Bài giảng vật lý 1

Acceleration n /əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/ the rate at which the velocity = speed in a particular direction of an object changes: gia tốc 13..  Properties and laws of motion of particle, rigid body

VẬT LÍ 1 CLC:

PHYSICS 1: MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS

PHYSICS 2: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, OPTICS AND

+ Search: https://www.YOUTUBE.com or https://www.GOOGLE.com/

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2

New words – 1.1; Phy s ics/ ˈfɪ z ɪks/

1 Concept (n) /ˈkɒnsept/ an idea or a principle that is connected with something

abstract: khái niệm; Ex Basic concepts of Mechanics

2 Law (n) /lɔː/ a scientific rule that somebody has stated to explain a natural

process: định luật; Ex Newton’s second law

3 Mechanic s (n)/ məˈkænɪks/ the science of movement and force: cơ học;

4 Mechanic (n) / məˈkænɪk/ a person whose job is repairing machines, especially

the engines of vehicles Ex a car/motor mechanic

5 Property (n) /ˈprɒpəti/ a quality or characteristic that something has: tính

chất Ex Properties of motion

6 Motion (n) /ˈməʊʃn/ the act or process of moving or the way something moves:

sự chuyển động

7 Particle (n) /ˈpɑːtɪkl/ a very small piece of something: hạt/chất điểm

8 Ri g id (adj)/ ˈrɪdʒɪd/stiff and difficult to move or bend:cứng,rắn; Ex.Rigid object

New words – 1.2

9 Position (n) /pəˈzɪʃn/ the place where somebody/something is located: vị trí

10 Speed (n) /spiːd/ the rate at which somebody/something moves or travels:

tốc độ

11 Velocity (n) /vəˈlɒsəti/ the speed of something in a particular direction: vận

tốc Ex Angular velocity, velocity component

12 Acceleration (n) /əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/ the rate at which the velocity (= speed in a

particular direction) of an object changes: gia tốc

13 Linear (adj) /ˈlɪniə(r)/ able to be represented by a straight line on a graph:

tuyến tính/thẳng

14 Momentum (n) / məˈmentəm / / məʊˈmentəm / the quantity of movement of

a moving object, measured as its mass multiplied by its speed: động lượng

15 Work (n) /wɜːk/ the use of force to produce movement: công Ex Work done

by gravitational force

16 Principle (n) /ˈprɪnsəpl/ a general or scientific law that explains how

something works or why something happens: nguyên lý, định luật

 Properties and laws of motion of particle, rigid body

 Relationship among position, velocity and acceleration

 Laws of linear momentum, angular momentum and energy

 The kinetic theory of gases, thermodynamic quantities

 Laws of Thermodynamics

Syllabus – Đề cương Học phần

5 Textbook

1 Trần Ngọc Hợi, Phạm Văn Thiều Vật lý Đại cương: Các nguyên lí và ứng

dụng, Tập 1: Cơ & Nhiệt, NXB Giáo dục 2006 (~Lương Duyên Bình)

2 Raymond A Serway and W Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers

with Modern Physics (9th Edition), Cengage Learning, USA, 2014

3 Tập Bài giảng&BT Vật lý 1 CLC (do GV biên soạn)

Reference Books

1 Giancoli D.C Physics Principles with Applications, 7th ed.

2 Paul A Tipler and Gene Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th

Ed.), W H Freeman and Company, USA, 2008

3 David Halliday, Fundamentals of Physics, T.1&2, John W&S 2005.

Syllabus – Đề cương Học phần

• 6 Lesson plan (4hours/week)

1

Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics Chapter 2: Motion in one dimension

Read the text book: 2-13 Read the text book: 21-40

Chapter 3: Montion in two dimensions Read the text book: 111-135

3 Solve problems of chapters 3, 4 Prepare the solution

4 Chapter 4: The laws of motion

Chapter 5: Work&Energy of the system Read the text book: 140-201

5 Chapter 5: (Cont.)

Chapter 6: Linear Momentum and Motion of System Read the text book: 247-279

6 Solve problems of chapters 4&5 Prepare the solution

Syllabus – Đề cương Học phần

• 6 Lesson plan (4hours/week)

7

Chapter 6: (Cont.) Chapter 7: Rotation of rigid object about a fiexd axis Angular momentum

Read the text book 352

9 Chapter 7: (cont.)

Chapter 8: Tempurature and the first law of Thermodynamics

Read the text book: 625

568-10 Solve problems of chapters 6&7 Prepare problems

12

Chapter 8 (Cont.) Chapter 9: The kinetic theory of gases Chapter 10: The 2law of Thermod.

Read the text book: 688

626-13 Solve problems of chapters 8-10 Prepare Problems

 Luôn luôn sẵn sàng hổ trợ về kiến thức, kĩ năng.

 NHƯNG: Vui lòng: KHÔNG XIN, KHÔNG NHỜ về điểm

7 A1 Learning activities; 40+=10 điểm

- Trình bày báo cáo nhóm tối đa: 12+

- Nộp bài tập tất cả các chương trước GK tối đa : 6+

- Nộp bài tập tất cả các chương trước CK tối đa : 6+

- Trình bày bt trên bảng theo phân công tối đa : 4+

- Nộp 1 bài tập được phân công tối đa : 2+

- 2 lần kiểm tra 15’ cuối chương 4 và cuối chương 7: 2x3đ= tối đa 6+

- Phát biểu/thảo luận trong tiết lí thuyết/bài tập: (1-2)+/ lần

- Điểm danh bằng cách gọi tên hoặc nộp bài tập nhỏ theo yc GV: Vắng 1

buổi: trừ 4-

* Các mục trên đều có tham gia và tích lũy đủ 40+= 10 điểm trong cột điểm

BT (0.3).

Project (làm dự án): Max-12+

• Cách thức tổ chức:

- Mỗi lớp chia thành nhóm nhỏ (gồm 5 đến 6sv), có nhóm trưởng và thư ký

- Mỗi nhóm phải chọn 1 chủ đề dự án trong nhóm dự án đề xuất Khuyến khích lựa chọn dự án theo ngành SV đang theo học.

- Trong bài báo cáo Powerpoint : tên dự án, tên thành viên, CDIO là gì?,

nguyên lí vật lí của mô hình, phải chụp hình các thành viên tham gia trong lúc làm việc, các minh chứng các giai đoạn trên) KHÔNG GÁNH TEAM!

- Dự án 1: Chế tạo động cơ nhiệt (đ/c đốt ngoài Stingler)

- Dự án 2: Chế tạo bàn xếp như hình

- Dự án 3: (SV có thể đề xuất)

Syllabus – Đề cương Học phần

8 Student Responsibilities and Policies:

 Attendance: It is compulsory that students attend at least 80% of

the course to be eligible for the final examination.

 Missed tests: Students are not allowed to miss any of the tests.

There are very few exceptions.

 KHÔNG gian lận (tài liệu, Điện thoại, trao đổi ) trong thi cử

What are DIFFIRENCES between

School & University

What are DIFFIRENCES between

School & University

Email gửi tài liệu

Introduction to Physics and

Mechanics

CHAPTER 1

PART 1: MECHANICS

1.1 Giới thiệu về vật lý, cơ học; Thứ nguyên, đơn vị SI

Physics, the most fundamental physical science, is concerned with the fundamental principles of the Universe.

The study of physics can be divided into six main areas:

 Classical mechanics: /ˈklæsɪkl məˈkænɪk/ concerning the motion of objects that are large relative to atoms and move at speeds much slower than the speed of light

 Relativity: /ˌreləˈtɪvəti/ a theory describing objects moving at any speed, even speeds approaching the speed of light

 Thermodynamics: /ˌthɜːməʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/ dealing with heat, work, temperature, and the statistical behavior of systems with large numbers of particles

 Electromagnetism : /ɪˌlektrəʊˈmæɡnətɪzəm/ electricity, magnetism, and EM fields

 Optics: /ˈɒptɪks/ the study of the behavior of light and its interaction with materials

 Quantum mechanics: /ˌkwɒntəm məˈkænɪks/ a collection of theories connecting the behavior of matter at the submicroscopic level to macroscopic observations

1.1 Giới thiệu về vật lý, cơ học; Thứ nguyên, đơn vị SI

Kinematics : describe the motion of an object while ignoring the

interactions with external agents

Dynamics: study forces and their effects on motion.

 Motion in one dimension: motion of an object along a straight line

 Particle model: describe the moving object as a particle regardless of its size (a particle to be a point-like object)

Physical terms

http://www.conservapedia.com/Physical_Science_Terms

motion, particle, kinematics, position, reference point, coordinate system, velocity, speed, average/instantaneous velocity/speed, derivative, acceleration, gravity, resistance, period, angular speed, centripetal

velocity/acceleration

1.1 Giới thiệu về vật lý, cơ học; Thứ nguyên, đơn vị SI

• In physics, the word dimension denotes the physical nature of

• The dimensions of speed 𝑣 = 𝑙/𝑡 are written [v ] = L/T.

• The dimensions of area 𝐴 = 𝑙 × 𝑙 are [A ] = L × L = L2.

• Find dimentionally correct formula: 𝑎 c = 𝑣 𝑚 𝑅 𝑛

• 54km/h=?m/s

1.1 Giới thiệu về vật lý, cơ học; Thứ nguyên, đơn vị SI

In 1960, an international committee established a set of standards for the fundamentalquantities of science call SI (Système International)

Length: The distance between two points in space; Standard in SI: meter (m)

• 1960: 1m = the length of the meter was defined as the distance between two lines on aspecific platinum–iridium bar stored under controlled conditions in France

• 11960s-1970s: 1m = 1 650 763.73 wavelengths 1 of orange-red light emitted from akrypton-86 lamp

• 983: 1m = the distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time of 1/299792458 second

Mass: Standard in SI: kilogram (kg)

• 1987: 1kg = the mass of a specific platinum–iridium alloy cylinder kept at theInternational Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres, France

Time: Standard in SI: second (s)

• 1967: 1s = 9 192 631 770 times the period of vibration of radiation from the cesium-133

atom (in an atomic clock)

1.2 Các phép đo, sai số, chữ số có nghĩa

1.2 Các phép đo, sai số, chữ số có nghĩa

Significant figures is the number of numerical digits used to express the measurement

+ 1; 2 have one significant figure ; 12; 2,3 have two SF ; 123; 1,56 have three SF.

+ 1.01; 202 have three SF ; 2016; 50.25 have four SF; 30001; 1.1001 have five SF

+ 0.1; 0,002 have one SF ; 0.16; 0,0025 have two SF ; 0.102; 0.123 have three SF

+ 12.00; 2.010 have four SF ; 20; 2.0 have two SF ; 0.100; 10.0 have three SF

+ Mass of 1500 g is an ambiguous value → should use scientific notation such as 1.5 ×

103 g (2 SF), or 1.50 × 103 g (3 SF), or 1.500 × 103 g (4 SF)

+ The same rule holds for numbers less than 1 Ex: 2.3 × 10−5 (2 SF), 1.560 × 10−2(4 SF)

1.3 Cách viết kết quả và bài tập áp dụng

The rule of determinating the number of significant figures

When multiplying several quantities, the number of significant figures in the final answer is the same as the number of significant figures in the quantity having the

smallest number of significant figures The same rule applies to division

Ex: Report the result of multiplications

The area of a carpet whose length is 15.24 m and whose width is 2.19 m

𝐴 = 15.24 × 2.19 = 33.4 m2 33.3756

 The area of the disc whose radius is 6.0 cm

𝐴 = 𝜋6.02 = 1.1 × 102 cm2 ( 113.097 335 … )

1.3 Cách viết kết quả và bài tập áp dụng

The rule of determinating the number of significant figures

When numbers are added or subtracted, the number of decimal places in the result should equal the smallest number of decimal places of any term in the sum or difference

Ex: 23.5 + 6.174 = 29.7 ( 29.674 )

Note: The rule for rounding number

 The last digit retained is increased by 1 if the last digit dropped is greater than 5 (Ex: 2.567 → 2.57)

If the last digit dropped is less than 5, the last digit retained remains as it is (Ex: 2.564 → 2.56)

If the last digit dropped is equal to 5, the remaining digit should be rounded to the nearest even number (Ex: 2.565 → 2.56, 2.555 → 2.56)

Review củng cố chapter 1

• *Các đơn vị chuẩn SI của: length (m) , mass (kg) , time (s)

• Chữ số có nghĩa và cách viết kết quả.

Part 1: Mechanics CHAPTER 2: MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

DUNG VAN LU

Tel.: 0935 117 206; CV: http://scv.udn.vn/dvlu

1

CHAPTER 2:

MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

DUNG VAN LU

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity

2.4 Acceleration

2.5 Motion Diagrams

2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration

2.7 Freely Falling Objects

2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

General Problem-Solving Strategy

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Position /pəˈzɪʃn/ the place where sb/sth is located: vị trí, tọa độ (𝑥)

Particle /ˈpɑːtɪkl/ a very small piece of sth: hạt,chất điểm

Frame of reference /freim ov ˈrefrəns/: Hệ QC

Reference point /pɔɪnt: Zero location in a coordinate system or frame of

reference: điểm mốc

back and forth /bæk / : qua lại, trước và sau

Identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ : xác định, làm đồng nhất, giống nhau

Move (v) /muːv/ : chuyển động; motion (n): sự chuyển động

Time interval /ˈɪntəvl/: khoảng thời gian

Length /leŋkθ/ : chiều dài

Path /pɑːθ/ : đường đi; quỹ đạo (trajectory)

Axis /ˈæksɪs/: trục tọa độ (Ox, Oy, Oz) plural: axes /ˈæksiːz/

*)Grammar /ˈgramər/

In English, each verb has two participles:

 Past Participle: verb_ed (Bị động)

 Present Participle: verb_ing (Chủ động)

 Ex.

1 Mass, which is fixed to a wall via a spring of stiffness s,

slides to and fro on a frictionless

1 Mass fixed to a wall via a spring of stiffness s slides to and fro on a

frictionless (Past P.)

2 Neil Armstrong was the first person who walked on the Moon.

2 Neil Armstrong was the first person walking on the Moon (Present P.)

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Consider a car moving back and forth along the x axis as in Figure 2.1a When we begin collecting position data, the car is 30 m to the right of the reference position x = 0 We will use the particle model by identifying some point on the car We start our clock, and once every 10 s we note the car’s position.

Consider a car which moves back and forth

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

The displacement Δx of a particle is defined as its change in position in some time interval: Δ𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 (Độ dời, li độ)

Distance is the length of a path followed by a particle: d.

Distance is the length of a path which is followed by a particle

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Which is difference between Displacement and Distance?

Distance (d)

change in position the length of a path

vector quantity scalar quantity

Displacement: Độ dời, ly độ Distance: quảng đường đi được

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

If we draw a straight line between any two points on the position –time graph This line forms the hypotenuse of a right triangle of height 𝛥𝑥 and base 𝛥𝑡 The slope of this line is the ratio 𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑡, which is what we have defined

as average velocity.

𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≡ 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑡 ; T , L 𝑚 𝑠

The average velocity of a particle

moving in one dimension can be

(dương, âm phụ thuộc vào độ dời)

positive or negative, depending

on the sign of the displaceme

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

So, the average velocity vx,avg of a particle is defined as the particle’s displacement Δx divided by the time interval Δt during which that displacement occur (Vận tốc trung bình=độ dời/time)

𝑣𝑥,𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≡ 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑡 ; T , L 𝑚 𝑠

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Which distinction between VELOCITY/SPEED?

The average speed vavg of a particle, a scalar

quantity, is defined as the total distance d traveled

divided by the total time interval required to travel

that distance: tốc độ trung bình = quảng đường/time

𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≡ 𝛥𝑡 ; 𝑑 T , L 𝑚 𝑠

Distance (d)

Average velocity Average speed: has no direction and is

always expressed as a positive number

vector quantity scalar quantity

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Knowledge of the average velocity or average speed of a particle does not provide information about the details of the trip.

Quick Quiz 2.1 Under which of the following conditions is the magnitude of the average velocity of a particle moving in one dimension smaller than the average speed over some time interval?

(a) A particle moves in the +x direction without reversing

(b) A particle moves in the -x direction without reversing

(c) A particle moves in the +x direction and then reverses the direction of its

motion.

(d) There are no conditions for which this is true.

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Ex 2.3 Find the displacement, distance, average velocity, and average speed

of the car in Figure 2.1a between positions:

*) Displacement & average velocity

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Ex 2.3 Find the displacement, distance, average velocity, and average speed

of the car in Figure 2.1a between positions:

*) Displacement & average velocity

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

Often we need to know the velocity of a particle at a particular instant in time t

rather than the average velocity over a finite time interval Δt.

The slope of this tangent line represents the velocity of the car at point A

The instantaneous velocity vx equals the limiting value of the ratio Δx/Δt as Δt

approaches zero, called the derivative of x with respect to t, written

𝑣𝑥 ≡ limΔ𝑡→0 Δ𝑥Δ𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑡 ≡ 𝑥 (vận tốc = đạo hàm của vị trí theo thời gian)

The instant speed (speed) =the magnitude of its ins