smithells metals reference book 7e pptx

Preface to the Seventh Edition Acknowledgements List of contributors xv xvi xvii 1 Related specifications 1.1 Related specifications Related specifications for steels Related specifi

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Printed and bound in Great Brihin by The Bath Press, Bath

Preface to the Seventh Edition

Acknowledgements

List of contributors

xv xvi xvii

1 Related specifications

1.1 Related specifications

Related specifications for steels

Related specifications for aluminium alloys

Related specifications for copper alloys

Related specifications for magnesium alloys

1-1 1-1 1-1 1-7 1-8 1-9

SI units - Conversion to and from SI units - Temperature conversions,

IPTS-49 to IPTS-68 - Corrosion conversion factors - Sieve Nos to

aperture size - Temperature scale conversions

Algebra - Series and progressions - Trigonometry - Mensuration - Co-

ordinate geometry - Calculus

Atomic weights and atomic numbers - General physical constants -

Moments of inertia - Periodic system

Radioactive isotopes and radiation sources

Positron emitters - Beta energies and half-lives - Gamma energies and

half-lives - Nuclides for alpha, beta, gamma and neutron sources

5.2 The Schoenflies system of point- and space-groups notation 5-3 5.3 The Hermann-Mauguin system of point- and space-group notation 5-3

Translation groups - Symmetry elements - The point group - The

Liquid binary metallic systems

Borides - Carbides - Nitrides - Silicides - Oxides - Sulphides - Halides - Silicates and carbonates - Compound (double) oxides - Phosphides -

Phosphides dissociation pressures - Sulphides dissociation pressures

Elements - Alloy phases and intermetallic compounds - Borides -

Carbides - Nitrides - Silicides - Oxides - Sulphides, selenides and

tellurides - Halides

Elements - Halides, oxides

Density of some solid inorganic compounds at room temperature

9.8 Viscosity of pure molten salts

9.9 Viscosity of molten binary salt systems

9-5 1 9-52

Etching reagents for macroscopic examination - Plastic for mounting -

Attack polishing - Electrolytic polishing solutions - Reagents for

chemical polishing - Etching - Colour etching - Etching for

dislocations

Aluminium - Antimony and bismuth - Beryllium - Cadmium -

Chromium - Cobalt - Copper - Gold - Indium - Iron and steel -

Cast iron - Lead - Magnesium - Molybdenum - Nickel - Niobium -

Platinum group metals - Silicon - Silver - Tantalum - Tin -

Titanium - Tungsten - Uranium - Zinc - Zirconium - Bearing metals -

Cemented carbides and other hard alloys - Powdered and sintered metals

Transmission electron microscopy - Extraction - Replica techniques for

industrial alloys - Thin foil techniques for industrial alloys - Scanning

electron microscopy - Electron spectroscopy

1 1.1

1 1.2 Equilibrium diagrams

11.3 Acknowledgements

11.4 Ternary and higher systems

Index of binary diagrams

Binary systems

11-1 11-7

11486

11496

Dilute solutions of diatomic gases - Complex @-metal systems -

Solutions of hydrogen - Solutions of nitrogen - Solutions of oxygen -

Solutions of the noble gases - Theoretical and practical aspects of gas-

metal equilibria

Steady-state methods - Non-steady-state methods - Indirect methods,

not based on Fick’s laws

Selfdiffusion in solid elements - Tracer impurity diffusion coefficients -

Diflusion in homogeneous alloys

13.5 Grain boundary self-dimusion

13.6 Self-diffusion in liquid metals 13-118 13-116

14.1 The physical properties of pure metals

Physical properties of pure metals at normal temperatures - Physical

properties of pure metals at elevated temperatures

14.2 The physical properties of liquid metals

Density - Surface tension - Viscosity - Specific heat, thermal

conductivity and electrical resistivity

Aluminium alloys at normal temperatures

14.3 The physical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys

14.4 The physical properties of copper and copper alloys

14.5 The physical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys

14.6 The physical properties of nickel and nickel alloys

14.7 The physical properties of titanium and titanium alloys

14.8 The physical properties of zinc and zinc alloys

14.9 The physical properties of zirconium alloys

14.10 The physical properties of pure tin

14.11 The physical properties of steels

Normal and elevated temperatures - Low temperature properties of steels

14-1

14-45

14-14 14-16 14-19

1 4 2 2 14-25 14-26

1 4 2 6 14-26 14-27

15 Elastic properties, damping capacity and shape

memory alloys

15-1

15.1 Elastic properties 15-1

Elastic constants of polycrystalline metals - Young's modulus -

Rigidity modulus - Bulk modulus - Poisson's ratio -

Elastic compliances and elastic stiffnesses of single crystals -

Room temperature - Cubic systems - Hexagonal systems - Trigonal

systems - Tetragonal systems - Orthorhombic systems

Specific damping capacity of commercial alloys - Anelastic damping

Mechanical properties of shape memory alloys - Compositions and

transformation temperatures - Titanium-nickel shape memory alloy

properties

15.3 Shape memory alloys 15-36

16.1 Temperature measurement 1 6 1

16.2 Thermocoude reference tables 16-4

Fixed points of ITS90 - Thermal electromotive force of elements and

some binary alloys - Absolute thermoelectric power

Total and spectra emissivity - Temperature measurement and emissivity

- Emissivity values, spectral and total Emissivity of oxidized metals

18.1 Thermionic emission 18-1 Elements - Adsorbed layers - Refractory metal compounds - Practical

cathodes

Photoelectric work functions - Emitting surfaces

Emission coefficients - Oxidized alloys - Photocells - Insulating metal

Pure metals - Alloys - Specific copper alloys - EC aluminium

Transition temperatures and critical fields of elements -

Superconducting compounds

20 Magnetic materials and their properties

20.1 Magnetic materials

20.2 Permanent magnetic materials

Steels - cast irons - Alnico alloys - Ferrites - Rare earths and cobalt

alloys - Neodymiun iron boron - Bonded materials

Silicon iron alloys - Ferrites - Garnets - Nickel iron alloys -

Amorphous alloy materials

20.3 Magnetically soft materials

20.4 High saturation and constant permeability alloys

20.5 Magnetic powder core materials

20.6 Magnetic temperature compensating materials

20.7 Non magnetic steels and cast irons - Units and definitions

20-1

20-1 2&2

20-9

20-1 7 20-17 20-17 20-18

Brinell - Rockwell - Rockwell superficial hardness - Vickers - Micro-

hardness - Hardness conversion tables

Test piece dimensions - standards

Test pieces - Calculation and interpretation of results - Plane stress

COD - Recording test results

22 Mechanical properties of metals and alloys 22-1

22.1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys

Alloy and temper designation system - Mechanical properties at room,

elevated and low temperatures - Creep and fatigue

Standard specifications - Mechanical properties at room, elevated and

low temperature - Fatigue - Impact - Creep - Tough pitch copper -

Silver alloys

22.2 Copper and copper alloys

22.3 Lead and lead alloys

22.4 Magnesium and magnesium alloys

Mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures - Creep -

Fatigue - Impact - Heat treatments

Standard specifications - Mechanical properties at room, elevated and

cryogenic temperatures - Fatigue - Creep

Specifications - Mechanical properties at room, elevated and low

temperatures - Creep - Fatigue - Impact

Mechanical properties at room temperature

Mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures

22.5 Nickel and nickel alloys

22.6 Titanium and titanium alloys

22.7 Zinc and zinc alloys

22.8 Zirconium and zirconium alloys

22.9 Tin and its alloys

22.10 Steels

Mechanical properties forged and rolled room temperature - Micro

alloyed - Hot tensile - Fatigue - Creep - Sub zero - Tool steels

22.11 Other metals of industrial importance

22.12 Bearing metals

22-1

22-26

2 2 4 8 22-5 1

22-65

22-82

22-94 22-94 22-96 22-100

22-159 22-162

23 Sintered materials

23.1 The P M process

23.2 The products

23.3 Manufacture and properties of powders

23.4 Properties of powder compacts

23.5 Sintering

23.6 Ferrous components

23.7 Copper based components

23.8 Aluminium components

23.10 Mechanical properties of sintered components

23.11 Heat treatment of sintered steels

23.12 Case hardening of sintered steels

2 3 4 23-4 23-7 23-1 1

23-1 1

23-12 23-14 23-14 23-22 23-22 23-26 23-27 23-28

24 Lubricants

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Friction, wear and boundary lubrication

24.3 Characteristics of lubricating oils

Viscosity - Boundary lubrication - Chemical stability - Physical

properties

24.4 Mineral oils

24-1

24-1 24-1 24-2

24-3

Unlubricated - Static - Very hard solids - Sliding - Polymers -

Lubricated surfaces

Definitions - Wear resistant materials - Materials for abrasion

resistance - Wear rates - Hardfacings - Ceramics - Carbide composites - Wear performance - Erosive wear - Cavitation erosion

Patterns - Crucibles - Fluxing

Contraction allowances - Materials - Dressings - Fluxing and

inoculation

Aluminium alloys

Copper base alloys

Nickel base alloys

Magnesium alloys

Zinc base alloys

Steel castings

Casting characteristics - Heat treatment - Typical properties -

Pressure purposes - Weldable tubes - Aerospace - Investment cast

Classification - Typical analysis - Properties - Pig irons - Alloying

elements - Microconstituents - Malleable iron - Nodular iron -

Compacted iron - Special purpose irons

Cast irons

26-1 26-10

26-20 26-32 26-44

Physical and mechanical properties of engineering ceramics

Prepared but unshaped refractory materials

28.1 Coal

28.2 Metallurgical cokes

28.3 Gaseous fuels, liquid fuels and energy requirements

Liquid fuels - Gaseous fuels - Energy data

28-1 28-9 28-15

Steel - Normalizing - Hardening - Case hardening - Carburizing - Nitriding 29-7

Aluminium alloys - Annealing - Stabilizing - Hardening 29-17 Copper alloys - Environments - Annealing - Stress relief 29-20

29-21

Magnesium alloys - Safety - Environment - Casting alloys

30 Laser metal working

3 0 4 30-7 3&9 30-10 30-12 30-13 30-13 3&14

32 Electroplating and metal finishing

32.1 Polishing compositions

32.2 Cleaning and pickling processes

32.3 Anodizing and plating processes

32.4 Electroplating process

32.5

32.6 Electroplating process parameters

32.7 Miscellaneous coating processes

32.8 Plating formulae for non-conducting surfaces

32.9 Methods of stripping electroplated coatings

32.10 Conversion coating processes

Phosphating - Chromating - Colouring

32.11 Glossary of trade names for coating processes

Plating processes for magnesium alloys

32-1

32-1 32-2 32-7 32-9 32-17 32-18 32-19 32-20 32-21 32-22 32-24

34 Soldering and brazing

35 Vapoar deposited coatings

35.1 Physical vapour deposition

35.2 Chemical vapour deposition

Evaporation - Sputter plating - Ion cleaning

Elements - Oxides - Nitrides - Carbides

35-1

35-1 35-2

This edition has been prepared with major assistance from co-editor G B Brook The general presentation of previous editions has been retained and SI units have been used throughout The values for formulations given are selected by the contributors as the most reliable but for

a particular review the reader should consult the references In the case of mechanical properties data the values are for general guidance only; for design purposes it is essential to consult the relevant specifications

To minimize bulk, the First Aid section has been omitted but a new chapter on related specifications has been added Also added is a chapter on Metal-Matrix Composites

The Equilibrium Diagrams section has been considerably updated and extended and the Magnetic Materials, Sintered Materials, Heat Treatment, Engineering Ceramics, Soldering and Brazing, Shape Memory, X-ray Analysis of Metallic Materials and Lasers have been rewritten

Other chapters have been reviewed and updated as required

E.A.B

Chalfont St Peter, Bucks

Acknowledgements

Assistance given by the following organizations is gratefully acknowledged:

British Ceramic Research Ltd

Bureau International des Poi& et Mksures

Copper Development Association

Culham Labs UKAEA

Fulmer Research Institute Ltd

Imperial College of Science and Technology

IMI Titanium Ltd

International Tin Research Institute

Lead and Zinc Development Association

University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology

The Editors and Publishers thank all those who have authorized the reproduction of diagrams and tables and in particular the following:

American Society for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio

American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa

British Standards Institute, London

Institute of Gas Engineers, London

Genium Publications C o p , N.Y

International Atomic Energy, Vienna

Maraw-Hill Book Co Inc., New York

Editors

E A Braodes, CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM

G B Brook, DMet(Sheff), FEng, FIM

L C Archibald, BSc(Nott), PhD

B J Boden, CEng, BSc, PhD(Nott), MIM, FRIC, FICorrT

E A Braodes, CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM

G B Brook, DMet(Sheff), FEng, FIM

22.10, 29.3-29.8

V A Cahtt, CEng, FIM, MIQA

J.Campbell, MA(Cantab), MMet(ShcE), PhD(Birm), DEng(Birm), FEng, FIM, 14.2, 26

W C Campbell-Heaelwood, CEng, BSc, FIMC, FIM, FInstP, FINDT 14.11

D Inman, CEng, BSc(Lond), PhD, DSc, DHonsCausa, MIMM, FRSC 9

M Deighton, CEng, BSc(Dunelm), PhD, MIM

I Fitep.trick, CEng, BSc, PhD(Manc)

T G Gooch, BSc(Lond), MSc(Eng), PhD, FWeldI

M A Moore, CEng, BSc(Met) (Wales), PhD

A Page, BSc, PhD(Lond), DIC

T J Quino, BSc, DPhil, MInstP

R A Sbelton, CEng, BSc(Lond), PhD, AMIMM

A J Wall, B$c, PhD

M J Wheeler, BTech, PhD, FInstP

D E J Talbot, CEng, MSc(Wales), MIM

N A Waterman, CEng, BSc(Wales), PhD, MIM, MInstP

Tables of related specifications are a guide to correspondence and should not be taken as exact equivalents In all cases of doubt the national specification should be consulted For more detail the references in some cases give more information

Unified number designations-UNS are five-digit numbers prefixed by a letter that characterizes the alloy system as shown below

UNS Letter Designation'

Aluminium and aluminium alloys

Copper and copper alloys

Specified mechanical properties steels

Rare earth and rare earth like metals and alloys

Cast irons and cast steels

AISI and SAE carbon and alloy steels

Cast steels (except tool steels)

Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys

Low melting metals and alloys

Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys

Nickel and nickel alloys

Precious metals and alloys

Reactive and refractory metals and alloys

Heat and corrosion resistant (stainless) steels

Tool steels

Welding filler metals

AISI H-steels

gelated specifications for steels are given for seven countries in Table 1.1 with subsections for steels

of different types For cast aluminium alloys see Table 22.1 and for wrought aluminium alloys

Table 1.2 Table 1.3 gives related copper alloy specifications subdivided into high-conductivity copper, brasses and nickel silvers Magnesium cast and wrought are in Table 1.4, while for nickel

alloys Table 22.26 and for titanium alloys Table 22.32 can be used

Table 1.1 RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL

Japan JIS

Sweden SIS

IOS&-M)

Table 1.1 RELATED SPECIFICATIONS OF STEEL-continued

Nominal BS970 AISIISAE France DIN JIS Sweden GOST composition (En) (UNA') AFNOR (Wk No.) G4051-65 SIS 105060

1016 (G10160)

1017 (G10170)

1020 (G10200)

1029 (G10290)

1030 (G10300)

1035 (G10350)

1040 (G10400)

1045 (G10450)

1050 (G10500)

1060 (G10600)

1070 (G10700)

1080 (G10800)

-

-

XC32 XC42H1 XC4Wl xc45

-

xc60 XC68 xc75 XClOO

France AFNOR

CklO (1.1121) Rst44.2 (1.0419/01) Ck15 (1.1141) C22 (1.0402)

-

cq35 (1.1172) Ck34 (1.1181) Ck40 (1.1 186) Ck45 (1.1191) Ck50 (1.1206) Ck60 (1.1221) Ck67 (1.1231) Ck75 (1.1248) CklOl (1.1274)

W Germany DIN ( Wk No.)

1524 (G15240)

1526 (G15260)

1527

1536 (G15360) steels

U S A AISIISAE (UNA')

W Germany

France DIN AFNOR (Wk No.)

-

USSR GOST

UK USA W Germany Japan USSR Nominal BS970 AISl/SAE France DIN JIS Sweden GOST

composition (En) (UNS) AFNOR (Wk No.) G4051-65 SIS 1050-60

1.1.4 Direct-hardening alloy steels

Nominal BS970 AISI,/SAE France DIN JIS Swe&n GOST

composition (En) (UNQ AFNOR (WkNo.) G405I45 SIS 1050-60

40N3

40N3

-

32C4 38C4

Table 1.1 RELATED SPECIFICATIONS OF STl?l?L-conrinued

1.1.5 Case hardening steels

Nominal BS970 AISI/SAE France DIN JIS Sweden GOST

U K USA W Germany Japan USSR

Nominal BS970 AISIISAE France DIN JIS Sweden GOST composition (En) (UNSJ AFNOR (Wk NO.) G4051-65 SIS l050dO

Nominal BS970 AISIISAE France

composition (En) ( U N S ) AFNOR

W Germany Japan USSR

Table 1.1 RELATED SPECIFICATlONS OF STEEL-continued

420

S42OOO

430 S43000

431 S43100

UK USA W G e m y Japan USSR

composition (En) (UNS) AFNOR (Wk No.) G4051-65 SIS 1050-60

i ? I t e ~ ~ O n a i Al- desigmtion fonner NF Wk No Camah Sweden USSR

1 c

1E

FC1 H15 2L97,2L98, L109, L110, DTD5100A H12 3L86 H16

N3

N31 N21 N2 N4 1

N6 N8 N5 N4

N5 1

N52

H20

H9 H30

-

H17 2L95, L160, L161, L162

~~

A5

A8 A4 A516 A-US PbBi A-WSG A-U4G A-U4Gl

3.0255 3.0285 3.0205 3.0257 3.1655 3.1255 3.1325 3.1355

A - U Z N

-

A-S5 A-S12 A-G0.6 A-GSM A-G4.5MC A-G2M A-G2.5MC A-GSUC A-SGMO.1 A-ZSG A-ZSGU

-

-

-

- 3.1305

- 3.0515 3.0505

-

-

- 3.3555 3.3547 3.3525 3.3537

3321 1 3.2315 3.4335 3.4365

Table 1.3 RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR COPPER ALLOYS

1.3.1 High conductivity coppers

OF DLP DHP DPA

STP OFS Cucdl NO145 CuCrl CuBel.7 CoNi

(2.0060) (2.0060) (2.0080) (2,0070)

-

(2.o@v (2.0 150)

(2.1202)

SE-CuAg

Cucdl (2.1545) (2.1546) CuCr CuBel.7 CuBe2 CucoBe CuNi2Si

ETPllO FRHC FRTP125 OF102 DLP120 DHP122 DPA142

cu BS ASTM NF ( Wk No.) JIS

RBsP3, W3, R3, T3

RBsP4, W4, R4 BsP1, W1, T1 BsP~A, W2,

IUA, T2 BsP2B, R2B BsP3, BF, W3, T3

PbBsP, R, W11

-

HC.215 HCZ20 HC.Z20 HC.734 HCZ37

-

HC.ZP352 HCZP353

Norninal W Germany

464-467, 482,485 1.3.3 Nickel silvers - copper nickel zinc

NSR2, NSW2

NSSR, NSWS NSSPS, NSSRS

Table 1.4 FtEUTW SpEcIFIcAnoNs m R MAGNESILJM WOYS

cast allfJy5

UK

composition dcsi@iation MAG ASl'M AMs AFNOR AECUA aircraft DEVI729

RE3Zn2.5 ZREl 6-TI? EZ33A-T5 4442B GWZ2 MG-C-91 3.6204 3.5103 ZrO.6

Zd.2RE1.3 RZ5 5-TE ZE41A-"5 4439A GZ4TR MG-C-43 3.6104 3.5101

A16ZnlMnO.3 AZM E-121M AZ61A-F 4350H GA6Z1 MG-P-63 W.3510 3.5612

MnO 12min

A13ZnlMn0.3 AZ31 S-1110 AZ31B-0 4375F GA2Z1 MGP-62 W.3504 3.5312

REFERENCES

1 ASTM, ‘Numbering Metals and Alloys’, E527-83

2 ‘Iron and SteeI Specifications’, British Steel plc, 1989

3 ‘Stahlschliissel’, Verlag Stahlschliissel Wegst GmbH, Marbach, W Germany, 1986

4 ‘Fulmer Materials Optimizer’, Fulmer Research Institute Ltd

5 ‘Material Selection for Controlling Stress Corrosion’, ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 1981

6 ‘The Properties of Aluminium Alloys’, Aluminium Federation, Birmingham, UK, 1983

7 ‘High Conductivity Coppers’, Copper Development Association, TN 27, 1981

8 ‘The Brasses’, Copper Development Association, TN 26, 1988

9 ‘Mechanical Properties and Chemical Compositions of Cast Magnesium Alloys’, Magnesium Elektron Ltd, Technical Data Nos 440 and 441

2.1 Conversion factors

Conversion factors into and from SI units are given in Table 2.5 The table can also be used to convert from one traditional unit to another Convenient multiples or sub-multiples of SI units can be derived by the application of the prefix multipliers given in Table 2.4 Table 2.6 gives

commonly required conversions

The majority of the conversion factors are based upon equivalents given in BS 350:Part 1:1983 'Conversion Factors and Tables'

Throughout the conversions the acceleration due to gravity (9) bas been taken as the standard

acceleration 9.806 65 m s - I Units containing the word force like 'pounds force' are converted to

SI units using this value of g

The B.t.u conversions are based on the definition accepted by the 5th International Conference

on Properties of Steam, London, 1956, that 1 B.t.u Ib-'=2.326 J g - ' exactly Conversions to

joules are-given for three calories; calories (IC) is the 'international table calorie' redefined by the

1956 conference referred to above as 4.1868 J Calories (15°C) refers to the calorie defined by

raising the temperature of water at 15 "C by 1 "C and calories (US thermochemical) is the 'defined'

calorie used in some USA work and is defined at 4.184 J exactly

The conversions are grouped in alphabetical order of the physical property to which they relate but are not alphabetical within the groups

2.1.11 SI units

In this edition quantities are expressed in SI (Systkme International) units Where c.g.s units have

been used previously only SI units are given However, familiar units in general technical use have

been retained where they bear a simple power of ten relation to the strict SI unit For instance

density is given as gem-' and not as k g ~ ~ - ~ Where Imperial units have been used (e.g in Mechanical Properties, etc.) data are given in both SI units and Imperial units

The basic units of the SI system are given in Table 2.1, derived units with special names and symbols in Table 2.2 and derived units without special names in Table 2.3

Multiples and sub-multiples of SI units are formed by prefixes to the name of the unit The

prefixes are shown in Table 2.4 The prefixed unit is written without a hyphen - for instance a thousand million flewtons is written giganewton - symbol GN The name of the unit is written with a small letter even when the symbol has a capital letter, e.g ampere, symbol A In the case of

the kilogram, the multiple or sub-multiple is applied to the gram - for instance a thousand kilograms is written Mg

In this edition stress is expressed in Pascals (Pa) A pascal (Pa) is identical to a newton per

square metre (Nm-') and a megapascal (MPa) is identical to a newton per square millimetre (N mm-')

PRINTED FORM OF UNITS AND NUMBERS

The symbol for a unit is in upright type and unaltered by the plural It is not followed by a full stop unless it is at the end of a sentence Only symbols of units derived from proper names are in the upper case

When units are multiplied they will be printed with a space between them Negative indices are

2-1

used for units expressed as a quotient Thus newtons per square, metre will be Nm-' and metres per second will be ms-'

The prefix to a unit symbol is written before the unit symbol without a space between and a power index applies to both the symbols Thus square centimetres is cm2 and not (cm)' Numbers are printed with the decimal point as a full stop For long numbers, a space and not a comma is given between every three digits For example n=3.141592653 When a number is entirely decimal it will begin with a zero, e.g 0.5461 If two numbers are multiplied, a x sign is used

as the operator

HEADING OF COLUMNS IN TABLES AND LABELLING O F GROUPS

The rule adopted in this edition is that the quantity is obtained by multiplying the unit and its multiple given at the column head by the number in the table

For example when tabulating a stress of 2 x lo5 Pa the heading is stress, below which appears

10' Pa, with 2.0 appearing in the table If no units are given in the column heading, the values given are numbers only In graphs the power of ten and units by which the point on the graph must be multiplied are given on the axis label

TEMPERATURES

The temperature scale IPTS-68 has been replaced by the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) For details of this see chapter 16, where Table 16.1 gives the differences between ITS-90 and EPT-76 and between ITS-76 and between ITS-90 and IPTS-68 Figure 16.1 gives differences

( t 9 0 - t 6 8 ) between I T S 9 0 and IPTS-68 in the range -260°C to 1064°C Table 2.7 gives conversions between the old IPTS-68 and the old IPTS-48

Table 21 BASIC SI UNITS

mole

radian steradian

sr

From 'Quantities Units and Symbols', Royal Society, 1981

Table 2.2 DERIVED SI UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES

Quantity Name of unit Symbol Equivalent Definition

Activity (radioactivity)

Absorbed dose (of radiation)

Dose equivalent (of radiation)

joule

newton pascal watt coulomb volt

O h m

farad siemens

From 'Quantities, Units and Symbols', Royal Society, 1981

Note: Symbols derived from proper names begin with a capital letter

In the definition the steradian (sr) is treated as a base unit

Table 2.3 SOME DERIVED SI UNITS WITHOUT SPECIAL NAMES

Table 24s PREFIXES FOR MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES USED IN THE SI SYSTEM OF UNITS

103

1015

deca h&O kilo mega

giga

tera

pets

exa

Table 2 5 CONVERSION FACTORS

gravity

Angle-plane

seconds minutes degrees revolutions grades

radians

radians radians radians radians

square metres square metres square metres square metres

square metres

square metres square metres hectares roods acres

CaloriyE due-volume basis

British thermal units/cubic foot joules/cubic metre

1.74533 x lo-' 6.283 19 2.908 88 x lo-' 1.047 20 x lo-'

10-28 6.451 6 x lo-' 9.2903 x 8.361 27 x lo-' 2.58999 x lo6 4.046 86 x lo3 4.046 86 x lo-'

4 6.40 x 1 0

104

3.725 89 x 10 2.320 80 x 1Olo 4.1868 x lo3

2.326 x lo3 4.186 8 x IO3 4.184~ lo3

square centimetres/dyne metres/newton 10

Density

Electric current density

Energy-work-heat

kilowatt hours kilogram force metres foot poundals foot pounds force horsepower hours litre ( d d ) atmospheres kilocalories (IC) inch pounds force British thermal units ergs

electron volts

therms (Btu) calories (IC) calories (15°C) calories (US therrnochemic

joules joules joules joules joules joules joules joules joules joules joules joules joules joules

a l ) joules

Entropy

calories (IC)/degree centigrade joules/kelvin British thermal unit/degree joules/kelvin Fahrenheit

Force

dynes ounces force grams force pounds force poundals

UK tons force

US tons force

kilograms force

newtons newtons newtons newtons newtons newtons newtons newtons

Fracture toughness

centimetre)J(centimetre) (kilopounds force/square inch) newtons/J(metre') J(inch)

(tons force/square inch)J(inch) newtons/J(metre3)

3.6 x lo6 9.806 65 4.21401 x lo-' 1.355 82 2.684 52 x lo6 1.01325 x lo2 4.1868 x lo3 1.1299 x lo-' 1.05506 x lo3 10-7 1.602 1 x 10-19 1.055 06 x 10' 4.1868 4.1855 4.184

4.1868 1.899 11 x 103

10-5 0.278014 9.80665 x lo-' 4.448 22 0.138255 9.96402 x lo3 8.896422 x lo3

9.806 65

9.80655 x lo3 1.098 85 x lo6

2.461 4 x lo6 3.1623 x le5

4.299 23 x

2.38846 x

3.345 52 x lo-'

Table 2.5 CONVERSION FACTORS eontinued

miles (naut Int)

rods, poles or pel

chains furlongs miles (UK) fathoms cable lengths nautical miles

LenBth

metres metres metres metres metres metres

metres metres

metres

rods, poles, chains furlongs feet fathoms feet feet

10-10 10-6 1.00202x 10-10 2.54 x lo-’ 3.048 x 10-1

9 1 4 4 ~ lo-’ 1.853 184 x l@

1.852 x lo3 5.5

10.0 8.0 6.0 1.2 x 102 6.080 x lo3

5.280 x lo3 1.609 344 x 103

Magnetic conversions-see Magnetic units and conversion factors, chapter 20

Moment of force-see Energy

Moment of inertia

grams centimetre squared pounds inch squared pounds foot squared ounces inch squared

kilograms metre squared

kilograms metre squared

kilograms metre squared kilograms metre squared

Momentum

gram centimetresjsecond kilogram metres/second

Mass

drams (Av) ounces (Av) pounds (Av) stones (Av) quarters (Av) hundredweights (Av) tons (Av)

grains or minims (Apoth) scruples (Apoth) drams (Apoth) ounces (Apoth or Troy) grains (Troy) tonnes (metric) tons (short 2000 lb)

metric carats (CM)

kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms

k i 1 o g r a m s

kilograms

Mass per unit area

pounds/acre kilograms/s.quare metre

10-7 2.92640 10-4 4.21401 x lo-’ 1.82900 x

1.382 55 x lo-’ 10-5

1.771 85 x 2.83495 x lo-’ 4.535 923 7 x lo-’ 6.350293 1.270059 x 10 5.080 23 x 10 1.01605 x lo3 6.47989 x IO-’ 1.295978 x 3.88793 x lo-’

3.11035 x lo-’

6.479 885 x 9.071 85 x 10’

103 2.0x 10-4

1.12085 x

5.424912 x lo-’ 4.882432 3.39057 x 10-3

Power-Heat jlow rate

kilocalorieF (IC)/hour watts

calories (IC)/second watts

metric horsepower (CV) (PS) watts

P r e s s u r e - w Stress Rodioactioity Rodiation-absorbed dose

Radiation exposure

SpeciJc heat capacity masf basis

jouks/gram degree centigrade jouks@logram kelvin

calories*/gram degree centigrade joules/kilogrm kelvin

pound degree Fahrenheit

pound degree Fahrenheit

kilogram degree centigrade

SpeciJii heat-miume basis

joules/cubic centime- degree centigrade

kilocalories*/cubic metre degree

centigrade British thermal units/cubic foot degree Fahmheit

SnesS

pounds force/square inch

UK tons force/square inch

newtons/square metre

newtons/square metre

newtons/square metre

newtons/square metre newtonshauare metre

millimetre

miltimetres d mercury newtons/square metre

newtons/square metre atmospheres

pascals newtons/square metre

10-7 2.93071 x lo-'

1.163

135582 4.1868 7.457 x 10' 7.35499 x 102

Temperature interval

1

1 degrees Celsius (centigrade) kelvins

Table 2.5 CONVERSION FACTORS-continued

foot hour degree Fahrenheit

Time minutes

hours days weeks

years

years

seconds seconds seconds seconds

seconds

hours Torque-see Energy Velocity

0.3048 5.08 x 0.277 178 2.682240 x 10 0.447 04 0.514773 0.514444 8.8 x 10

Viscosity-dymmic*

kilogram force seconds/square newton seconds/square metre 9.806 65

metre poundal seconds/square foot newton sewnds/square metre 1.488 16

pound force secondsisquare foot newton seconds/square metre 4.78803 x 10

Viscosity-kinematic

Volume

cubic inches cubic feet cubic yards

litres gallons (UK) gallons (US) pints (UK)

fluid ounces (UK)

cubic metres cubic metres cubic metres cubic metres cubic metres cubic metres cubic centimetres litres

litres

1.63871 x 2.831 68 x 7.64555 x 10-1

1 0 - 3 4.54609 x lo-’ 3.78541 x 5.68261 x lo2 4.546 09

2841 306 x lo-’

Work-see Energy

*

Tab& 2.6 COMMONLY REQUIRED CONVERSIONS

1 pound force/square inch ( p s i )

1 UK ton force/square inch

1 bar

1 hectobar

1 kilogram force/square centimetre

1 kilogram force/square millimetre

1 torr = 1 miliimetre of mercury

loo00 square metres

1 000 kilograms/cubic metre 4.1868 joules

3.6 megajoules 1055.06 joules 1O-'joules 105.506 megajoules

2684 52 megajoules io+ newtons 4.448 22 newtons 9964.02 newtons 9.80665 newtons lo-'" metres metres 0.039 37 x inches 25.4 micrometres 2.54 centimetres 30.48 centimetres 91.44 centimetres 1.609344 kilometres 31.103 5 grams 453.592 grams 50.802 3 kilograms 1016.05 kilograms 907.185 kilograms 0.2 grams 745.1 watts 6.894 76 kilopascals 15.444 3 megapascals

100 kilopascals

10 megapascals 98.006 5 kilopascals 9.806 65 megapascals 133.322 pascals 101.325 kilopascals

1 newton/square metre

1 millinewton/metre

1.09728 kilometres/hour 1.609 344 kilometres/hour 16.387 1 cubic centimetres 28.316 8 cubic decimetres 0.764555 cubic metres

1 cubic decimetre 1.75975 UK pints 4.54609 cubic decimetres

28.349 5 grams

m'

m2 kgm-'

M Pa

Pa kPa Nm-'

m N m - ' kmh-'

k m h - ' cm3 dm3

m3

dm3 pint dm3

loss

assessment of corrosion

density of metal in grams/cubic centimetre=d

density of metal in kilograms/cubic metre= 103d

10 - 3 d - 1 millimetres grams/square metre 103d

(mils)

TaMe 2.9 TEST SIEVE MESH NUMBERS CONVERTED TO NOMINAL APERTURE SIZE FROM BS 410: 1969

Wire cloth test sieves were designated by the mesh count or number This method, widely used until 1962, was laid down in previous British Standards-BS 410 Sieves are now designated by

aperture size see BS 410: 1969, for full details

The table gives the previously used mesh numbers with the corresponding nominal aperture sizes, the preferred average wire diameters in the test sieves and the tolerances

Aperture tolerances

M a r tokranee Preferred for size of an ?'olerancefor werage wire individual werage Intermediate Nominal diamter in apercure aperture size tolerance apsrrure size test sieue mm m m m m