Chapter 3: Cohesion in English discourse pdf

 They’re playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there it breaks the window and they’re looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them… Pass me the towel  They’re play

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGLSH & MODERN LANGUAGES

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Chapter 3: Cohesion in English discourse

FULL NAME : NGUYỄN THANH THẢOCLASS : KT4A

Tháng 12 năm 2012

I/ Grammatical cohesion

1 Reference

1.1 Definition:

 Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) was born into an upper

bourgeois (middle-class) family in Normandy, France After serving in the army, without enough money to continue his law

studies, he became a civil servant, working in various

ministries in Paris At the same time, be studied writing with the author Gustave Flaubert The extraordinary success of his art between 1880 and 1890, Maupassant published nearly

three hundred stories He also wrote essays, plays, poetry,

and novels, including Pierre et Jean (1888) His work has influenced countless numbers of writers around the world, including Anton Chekhov and Kate Chopin

 John looked out of the window He thought he saw a shape

in the bushes Could it be a fox? Mary had told him about

the foxes However, nobody had seen one for months.

Exophoric reference

 The book is over there

 For she is a jolly good fellow and so say all of us

 Take a look at this.

 They’re playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there it breaks the window and they’re looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them…

 Pass me the towel

 They’re playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there it breaks the window and they’re looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them…

Endophric

 Three boys are playing football and one boy kicks the ball and it goes through the window and the boys are looking at it and a man comes out and shouts at themAnaphoric reference

 The monkey took the banana and ate it

 Pam went home because she felt sick

 My girlfriend and I met my lawyer for a drink, but she

became ill and had to leave.

 "If a man has talent and can't use it, he's failed."

"If a man has talent and can't use it, he's failed."

 "No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother."

 "In peace, sons bury their fathers In war, fathers bury

daughters have been afraid of it since."

 "Well, knowledge is a fine thing, and mother Eve thought so; but she smarted so severely for hers, that most of her

daughters have been afraid of it since."

 Monte Brooks, 67, theatrical producer and band leader, collapsed and died Thursday in a Lloyd Center restaurant

He lived at 6124 N Willamette Blvd.

Cataphoric reference

 A few weeks before he died, my father gave me an old

cigar box filled with faded letters

 In 'The Pendulum Years,' his history of the 1960s,

Bernard Levin writes of the 'collective insanity which

seized Britain

 If she were alive today, [Barbara] Tuchman would surely

be preparing to pen fresh furious pages tonight, as the president seeks to rally his faltering domestic popularity with summonses of support

 "You must remember this:

A kiss is just a kiss

A sigh is just a sigh

 It must have been tough on your mother, not having any children.

 Too scared to buy before they sell, some homeowners

aim for a trade

 So I just want to say this to the Congress: An America that buys much more than they sell year in and year out is an America that is facing economic and military disaster

 After she declared herself 'broken, betrayed, at bay, really

low' in another organ yesterday, I'm not sure the Diary

should even mention poor Bel Mooney's name

 'When he arrived, John noticed that the door was open'.

 Here are two examples of fossil fuels : Coal and wood

 Child : Why does that one go ?

Father : that what ?

Child : that one

Father : that one what ?

Child : that parrot, that you kept in in the cage.

b) Based on reference realization:

Personal reference:

 At the zoo

One day I went to the zoo and I saw rhinocerous I moved

to a hippopotamus I touched him and and he is big and so

I went on and I saw a tiger and this man was feeding him it was eating it up Mom told me to move on and next came then a gorilla I had a baby gorilla My mum told me to move on I saw a watch It was 5 o‘clock.

 West African dwarf sheep are found roaming about the

towns and villages in many southern parts of West Africa in

small flocks They thrive and breed successfully in areas

of trypanosomiasis risk Their coat colour is either

predominantly white with irregular black patches, or black marked with white patches

 Three blind mice, three blind mice

See you they run! See how they run!

Demonstrative reference

 At the zoo

One day I went to the zoo and I saw rhinocerous I moved

to a hippopotamus I touched him and and he is big and so I

went on and I saw a tiger and this man was feeding him it

was eating it up Mom told me to move on and next camethen a gorilla I had a baby gorilla My mum told me to move on I saw a watch It was 5 o‘clock

 Be careful of wasp, bees and hornets These are

dangerous pests

 Doctor Foster went to Gloucester in a shower of

rain He stepped in a puddle right up to his middle

and never went there again.

 I always drink a lot of beer when I am in England There are many lovely pubs there

Comparative reference

 Look, there’s a cat in the tree

–It’s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday.

–It’s a similar cat as the one we saw yesterday.

–It’s a different cat from the one we saw yesterday.

 He made more mistakes than I did.

 She’s a better scholar than the whole rest of them.

 Beecher Stowe gives a moving account of the horrors of

slavery Clemens’ treatment of the issue in the classic

novel Huckleberry Finn is lighter but more subtle.

 There were two wrens upon a tree Another came,

and there were three

2 Substitution

1.1 Definition

 My axe is too blunt I must get a sharper one

 You think Joan already knows? - I think everybody does.

 Let's go and see the bears The polar ones are over on that

rock

 Did Mary take that letter? She might have done

1.2 Classification

Nominal substitution

 Would you like some sandwiches?

‘Please pass the ones with cucumber in.’

 In an experiment, some children were given six cardboard discs each in a different colour They were then asked to

choose the colour they like best The majority chose the

blue one.

 Are there lions in those hills?

Yes, we saw one on the way back.

 Cherry ripe, cherry ripe, ripe I cry.

Full and fair ones - come and buy.

 I only brought the red wine The white one must be in the

fridge

 Maggie said she’d have a half of shandy, Susan ordered

the same

 ‘I’m having chicken and rice.’

‘I’ll have the same.’

 Would that we could say the same of Ringwood, my once happy home, which stands about five miles from my

present abode

 And I think the same was written with a thumb-nail dipped

in tar

 The folk-songs, even if they were invented before the birth

of the modern key-sense, were soon modified by it: very few indications can be found of their having originated in

the epoch when the modes had the domination; and the same is true of the dances.

 The scientists, from fingerprint-lifters and bullet-gazers on

up, had supplied a lot of dope but no answers, and the same goes for the three or four dozen who went after the woman angle, which after a couple of weeks was spread toinclude several more, going back four years instead of one,

in addition to the original seven

 Then, as the lateral branches grew long enough, I did the same with them, peeling off a section of the bark and bast

of both branches with a pocket knife to reveal the cambium

at the point of contact, then binding them tightly together

Verbal substitution

 ‘I don’t know the meaning of half those long words, and,

what’s more, I don’t believe you do either.

 And I wouldn’t like to be present when you express your

views, if ever you do

 If God did it for Deke Mutombo, He can do it for you!

 ‘We met in Brazil Do you remember?’

‘Yes, we must have done.’

 Mogad appeared to consider this for a moment, directing his gaze as he did so toward the other members of the crew

 He had indeed been purchasing flour and exporting it in great quantities, but had done so on behalf of John

Holker, agent for the French forces in America

 A: Annie says you drink too much

B: So do you?

Clausal substitution

 Is there going to be an earthquake? – It says so.

 Are you feeling better? – I think so

 Did he stand up to be counted in the old days?- I think not

 if you’ve seen them so often, of course you know what

they’re like.’ ‘I believe so’, said Alice.

 Everyone seems to think he’s guilty If so, no doubt he’ll

offer to resign

 May I give you a slice?’ she said, taking up the knife and

fork, and looking from one Queen to the other ‘Certainly not,’ the Red Queen said

 If you’ve seen them so often, you get to know them very

well I believe so.

 We should recognise him when we see him.

Yes, but supposing not: what do we do?

3 Ellipsis

1.1 Definition

 You’ve got more use for it than I have Ф

 I ran 5 miles on the first day and 8 Ф ( miles ) on the second Ф ( day )

 Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity a greater Ф

1.2 Classification

Nominal ellipsis

 While Kim had lots of books, Pat had very few Ф.

 Ф Hope he’s there

 Henrietta likes red shirts and I like blue Ф

 I like strong tea I suppose that weak Ф is better for you

 This model is more suitable than that Ф.

 I went up that skyscraper in Boston, but the tallest Ф is in

Chicago

 A: Here are my two white scarves;

B: I used to have three Ф

Verbal ellipsis

 Two of them disappeared without trace as fast as they

could Ф

 But he … he wants to marry her, and she Ф him

 Today I go home at five o’clock, but tomorrow Ф at seven

o’clock

 Has that happened? Yes, it has

 I’m going to look after you — it’s time someone did — and

we’ll think of some ways and means Ф.

 She wanted to make amends but didn’t know how to Ф

 Now I was ready to take on the guards and he was calming

me, rather than me Ф him

 Mary’s reading Wittgenstein came as a surprise, but

nobody expected John’s Ф

 John took a long time to read that book, although Mary’s Ф

took longer

 A: What have you been doing these days?

B: Ф Preparing for the driving license test

 A : Have you been swimming?

B : yes, I have Ф

A : What have you been doing

B : Ф swimming

 Those who prefer Ф, can stay indoors

 Got any money?

 US heading for new slumpClausal ellipsis

 A: Have you ever been to the Great Wall?

B: Yes, twice

 A: Better today? (=Are you better today?)B: Much better (=I’m much better today)

 It’s cold – Yes

 Don’t tell anyone what you saw! - Yes, I will

 Did she make him a good wife? - No, a good husband

4 Conjunction

1.1 Adversative

Adversative relation proper

 This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember

 John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is

badminton

 They worked hard for the test, however, they failed.

 He looks very fit in spite of his age.

 I went swimming although it was cold.

 I will be late because there is a lot of traffic today.

 He nevertheless continued his way to the headquarters,

keeping to himself the observations which men and things forced him to make

 It rained all day, despite this we had a good time.

 We won only to lose again in the next round

 I stopped still, and I believe I trembled; of course I did not

turn round or run away; I was not brought up to that

Contrastive relations

 Dreams are meant to be dreamt On the other hand,

nightmares are meant to be experienced

 Matthew is a good student; in fact, he is on the honor roll.

 She loves to ride horses As a matter of fact, she spends

every summer at her family's ranch just so that she can ride her beloved thoroughbred

 Be straight with people, tell the truth then you don't have

to remember your lies

 I actually think that dogs are better than cats.

 However he had nullified the force of the enchantment by prayer, and had killed my thirteen knights in a three hours' battle, and taken me prisoner, sparing my life in order that

so strange a curiosity as I was might be exhibited to the wonder and admiration of the king and the court

 I liked the things and the kisses, but it was dreadful to have

you sit looking at me while I opened the bundles," said

Beth, who was toasting her face and the bread for tea at the same time .

 He was bigger than I expected: I do not know why I had

imagined him slender and of insignificant appearance; in point of fact he was broad and heavy, with large hands

and feet, and he wore his evening clothes clumsily

Corrective relations

 She did not use the same recipe, but made some changes

instead.

 This is not a meaningful sentence Rather, it's an example

 Some people say that older people are wiser On the contrary, I've met many foolish grandparents, and a

number of very sensible young adults

 I suppose your wife doesn't understand you.' 'On the

contrary, she understands me very well

 The movies I like to watch must have a message or at least make you think about something important.

Dismissive relations

 Under this system, the wharfies worked for whichever

company needed them on the day and the union had the final say over who worked when and where

 And inasmuch," continued the judge, "as it is not proved that the act was not done by the connivance of the master

with the servant, and as the master in any case must be

held responsible for the acts of his paid servant, I condemnPhileas Fogg to a week's imprisonment and a fine of one hundred and fifty pounds

 The movements of the last century failed because they were too purely intellectual and had not an enlightened heart behind them Nationalism has striven to supply the deficiency; it has poured the inspirations of the heart into a swifter and more discerning intellectual activity But

Nationalism also has been defective; it has been Indian in sentiment and aspiration, European in practice and

actuality It has helped itself with the intellect, rejoicing in itsown lightness, clearness, accuracy, shrewd insight, but it has not been sufficiently supported by inspired wisdom It has attached itself to imaginations and idealisms, but has not learned to discern the deeper Truth and study the will

of God It has been driven by ardent and vehement

emotions, but was defective in clear will-power and the pure energy that is greater and more impetuous than any passionate feeling Either Nationalism will purify itself, learn

a more sacred truth and command a diviner impulse, or it will have to abandon utterly its old body and get itself a new The pressure of events seems to be pointing in the

latter direction But in either case, defeat cannot be the

end, victory must be the end

 The sea may rise or the land may fall; either way the sand

dunes will be gone in a short time

 I don’t mind staying home from the party because I don’t

feel all that well, any way.

 I’ll call you tomorrow whether I have the answer for you then or not.

 The Manufacturer, seeing that he could get no labour for a

long time and finding the times pretty hard anyhow, burned

down his shoe factory for the insurance, and when the strikers wanted to resume work there was no work to resume

 In any event, the government faced a serious protest.

 China's population must be seven hundred millions, eight

hundred millions, nobody knew how many millions, but at any rate it would soon be a billion.

1.2 Additive

Simple additive relations

 That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret

my statement as an admission of guilt

 Granting the stay the government wants would allow it

to act on those discharges and also allow it to put recent applicants from gay enlistees in limbo, the group said

 We called a meeting and Stu Spencer and Bill Roberts, who were managing the campaign, said that Brown wasmaking so much headway with this that we had to defuse it or else lose the election

 Writing yourself a note and putting the note where you will see it when you leave the vehicle; — Placing your purse, briefcase or something else you need in the backseat so that you will have to check the back seat when you leave the vehicle; or — Keeping an object in the carseat, such as a stuffed toy.

 I ought to make him feel that I can do without his riches,

that I cannot be bought, neither by comfort, neither by

pride, and though I be utterly penniless, and receiving

bread from him, that he is the poor man beside me

 In either case the owner will really pay annually only upon the land value, not upon the growth; the only difference being that under the proposed system he would not be asked to, while under the present system

either there will be no growth to tax, or, if there is, he cannot afford to pay and the land will revert

Complex additive relations

 He stated further that he would not cooperate with the

committee

 He had exquisite manners, and bowed to the company

on all sides; for he had noble blood, and was,

moreover, accustomed to the society of man alone;

and that makes a great difference

 It was additionally disconcerting to have madame

knitting all the way there, in a public conveyance; it was

additionally disconcerting yet, to have madame in the

crowd in the afternoon, still with her knitting in her hands

as the crowd waited to see the carriage of the King and Queen