidance

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Preface

Contributors

Part I: Approaches to the Study of Environmental Policy

and Administration

(Introduction: Dennis L Soden and Brent S Steel)

Riley E Dunlap, George H Gallup, Jr., and Alec M Gallup

Timothy M Hennessey and Dennis L Soden

Joseph K Berry

John L Dobra and Jeanne Wendel

Earl R Ekstrand and Dirk D Draper

Benjamin M Simon and Haniey Doerksen

Edkvard P Weber

Maureen R McCarney, William D Schreckhise, and Nicholus P Lmv-ich

Berton Lee Lamb, Nina Burkardt, and Donna Lybecker

Brent S Steel and Sushi1 Pandey

Ch14n-Oh Park and Sung-Chul Kirn

Edwiard Chiu- Yeng Tseng

Cnthleen Rineer- Garber

Curtis Durrunt and Laszlo Perneczky

John Pierce, Nicholas P Lovrich, and Russell J Dalton

Part 111: Environmental Policy and Administration in Advanced

Pia Christina Wood

Meredith A Netzwzan and Aynsley Kellow

Michael Healey and Timothy M Hennessey

Part IV: International Policy and Administration

Robert E Boitqen and Catherine A Cruinblejl

Robert Carey and Debra J Salazar

Nina Burkardt, M.A

Robert G Carey, M.A

Berton Lee Lamb, Ph.D

Kara L Lamb, M.A

Nicholas P Lovrich, M.A., Ph.D

Donna Lybecker

Masahiko Matsuoka

Maureen R McCarney

Tokq 0,

Approaches to the Study of Environmental

Policy and Administration

Environmental Policy and Administration 3

Environmental Policy and Administration 5

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The Health of the Planet Survey 9

The Health of the Planet Survey 1 1

The Health of the Planet Survey

The Health of the Planet Survey 15

The Health of the Planet Survey 17

The Health of the Planet Survey 23

The Health of the Planet Survey 25

The Health of the Planet Survey 27

1979 Economics, Environmental Policy, and the Qualih o f Llfe

1974 Tw*o Cheers for the Affluent Society St

1994

1992

1992 Benrieett Ttrw Worlds: Science, the Ett~ircinmental Movement and Policy

1986 The Europeans and Their EtnGronmetzt 1986

1989 The Etzvironmental Wars

ronntetttal Politics and Policy

A.M Health of rhe Planet

1989 Public and Leadership Attitudes to the Environment in

199 1 Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement

1989 New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green

1989 Earth Rising: Ecological Belief in an Age of Science

1992 Global Environmental Change: Under-

stunding the Human Dimensions

1988 The Public and the Enbironment-1 988

1992 World Development Report 1992

30 Hennessey and Soden

1993 The National Per$onnance Relieu?: Creating

a Go\iernnient that Works Better and Costs Less

32 Hennessey and Soden

The Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management,

Long-term sustainability as a fundamental value

Clearly defined goals

Sound ecological models and understanding

Recognition of the dynamic character ecosystems

Context and scale

Humans as ecosystem components

33

Adaptability and accountability

OF THE CENTRAL THEMES

34 Hennessey and Soden

do

on

PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS TO GOVERNMENT

IMPLEMENTATION OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

by

by

(

on

The goals ecosystern nianageiizent are not clearly specified: a minimum lelTe1 of

ecosystem integrity andfiinctioning needs to be defined

Ada tin Mana ement to New Information

Continue researching, monitoring, and

++I- assessing Modify management ecological choices conditions on the basis of

new information

Revise ecosystems’ boundaries as warranted

Administration’s Principles Delineating Ecosystems

Establish consistent boundaries for Establish boundaries at several geographic

Understanding Ecosystems’ Ecologies

~ ~

0 Identify structures, components, processes,

and linkages among ecosystems

0 Identify current ecological conditions and

trends

0 Identify minimum ecological conditions

necessary to maintainhestore ecosystems

0 Identify effects of human activities on

ecological conditions

Identify desired future ecological conditions

Identify distribution of activities among land

units over time

4-b

e ,

“Manage along ecological rather than political administrative boundaries.”

I

“Consider all natural and human components and their interactions.”

“Ensure coordination among federal agencies and increased collaboration state, local, and tribal governments; the public; and the Congress.”

I

“Use monitoring, assessment, and the best available science.“

42)

by

36 Hennessey and Soden

by upon

by

on

There is still much uncertainty about horr? ecosystems function, which contributes

to differences in the interpretation of scientific evidence

The need to expand pilot projects to other areas

Ecosystem Management 37

ecosystem management is essentially inter- governmental and intersectoral

on

VALUES A S A CONSTRAINT TOO OFTEN IGNORED

BY THE “HARD SCIENCES”

38 Hennessey and Soden

terns as natural systems and the organizational and institutional complexity of the iinple-

mentation emironrnent

40 Hennessey and Soden

Table 1

There is a mandate to take action in the face of uncertainty

Decision makers are awwe that they are experimenting cinyHqv

no

Decision makers care about improving outcomes over biological time scales

duce desired outcomes predictably

Resources are suflcient to measure ecosystem-scale behuvior

Theop, models, and field methods are available to estimate and infer ecosystem-scale behmior

Hypotheses can be formulated

Organizational culture encourages learning from experience

Source: Lee 8 5

Ecosystem Management 41

by

by

you you

42 Hennessey and Soden

44 Hennessey and Soden

Table 2

Intermediate pe formance criteria, provision costs

lnterrridicite peformnnce criteria, production costs

OLvrnll peformance criteria

Source: et al 1995: 124

up linked or netctwrked ecosystem management programs intellectually unified by large-scale ecosystem heuris-

tics (e.g., ecoregions, bioregions) that contain the imperative to look at connections/links betctieen ecosystems

nested

Ecosystem Management 45 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY

46 Hennessey and Soden

Society and Natural Resources

1994 Ecosystem Management: Federal Agency Acti\iities

1983

Antericwn Ncituralist 121 :

1992 Ecosystem Health, Newt Goals ,for En\iron-

1993 The National Perjiorniance Re\ie\t*: Creating n Goivern-

ntent that Works Better and Costs Less

1997,

hndscape and Urban Planning

1993 Endmgered Species: Factors Associated M’itlt Delajvd Listing

1994 Ecosystems Management-Additional Actions Needed to Ade-

199 1 Final Consensus Report on the Keystone Policy Dialogue on Biological

Dilvrsity on Federctl kinds

1993 Compass nnd Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics f o r the En\ironnient

1992 An Ecosystem Approach: Its Use and Abuse: Excellence in Ecology Book 3

1998

Ecosystems Management: A Social Science Perspec-

ti\,e

in the Grecit Lakes Bcisin

48 Hennessey and Soden

1997 Ecosystem Function and Human Activities: Reconciling

Ecosysrems Management: A Social Science Perspective

1998b

Ecosystems Man-

A 1997 Adaptitle Management Areas: Achieving the Promise,

SPATlAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT

Spatial database management systems

52 Berry

Figure 1

GIS Technology in Environmental Management 53

55

GIS Technology in Environmental Management 59

“What effects tz‘lzat ?”

GIS Technology in Environmental Management 61

GIS IN CONSENSUS BUILDING AND CONFLICT

RESOLUTION: A CASE STUDY

GIS Technology in Environmental Management 63

Figure 4

various conservation uses

Conservation areas map Maps of relative accessibility to roads and the coastline formed the basis for locating

64 Berry

65

6

67

7

of’

GIS 69

GIS Technology in Environmental Management 71

72 Berry

Figure 10

GIS Technology Environmental Management 73

TRENDS, DIRECTIONS, AND CHALLENGES

GIS Technology in Environmental Management 7 5

285-

1993 Bryoncl Mripping: Concepts, Algorithnis etml I.s.sire.s i i i GIS,

GIS

The CGI Soirrc,tj

Book j i ) r Geogrcrphic Sjstenis,

1995b Spcrtiril Rrrr.soni)tg for Eflec.tii?r GIS, GIS

Jourtitil ofsoil Scieric*e 3 1 : 3 1

1987 Principles r,J' Grogrciplticcil Itlfoniwtioti Sjxterns .f;)r Lcriicl Ru.soiirc~o.s A.s.w.s.s-

nient

1 "GIS Geognrpliic Ir~forrncition Systems: Priitc*ip/e.s trritl

,-2pplic.crtion.s,

1989

199 1 GIS." Grogr~ipliic 1izfi)riiiiitioii S j ~ s t e n i ~ :

Principles and Applictitions

35-54

GIS Technology in Environmental Management 79

1991 Statistics ,for Spatial Data

1991a Geographic Information Systems:

1991b Geographic Itzforrnatiori

ing Lmidscape Sfructure,

149

1

1969 Design ~ i t h Nature

1987 GIS for Forest Management: A compendium

1989 Fundamentals Geographic Injiwmation Systems: A Compendiirm

1994 The GIS Applications Book: Examples in Natural Resources

Pursuing Environmental Goals

John L Dobra and Jeanne Wendel

University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada

82 Dobra and Wendel

84 Dobra and Wendel

86 Dobra and Wendel

Pursuing Environmental Goals a7

by

on buy

88 Dobra and Wendel

MARKET-INCENTIVE SYSTEMS: TWO QUESTIONS

Pursuing Environmental Goals 89

Does the Benefit Exceed the Cost?

90 Dobra and Wendel

Pursuing Environmental Goals 91

you

do you

92 Dobra and Wendel

CLARIFYING AND ENFORCING PROPERTY RIGHTS

The “Tragedy of the Commons”

Pursuing Environmental Goals 93

94 Dobra and Wendel

Pursuing Environmental Goals 95

96 Dobra and Wendel

Morrall, J F 1986 “A Review the Record.” Regulation lO(2)

Murray, A 1997 Wall Street Journal, June 9, A l

Palmisano, J 1994 The Environment Goes to Market Washington, DC: National Academy Pigou, A C 1938 The Economics of Werfare London: Macmillan

Posner, R 1992 Economic Analysis of Law Boston: Little, Brown

Rabin, R 198 1 “Ozone Depletion Revisited.” Regulation, MarcWApril

Rand Corporation 1980 Economic Implications of Regulating Chlorofluorocarbon Emissions from

Simmons, R.T 1997 “Fixing the Endangered Species Act.” In Breaking rhe Environmental Grid-

Public Administration

Nonaerosol Applications

lock (T.L Anderson, ed.), Pal0 Alto, CA: Hoover Press, p 13

Contingent Valuation Method

98 Ekstrand and Draper

Contingent Valuation Method 99

1 Y m a n d C u r v e

1

Q

Quantity

Figure 1 Measuring economic value

purchased At higher prices individuals would purchase less quantity, and at lower prices

a greater quantity of the good would be demanded These different combinations can be graphed by a line that economists call a demand curve, representing the quantity de- manded for different price levels Assuming that the good in question has a price (or value) P, then an amount Q is purchased The shaded area below the price line and bounded by the line representing quantity Q represents the total cost of purchasing Q

items at a price of P (this equals P*Q) As the consumer would be willing to pay a greater price for quantities less than Q, the consumer receives extra value for the good

in addition to the value equaling the cost of purchase This extra value, or net WTP, is represented by the area above the shaded portion and below the demand curve

Total economic value for nonmarket goods can be broken into use and nonuse values Use values are derived from employing resources in activities such as fishing, hunting, observing wildlife, hiking, skiing, and boating Hundreds of studies have estab- lished use values for wildlife and habitat resources used for these and many other activi- ties Examples of these studies can be found in Walsh et al (1989)

Use values can be further divided into consumptive and nonconsumptive compo- nents Consumptive use refers to activities, such as hunting and fishing, that consume the resource Nonconsumptive uses are those in which the recreationist uses the resource without removing it from its environment Common nonconsumptive uses include wild- life photography, bird watching, and wildlife feeding The term “nonconsumptive” re- flects the nature of the activity and should not be confused with the consumption of related goods used by the recreationist Bird watchers, for example, who purchase (con- sume) binoculars, cameras, and other gear are still nonconsumptive users in regard to wildlife

Some resources provide both consumptive and nonconsumptive uses Many species

of waterfowl, for example, could be hunted by one person and observed by a bird watch-

er Endangered species, however, usually provide nonconsumptive use rather than con- sumptive use (if any use exists for these species) due to low population levels and be- cause it is illegal to hunt them Occasionally, a species that is listed as threatened, but not classified endangered, could generate some use values, such as fish species, if the

100 Ekstrand and Draper

101

on

The Green Book

by Principles and Srandards by

U.S

1983, Principles and Guidelines,

(U.S

Principles and Guidelines

Ohio v US Department of the Interior

7 1 35.96 73.20 20.22 15.56

3 1.29 28.32 92.65 8.42 6.04 33.07

Source: 1996

102 Ekstrand and Draper

Contingent Valuation Method 103

Contingent Valuation Method 105

FUTURE DIRECTION: MEASURING RESPONDENT CERTAINTY

good

good good, good

106 Ekstrand and Draper

Contingent Valuation Method 107

Asking the Valuation Question

good

good, good

you

$X YES

108 Ekstrand and Draper

1986 Valuing Em~ironmerttal Goods: An Assess-

239

110 Ekstrand and Draper

1,

on 1958 Proposed Practices f o r Econoniic Anulysis of

S., 0 1996 Comparing Re,spon.ses with Voting Be-

1989 State of Ohio 1’ U S Department of the Interior 880 2d 432

US 1962 Policies, Steitttlmds, and Procedures in tire Formultition,

1983 Ecunotnic cind Eni)ironmentd Principles cind Guidelinrs fbr

Wtrter anti Re1ntc.d k i n d Resources Implenzentcition Studies,

Financing National Park Service Activities

Through Entrance Fees

Benjamin M Simon and Harvey Doerksen

Office of Policy Analysis, U S Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C

112 Simon and Doerksen

Financing National Park Service Activities 113

114 Simon and Doerksen

Financing National Park Service Activities 115

THE POTENTIAL FOR REVENUE ENHANCEMENT

Numbers of Visitors Charged (millions)

Figure 3 Alternate ways to increase entrance fee revenue