Tài liệu SOURCEBOOK ON CRIMINAL LAW pdf

CRIMINAL LAWCavendish Publishing Limited CPCavendish Publishing LimitedCPLondon • Sydney... CRIMINAL LAWMichael Molan, BA, LLM, Barrister Senior Academic and Head of Law Division South

CRIMINAL LAW

Cavendish Publishing Limited

CPCavendish Publishing LimitedCPLondon • Sydney

CRIMINAL LAW

Michael Molan, BA, LLM, Barrister

Senior Academic and Head of Law Division

South Bank University

Cavendish Publishing LimitedCPLondon • Sydney

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Molan, Michael T

Sourcebook on criminal law – 2nd ed – (Sourcebook series)

1 Criminal law – England 2 Criminal law – Wales

I Title II Hungerford Welch, Peter III Taylor, Alan

This Sourcebook seeks to provide a handy set of reference materials for students

studying criminal law on undergraduate or CPE programmes As such it offers coverage of the mainstream criminal offences through statutory and case law materials

Since the first edition of this book appeared in 1997 there have been many significant developments in the field of substantive criminal law, primarily through the endeavours of the judiciary Included in this second edition are

comprehensive extracts from key House of Lords decisions such as B v DPP (mistake of fact/strict liability); R v Hinks (theft); R v Smith (provocation); and R

v Powell and Daniels; R v English (accessorial liability), and the Court of Appeal

decision in R v A (Children) (Conjoined Twins) New statutory material includes

the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000; the provisions of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 relating to racially aggravated offences; and the Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act 1998.

An introductory chapter has been added providing ‘scene setting’ materials

on the criminal process and some background information on the likely impact

of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the substantive criminal law Also new for this edition are the substantial extracts from Law Commission Reports and Home Office papers on issues surrounding the reform of the substantive law These provide a valuable source of information for students seeking to explore an area

of substantive law in more depth and help to put the preceding case law and statutory material in context

I would like to extend my thanks to Alan Taylor and Peter Welch for the foundations they provided in the first edition of this text, and to Cara Annett and Sonny Leong at Cavendish Publishing for their continued support and encouragement

Hungerford-Producing this second edition would not have been possible without total life support provided by Alison, and the patience of three people who played quietly for so long: thanks Grace, Joy and Miles for being so good.

I have endeavoured to state the law as of 1 August 2001 Any errors and omissions remain my own.

Mike Molan South Bank University

London August 2001

Preface v

1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LAW: FRAMEWORK

Establishing criminal liability – the standard and burden of proof 11

The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on substantive criminal law 30

2 ACTUS REUS: THE EXTERNAL ELEMENTS OF AN OFFENCE 39

Novus actus interveniens – can the chain of causation be broken by the

Novus actus interveniens – can the chain of causation be broken by the

Intention 93Recklessness 106

Corporations and proof of mens rea 139

The rationale for the operation of the defence of intoxication 274What if a defendant deliberately intoxicates himself in order

Is all voluntary consumption of intoxicants to be regarded as reckless? 282The relationship between intoxication and mistake of fact 284

Mistake as to the nature of the substance consumed 291Involuntary consumption of intoxicants falling short of intoxication 292

The actus reus of participation: aid, abet, counsel and procure 303Presence at the scene of the crime and failing to prevent the

Impossibility 488

14 SELF-DEFENCE 575

The defendant must be shown to have caused the death in fact

Involuntary manslaughter: unlawful act manslaughter 715Involuntary manslaughter: killing by gross negligence 725

Poisoning 807

‘Stalking’ 816

Codification and law reform proposals 929Appropriation 932Dishonesty 978

Taking motor vehicle or other conveyance without authority 994

Burglary 1011

Dishonesty 1101

23 CRIMINAL DAMAGE 1113

Other offences under the Criminal Damage Act 1971 1138

Weapons which are offensive per se: a question of fact 1147Weapons which become offensive because of the intention with

A (Conjoined Twins: Survival Separation), Re

[2000] 4 All ER 961 46, 551, 590, 603, 623, 629

A v UK (1999) 27 EHRR 611 35ADT v United Kingdom [2000] Crim LR 1009 37Abbott v R [1977] AC 755 509, 520, 521, 523, 524, 526Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 47, 55, 603, 630–33, 635Albert v Lavin [1982] AC 546 870Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] AC 824 89, 191Anderton v Ryan [1985] AC 560 489, 491–95Andrews v Director of Public Prosecutions

[1937] AC 576 129, 130, 275, 724, 727, 729, 730Andronicou v Cyprus [1998] Crim LR 823 35

AG v Able and Others [1984] 1 QB 795 306

AG v Lockwood (1942) 9 M & W 378 178, 202

AG v Whelan [1934] IR 518 499, 514

AG for Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349 275, 279, 293

AG for Northern Ireland’s Ref (No 1 of 1975) [1977] AC 105 588

AG for South Australia v Brown [1960] AC 432 233, 295

AG of Hong King v Lee Kwong-Kut [1993] AC 951 14AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1974) [1974] QB 744 1104AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773; [1977] AC 105 303, 310, 311, 383, 413,

415, 435, 589AG’s Refs (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979) [1980] QB 180 1020AG’s Ref (No 4 of 1979) (1980) 71 Cr App R 341 1093AG’s Ref (No 4 of 1980) [1981] 1 WLR 705 160AG’s Ref (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 827, 835, 838AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1982) [1983] 1 QB 751 455AG’s Ref (No 2 of 1982) [1984] QB 624 972, 979AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1983) [1985] QB 182 963, 976AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1992) [1993] 1 WLR 274 475, 480, 887AG’s Ref (No 2 of 1992) [1994] QB 91 228AG’s Ref (No 3 of 1992) [1994] 1 WLR 409 482, 486, 1136AG’s Ref (No 3 of 1994) [1998] AC 245; [1996] 2 All ER 11;

[1997] 3 All ER 936 19, 168, 621, 623, 626AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1995) [1996] 1 WLR 970 212AG’s Ref (No 28 of 1996) [1997] 2 Cr App R (S) 206 887AG’s Ref (No 3 of 1997) [1997] 3 All ER 936 165

AG’s Ref (No 3 of 1998) [1999] 3 All ER 40 244AG’s Ref (No 2 of 1999) [2000] 3 All ER 182 154, 731Atwal v Massey [1971] 3 All ER 881 1101

B (A Minor) v DPP [2000] 1 All ER 833 3, 184, 220, 864–66

B v Leathley [1979] Crim LR 314 1012Bank of New South Wales v Piper [1897] AC 383 220Bates v Bulman [1979] 1 WLR 1190 1156Beaney, Re [1978] 1 WLR 770 959, 961Beckford v R [1988] AC 130 222, 223, 511, 592, 594, 602Bedder v Director of Public Prosecutions

[1954] 1 WLR 1119 663, 665, 666, 669, 675, 677,

679, 683, 684, 706, 707Bell v Lever Brothers [1932] AC 161 945Birmingham and Gloucester Ry Co (1842) 2 QB 223 735Black-Clawson International Ltd v Papierwerke

Waldhoff-Anschaffenburg AG [1975] AC 591 2, 943Blackburn v Bowering [1994] 1 WLR 1324 222Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks (1856) 11 Exch 781 675Board of Trade v Owen [1957] AC 602 471, 966Boggeln v Williams [1978] 1 WLR 873 1003Boiduc and Bird v R (1967) 63 DLR (2d) 82 839Bolton (Engineering) Co Ltd v TJ Graham & Sons Ltd

[1957] 1 QB 159; [1956] 3 All ER 624 145, 152, 155, 739, 740, 742Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92 785Bratty v AG for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 386 231, 233, 236, 237, 248–50,

255, 257, 275Brend v Wood (1946) 175 LT 306 178Broome v Perkins [1987] RTR 321 231, 243Brutus v Cozens (1972) 56 Cr App R 799; [1973] AC 854 810Bryan v Mott (1975) 62 Cr App R 71 1152Burton v Islington Health Authority [1993] QB 204 623Burton v Winters [1993] 1 WLR 1077 1126, 1127Byrne v Kinematograph Renters Society Ltd

[1958] 2 All ER 579 1019

C (A Minor) v Eisenhower (sub nom JJC v Eisenhower)

[1983] 3 WLR 537 792, 829

C v Director of Public Prosecutions [1996] AC 1; [1995] 2 All ER 43 2, 732, 733, 734

Calgarth, The [1926] P 93 1019

Canadian Dredge and Dock Co Ltd v R (1985) 1 SCR 662 155

Carstairs v Taylor (1870) LR 6 Exch 217 89

Chamberlain v Lindon [1998] 2 All ER 538 1123

Chan Man-Sin v R [1988] 1 WLR 196 961

Chan Wing-Siu and Others v R [1985] 1 AC 168 337–40, 342, 343, 345, 349–51 Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset v Shimmen (1987) 84 Cr App R 7 122, 124, 223 Chuter v Freeth and Pocock Ltd [1911] 2 KB 832 736, 738 Coffin and Another v Smith and Another (1980) 71 Cr App R 221 778

Collins v Director of Public Prosecutions (1987) The Times, 20 October 1002

Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172 769

Comr of Police for the Metropolis v Charles See Metropolitan Police Comr v Charles— Cooper v McKenna ex p Cooper [1960] Qld LR 406 233, 234 Copus v Director of Public Prosecutions [1989] Crim LR 577 1145

Corcoran v Anderton (1980) 71 Cr App R 104 1031

Cox v Riley (1986) 83 Cr App R 54 1114, 1116 Davey v Lee [1968] 1 QB 366 475, 479 Davies v Harvey LR 9 QB 433 202

De Freitas (1960) 2 WIR 523 577

Derbyshire v Houliston [1897] 1 QB 772 178 Director of Public Prosecutions v Armstrong [2000] Crim LR 379 426, 433 Director of Public Prosecutions v Beard [1920] AC 479 234, 273, 275, 277,

279, 281, 293, 628 Director of Public Prosecutions v Bell

[1992] Crim LR 176; [1992] RTR 335 541, 546 Director of Public Prosecutions v Camplin

See R v Camplin—

Director of Public Prosecutions v Davis; Director of

Public Prosecutions v Pittaway [1994] Crim LR 600 542, 543 Director of Public Prosecutions v Gomez [1993] AC 442 417, 473, 937, 940, 941,

943–46, 957–60, 966, 972

Director of Public Prosecutions v Gregson

(1993) 96 Cr App R 240 1159Director of Public Prosecutions v H (1997) The Times, 2 May 244Director of Public Prosecutions v Jones [1990] RTR 33 542, 546Director of Public Prosecutions v Kent and Sussex

Contractors Ltd [1944] 1 KB 146 141, 735, 737, 738, 741Director of Public Prosecutions v Majewski

[1977] AC 443 109, 241, 275, 283, 285, 286,

288–91, 293, 294, 296, 342,

602, 902, 1134, 1135Director of Public Prosecutions v Morgan

[1976] AC 182 187, 216, 221–23, 274, 882,

885, 886, 899, 900, 902, 903Director of Public Prosecutions v Newbury and Jones

[1977] AC 500; (1976) 62 Cr App R 291 719, 720, 724Director of Public Prosecutions v Nock [1978] AC 979 427, 429, 441, 469, 1021Director of Public Prosecutions v Ray [1974] AC 370 1043, 1044Director of Public Prosecutions v Rogers [1953] QB 644 855Director of Public Prosecutions v Smith [1961] AC 290 93, 95, 635, 794, 829Director of Public Prosecutions v Spriggs [1994] RTR 1 997, 998Director of Public Prosecutions v Stonehouse [1978] AC 55 479, 495, 1041Director of Public Prosecutions v Taylor; Director of Public

Prosecutions v Little [1992] 1 QB 645; [1992] 1 All ER 299 768, 771Director of Public Prosecutions v Turner

[1974] AC 357; (1973) 57 Cr App R 932 920, 1071Director of Public Prosecutions (Jamaica) v Bailey

[1995] 1 Cr App R 257 575Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland

v Lynch [1975] AC 653; [1975] 1 All ER 913;

(1975) 61 Cr App R 6 497, 498, 504, 506, 509, 511,

514, 520–24, 527, 530, 531Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland

v Maxwell [1978] 1 WLR 1350 330, 401Dobson v General Accident Fire Life Assurance Corp plc

[1990] 1 QB 274 934, 939, 953Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority

[1996] 4 All ER 474 927, 928

Edwards v Ddin [1976] 1 WLR 942 1004

Edwards v Director of Public Prosecutions (1993) 97 Cr App R 301 781

Edwards v R [1973] AC 648 656, 662 Eldredge v US (1932) 62 F 2d 449 380

Elliott v C (A Minor) [1983] 1 WLR 939 117, 120, 125, 884 Evans v Hughes [1972] 1 WLR 1452 1153

Evans v Wright [1964] Crim LR 466 1153

F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation), In Re [1990] 2 AC 1 552, 563 Fagan v Metropolitan Police Comr [1969] 1 QB 439 53, 761, 765, 769 Fairclough v Whipp [1951] 2 All ER 834 856

Faulkner v Talbot [1981] 1 WLR 1528; [1981] 3 All ER 468 856, 859, 867 Fitzpatrick v Kelly [1977] LR 8 QB 337 202

Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v AG of Hong Kong [1985] 1 AC 1 196, 201 Gibson v Wales [1983] 1 WLR 393 1148

Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and Department of Health and Social Security [1986] 1 AC 112 46, 327, 341, 410, 631, 633 Godwin v Director of Public Prosecutions (1993) 96 Cr App R 244 1158

Governor of Pentonville Prison ex p Osman [1990] 1 WLR 277 963

Grieve v Macleod [1967] Crim LR 424 1153

HM Advocate General v Robert Smith (1893) 1 Adam 34 703

Hardman and Others v The Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary [1986] Crim LR 330 1116

Hargreaves v Diddams LR 10 QB 582 203

Harris v Director of Public Prosecutions; Fehmi v Director of Public Prosecutions (1993) 96 Cr App R 235 1157

Harrow LBC v Shah [1999] 3 All ER 302 207

Hashman and Harrup v UK [2000] Crim LR 185 34

Haughton v Smith [1973] 3 All ER 1109 441, 488 Haystead v DPP [2000] 2 Cr App R 339 772

Her Majesty’s Advocate v Ritchie (1926) SC (J) 45 233 Her Majesty’s Coroner for East Kent ex p Spooner

(1989) 88 Cr App R 10 733, 743

Hill v Baxter [1958] 1 QB 277 227, 230, 231, 233, 234,

237, 238, 252, 253

Hillen and Pettigrew v ICI (Alkali) Ltd [1936] AC 65 1019

Hinchliffe v Sheldon [1995] 1 WLR 1207 776, 777 Hobson v Impett (1957) 41 Cr App R 138 1105

Holmes v Director of Public Prosecutions [1946] AC 588 663, 676, 683, 684, 703 Hope v Brown [1954] 1 WLR 250 479

Houghton v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester (1987) 84 Cr App R 319 1145, 1146, 1155 Hui Chi-Ming v R [1992] 1 AC 34 338, 345, 359 Hunt [1987] AC 352 208

Hyam v Director of Public Prosecutions [1975] AC 55 30, 94, 95, 482, 489, 626, 628, 631 Invicta Plastics Ltd and Another v Clare [1976] RTR 251 419

J, In Re [1991] Fam 33 631, 632 Jaggard v Dickinson [1981] QB 527 299, 1134 James and Son Ltd v Smee [1955] 1 QB 78 200

Johns v R (1980) 143 CLR 108 343

Johnson v Director of Public Prosecutions [1994] Crim LR 673 1121, 1126 Johnson v Youden and Others [1950] 1 KB 544 214, 322, 332 Kaitamaki v R [1985] AC 147 878

Kay v Butterworth (1945) 61 TLR 452 237

Kennedy v Her Majesty’s Advocate (1944) SC (J) 171 234

Knox v Anderton (1982) 76 Cr App R 156 1143

Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v Director of Public Prosecutions [1973] AC 435 459, 461, 463, 466 Lacis v Cashmarts [1969] 2 QB 400 936

Lady Gwendolen, The [1965] P 294 152, 153 Lagan Navigation Co v Lambeg Bleaching, Dying and Finishing Co Ltd [1927] AC 226 1128

Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Comr [1972] AC 626 933, 935–38 Lee v Simpson 3 CB 871 203

Lee Chun-Chuen v R [1963] AC 220 651Lennard’s Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum

Co Ltd [1915] AC 705; [1914–15] All ER Rep 280 145–47, 151–53, 155, 739–42Lim Chin Aik v R [1963] AC 160 178, 185, 203Lloyd v Director of Public Prosecutions [1992] 1 All ER 982 1126, 1127, 1139Lolley’s Case R & R 237 202London and Globe Finance Corporation Ltd, Re

[1903] 1 Ch 732 1041, 1049Longford, The (1889) 14 PD 34 787Low v Blease [1975] Crim LR 513 920Luc Thiet Thuan v R [1997] 1 AC 131 664, 665, 669, 670, 672, 677,

678, 680, 687, 688, 692, 694,

697, 704, 708, 709, 713

McAuliffe v R (1995) 69 ALJR 621 337, 338, 343, 345McCann v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 97 35M’Naghten’s Case (1843) 10 Cl & F 200;

[1843–60] All ER Rep 229 232, 235, 240, 244, 245, 247–55,

257–61, 264, 265, 280, 281,

293, 638, 639McLoughlin v O’Brian [1983] 1 AC 410 786Malnik v Director of Public Prosecutions [1989] Crim LR 451 1154Mancini v Director of Public Prosecutions

[1942] AC 1 649, 663, 675, 683, 684, 705Meade’s and Belt’s Case (1823) 1 Lew CC 184 765, 767Meli v R, See Thabo Meli and Others v R—

Meridian Global Funds Management Asia

v Securities Commission [1995] 3 WLR 413 149, 155–58, 734Metropolitan Police Comr v Caldwell

[1982] AC 341; [1981] 2 WLR 509;

[1981] 1 All ER 961 52, 54, 107, 110–15, 118–24, 126, 127,

223, 283, 285, 286, 288, 290,

733, 803, 804, 884–86, 1133Metropolitan Police Comr v Charles [1977] AC 177 1041, 1058, 1062, 1063, 1067Minister of Home Affairs v Fisher [1980] AC 319 13Moffett v Brewer (1948) Iowa Rep 348 1128Moore v Bresler [1944] 2 All ER 515 154, 738Morden v Porter 7 CB (NS) 641 203Morgentaler v R [1976] 1 SCR 616 561

Morris v Tolman [1923] 1 KB 166 365Mousell Brothers Ltd v London and

North-Western Railway Co [1917] 2 KB 836 196Moynes v Cooper [1956] 1 QB 439 976Multinational Gas and Petrochemical Co v Multinational Gas and

Petrochemical Services Ltd [1983] Ch 258 150Murray v UK (1994) 19 EHRR 193 13

National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 324, 407Nichols v Hall LR 8 CP 322 202Norfolk Constabulary v Seekings [1986] Crim LR 167 1012

Oakey v Jackson [1914] 1 KB 216 46Ohlson v Hylton [1975] 1 WLR 724 1149, 1150Oxford v Moss (1978) 68 Cr App R 183 923, 929, 930

Page v Smith [1996] AC 155 786Palmer v R [1971] AC 814; [1971] 2 WLR 831 575, 577–79, 581, 582,

585, 586, 589Papadimitropoulos v R (1957) 98 DLR 249, HC (Australia) 840, 880, 881Parker v Alder [1899] 1 QB 20 206Pearks Gunston and Tee Ltd v Ward [1902] 2 KB 1 178, 736Pearson’s Case 2 Lew 144 295Perka et al v R (1985) 13 DLR (4th) 1 545, 560, 562, 564, 624Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain

v Storkwain Ltd [1986] 1 WLR 903 180Pharmaceutical Society v London and Provincial

Supply Association (1880) 5 App Cas 857 140, 737, 739Pilgram v Rice Smith [1977] 2 All ER 659 928 Practice Statement (Judicial Precedent) [1966] 1 WLR 1234 464, 489, 491, 494Priestnall v Cornish [1979] Crim LR 310 585

R v Abdul-Hussain and Others [1999] Crim LR 570, CA 500, 559, 564

R v Aitken, Bennet and Barson

R v Ashford; R v Smith [1988] Crim LR 682 1119, 1120

R v Associated Octel Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 846; [1996] 1 WLR 1543 157, 734

R v Brown; R v Morley (1968) SASR 467 526, 527

R v Brown and Others [1994] 1 AC 212 828

R v Cooper; R v Compton [1947] 2 All ER 701 443

R v Cooper; R v Schaub [1994] Crim LR 531 879

R v Davis (2000) The Times, 25 July 18

R v Daweson, Nolan and Walmsley (1985) 81 Cr App R 150 72, 717, 719

R v Dawson; R v James (1978) 68 Cr App R 170; [1978] VR 536 504, 1032, 1033

R v Dume (1987) The Times, 16 October 772

R v Dunbar and Others [1988] Crim LR 693 353, 358, 359

R v Fernandez (Andrew Nigel) [1997] 1 Cr App R 123 1099

R v Fernandez (Roland Anthony) [1996] 1 Cr App R 175, CA 987, 989, 990

R v Firth (1990) 91 Cr App R 217 1052, 1082

R v Her Majesty’s Coroner for East Kent ex p Spooner;

R v Her Majesty’s Coroner for East Kent

R v Howe and Others [1987] 1 AC 417;

R v Hyam, See Hyam v Director of Public Prosecutions—

R v Hyde, Sussex and Collins [1991] 1 QB 134 338, 342, 348, 350, 351, 359

R v JF Alford Transport Ltd; R v Alford; R v Payne

[1997] 2 Cr App R 326; (1997) The Times, 31 March 321

R v James (1997) The Times, 2 October 816

R v Jackson [1983] Crim LR 617 1079, 1080, 1083

R v Johnson (Christopher) [1989] 1 WLR 740 656, 662

R v Jones (1993) The Times, 15 February 1044

R v Jones (Kenneth Henry) [1990] 1 WLR 1057 475, 477, 480

R v Khan (Mohammed Iqbal) [1990] 1 WLR 813 482, 485, 488, 887

R v Khan (Rungzabe) (1998) The Times, 7 April 744

R v Majoram [2000] Crim LR 372 73

R v Malcherek; R v Steel [1981] 1 WLR 690 68, 82

R v Mancini, See Mancini v Director of Public Prosecutions—

R v Mandair [1995] 1 AC 208; [1994] 2 WLR 700 797–99, 807

R v Mansfield Justices ex p Sharkey [1985] QB 613 768

R v Marchant; R v McCallister (1984) 80 Cr App R 361 997, 998

R v P & O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr App R 72 733, 734

R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279; (1983) The Times, 4 February 74, 78, 88, 721

R v Reed (Nicholas) [1982] Crim LR 819 444, 445

R v Reid (Barry) (1975) 62 Cr App R 109 354–60, 362

R v Reid [1992] 1 WLR 793 112, 121, 124

R v Renouf [1986] 1 WLR 522 575

R v Reynolds [1988] Crim LR 679 642

R v Richards [1974] QB 776 373

R v Richards; R v Stober (1992) 96 Cr App R 258 356

R v Richardson (Diane); R v Irwin [1998] 3 WLR 1292;

R v Rongonui (Janine Waiwera) (2000) unreported, CA 670, 673, 686, 698

R v Satnam; R v Kewal (1983) 78 Cr App R 149 121

R v Saunders (Ian) [1985] Crim LR 230 794

R v Saunders ; R v Archer (1573) 2 Plowd 473 171, 352, 375, 376

R v Savage; R v Parmenter (1992) 94 Cr App R 193;

[1992] 1 AC 699; [1991] 2 WLR 914 121, 288, 289, 767, 789–92,

800, 803–05

R v Scarlett [1993] 4 All ER 629 599, 600

R v Scott, See Scott v Metropolitan Police Comr—

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department

R v Smith (David Raymond) [1974] QB 354 215, 1133–35

R v Smith (Morgan) [2000] 4 All ER 289 518, 647, 648, 662

R v Smith (Roger) [1975] AC 476 429, 494

R v Smith (Sandie) [1982] Crim LR 531 240

R v Smith (Wesley) [1963] 1 WLR 1200, CA 335–39, 357, 359

R v Togher and Others (2000) The Times, 21 November 18

R v Tolson (1889) 23 QBD 168; [1886] All ER Rep 26 49, 181, 220, 869

R v Webster and Others; R v Warwick [1995] 2 All ER 168 1130

R v Wells Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate

ex p Westminster City Council [1986] 1 WLR 1046 201

R v Williams and Another [1992] 1 WLR 380 70

R v Williams (Gladstone) [1983] 3 All ER 411;

Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom

v Department of Health and Social Security [1981] AC 800 787Rubie v Faulkner [1940] 1 KB 571 318Russell v Her Majesty’s Advocate [1946] SC (J) 37 233Ryan and French v Director of Public Prosecutions

[1994] Crim LR 457 1099Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330 89

SW v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 363 36Salabiaku v France (1988) 13 EHRR 379 14, 866Scott v Metropolitan Police Comr

[1975] AC 818; (1974) 60 Cr App R 124 453, 457, 458Seaboard Offshore Ltd v Secretary of State for

Transport [1994] 2 All ER 99; [1994] 1 WLR 541 157Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Hart [1982] 1 WLR 481 210, 214Shaw v Director of Public Prosecutions [1962] AC 220 2, 459, 461–66Shelton (1986) 83 Cr App R 379 1100Sherras v De Rutzen [1895] 1 QB 918 178, 192, 196, 202, 204Smith v Chief Superintendent, Woking Police Station

(1983) 76 Cr App R 234 763Sodeman v The King [1936] 2 All ER 1138 245Southern Water Authority v Pegrum and Pegrum

[1989] Crim LR 442 89Southwark LBC v Williams [1971] 1 Ch 734 506, 554Southwell v Chadwick (1986) 85 Cr App R 235 1155

St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust v S [1999] Fam 26 564Steele v George & Co Ltd [1942] AC 497 67Stevens v Gourley (1859) CBNS 99 1012Stingel v R (1990) 171 CLR 312 668–70, 672, 692Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor [1956] 1 WLR 965 499Sunday Times v UK (1979) 2 EHRR 245 13Supply of Ready Mixed Concrete (No 2), In Re

[1995] 1 AC 456; [1995] 1 All ER 135 151, 154, 156, 157Sweet v Parsley [1970] AC 132 49, 177, 181, 182, 185–87, 191,

192, 196, 198, 199, 205, 220–22

T v United Kingdom; V v United Kingdom

(1999) The Times, 17 December 137Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153;

[1971] 2 All ER 127 142, 151, 155, 157, 158,

733, 738, 739Thabo Meli and Others v R [1954] 1 WLR 228 158, 162, 165, 716, 717Thomas v R (1937) 59 CLR 279 188Thomson v HM Advocate (1983) SCCR 368 524Thornton v Mitchell [1940] 1 All ER 339 364, 366, 368, 371Torkington v Magee [1902] 2 KB 427 920Triplex Safety Glass Co Ltd v Lancegaye Safety

Glass Co Ltd [1939] 2 KB 395 141Troughton v The Metropolitan Police [1987] Crim LR 138 1005Truculent, The [1952] P 1 152, 153Tuck v Robson; Du Cros v Lambourne [1970] 1 WLR 741 319, 321, 397Tyler’s Case [1891] 2 QB 588 737

W (A Minor) v Dolbey (1989) 88 Cr App R 1 121Wai Yu-Tsang v R [1992] 1 AC 269 458Walters v Lunt and Another [1951] 2 All ER 645 1093Walton v R (1978) 66 Cr App R 25; [1978] AC 788 640Warner v Metropolitan Police Comr [1969] 2 AC 256 14, 178Watmore v Jenkins [1962] 2 QB 572 231Welham v Director of Public Prosecutions [1961] AC 103 453, 455, 458Whittaker and Another v Campbell [1984] QB 318 999Wilcox v Jeffery [1951] 1 All ER 464 314William Rouse v The Bradford Banking Co Ltd [1894] AC 586 921Williams v Director of Public Prosecutions (1992) 95 Cr App R 415 1144Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co Ltd v English [1938] AC 57;

[1937] 3 All ER 628 733Wings Ltd v Ellis [1985] AC 272 193Winzar v Chief Constable of Kent (1983) The Times , 28 March 40Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions [1935] AC 462 12, 16, 233, 259, 627Yip Chiu-Cheung v R [1994] 3 WLR 514 451