renewable energy bioenergy and synfuels

... replenished Examples of renewable energy include solar energy and wind energy Renewable and non -renewable energy sources are considered primary energy sources because they provide energy directly from ... such as crude oil and natural gas plant liquids The row of data labeled Renewable Energy includes hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, and bioenergy The line of ... Fossil Energy – Oil and Gas 3.1 Geology of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 3.2 Origin of Oil and Gas 3.3 Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Reserves 3.4 Classification of Oil and Gas 3.5 Shale Oil, Tar Sands and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/06/2016, 11:24

... following forms of energy are distinguished: mechanical energy (i.e potential or kinetic energy) , thermal, electric and chemical energy, nuclear energy and solar energy In practical energy appliances, ... Basics of Renewable Energy Supply 23 2.1 Energy balance of the earth 23 MARTIN KALTSCHMITT, ANDREAS WIESE 2.1.1 Renewable energy sources 23 Solar energy 23; Geothermal energy ... energy content of the secondary energy carrier and the corresponding energy flow This processing of primary energy is subject to conversion and distribution losses Secondary energy carriers and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 20:20

... suitable for grazing and browsing Other land areas include crop and pasture land and farmsteads, strip mines, permanent ice and snow, and land that does not fit any other land cover This a p p ... started to develop renewable energy resources such as active and passive solar energy, photovoltaic, wind, and ocean power systems, and biomass the only indigenous renewable energy resource capable ... population, and yet consumes about one quarter of the total global primary energy demand Coal, oil, and natural gas contributed 23, 41, and 25%, respectively, to total U.S energy demand in 1992,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 18:10

... especially, renewable energy and energy efficiency regulations in the recent years (Saygın & Çetin, 2010) Present status and potential of renewable energy of Turkey and recent developments in its renewable ... 22 Renewable Energy – Trends and Applications Chiou-Wei, S Chen, C-F & Zhu, Z (2008) Economic growth and energy consumption revisited - evidence from linear and nonlinear Granger causality Energy ... use of energy generated from renewable sources can contribute both to reducing this dependency and to reducing volatility Renewable energy is produced locally and thus contributes to energy self-sufficiency...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... 50 Renewable Energy – Trends and Applications is on establishing leading renewable energy sources in the country which can be used as input in renewable energy technologies in generation of energy ... such as Paper and Textiles are one of the major sources of this kind of renewable energy By definition, renewable energy sources should provide a continuous and unlimited supply of energy in particular ... technology prices on the one hand and to improvement in their efficiency on the other hand In the future, it is anticipated that renewable energy and its different energy conversion technologies...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... increasing energy demand and environmental concerns aroused considerable interest in hybrid renewable energy systems and its subsequent development The generation of both wind power and solar ... load in remote and rural regions [Wang et al., 2007] Therefore, in order to satisfy the load demand, hybrid energy systems are implemented to combine solar and wind energy units and to mitigate ... oil, and gas-based generation, energy will come from solar, wind, biomass, tidal, and other renewable sources The smart grid will support not only centralized, large-scale power plants and energy...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... 313, 379, 493–498 R Renewable diesel, 153–168 Renewable energy, 12–14, 72, 73, 133–135, 232, 302, 307, 312, 365, 378, 390, 396, 400, 402, 408, 411, 418, 453–454 Renewable Energy Systems, 173–209 ... Harcourt Close, Henley-on-Thames, RG9 1UZ, England e-mail: andrewrbferguson@hotmail.com D Pimentel (ed.), Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems, C Springer Science+Business Media B.V ... prefer addressing the energy security issue by looking at the net energy gain of ethanol from a liquid fuels standpoint In this case, only the liquid fossil fuels used to grow corn and produce ethanol...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... biomass Biomass and Bioenergy, 4, 405–418 Energy Economics (2007) Wind energy economics Wind Energy Manual Iowa Energy Center Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http://www /energy. iastate.edu /renewable/ wind/wem.wem13 ... 58 and 70 years, respectively, all the available cropland and forestland will be required to provide vital food and forest products (PRB 2006) As the growing U.S and world populations demand ... of energy, less than half of current US consumption (Table 1.1) This level of energy production would require about 159 million Renewable and Solar Energy Technologies 13 of land (17% of US land...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... Valueb gCm−2 yr−1 Swamp and marsh Algal bed and reef Tropical forest Estuary Temperate forest Boreal forest Savanna Cultivated land Woodland and shrubland Grassland Lake and stream Upwelling zone ... (Mokany et al., 2006) d Lands with a mosaic of croplands, forests, shrublands and grasslands in which no one component covers more than 60% of the landscape e Herbaceous and other understory systems ... 2.3 Since the spatial set of land-cover classes cannot be easily mapped onto the administrative set of USDA classes of cropland, woodland, pastureland/rangeland, and forests, Hurtt et al (2001)...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... farmers EERE (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy) (March 2007) Useful information about alternative fuels and their feedstocks U.S Department of Energy Retrieved from http://www1.eere .energy. gov/biomass/pdfs/useful ... to expand the nation’s land in production There are two sources: existing pasture land and land currently enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) In both instances, long term land use ... profitable and will likely be forced out of business (Miranowski 2006) 3.4 Bioenergy Promotion and the Overall Sustainability of Rural Economies In October of 2006 a joint U.S Department of Energy and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... August) Energy and Economic Impacts of Implementing Both a 25-Percent Renewable Standard and a 25-Percent Renewable Fuel Standard by 2025 Report No SR/OIAF/200705 (Washington, D.C.: U.S Energy ... L (2001, February) Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy (Washington: Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy) Hartley, B., Joint Committee ... neither Elobeid and Tokgoz, nor any other researchers, have incorporated state-level renewable- fuel mandates into their models Such state-level mandates, if they are both enforced and more stringent...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... colleagues and friends including Andrea Bassi, John Gowdy, Andy Groat, Jean Laherrere and Kent Klitgaard, and many others who have helped us to try to understand these issues Art Smith and Lysle ... is an understanding of the capital, operating and environmental costs, in terms of money and energy, to find, extract and use whatever new sources of oil remain to be discovered, and to generate ... decreasing energy returns as oil reservoirs are increasingly depleted and as there are increases in the energy costs as exploration and development are shifted increasingly deeper and offshore (Cleveland...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... (ed.), Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems, C Springer Science+Business Media B.V 2008 153 154 R Rapier peanut oil and whale oil were used as lubricants and energy sources long ... and 34.55% of the total energy The remainder of the energy inputs came mostly from agriculture, at approximately 25% of the total energy input However, Pimentel and Patzek reported that the energy ... www.iberica2000.org/Es/Articulo.asp?Id=1875 13 At Standard Temperature and Pressure (0◦ C and 760 mm mercury), the energy density of natural gas is about 38.5 MJ/m3 and that of hydrogen is 10.8 MJ/m3 14...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... accessible, energy (ibid, p 354) His distinction between “available” energy and “accessible” energy can be summarized as follows: r available energy is the energy content of a given amount of an energy ... considering the distinction between primary energy sources, energy carriers, and final energy services, when handling numerical assessments of different energy forms; and (2) a systemic conceptual problem ... Biomass and Bioenergy, 23(6), 471–479 Kinast, J NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2003) Production of Biodiesels from Multiple Feed-stocks and Properties of Biodiesels and Biodiesel/Diesel...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... 1219–1224 Costanza, R and Herendeen, R 1984 Embodied energy and economic value in the United States Economy: 1963, 1967 and 1972 Resources and Energy 6, 129–163 Cottrell, W.F 1955 Energy and Society: ... quality between energy sources, energy carriers and end uses By doing so, energy analysis can explain pretty well the link between energy and economic growth (Ayres et al., 2003; Ayres and Warr, 2005; ... an energy source the energy output of this process needs to exceed the energy input But even more important, in relation to its feasibility and desirability, the requirement of land, labor and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... electricity production in Mauritius Biomass and Bioenergy, 11, 441–449 Beeharry, R.P (2001) Carbon balance of sugarcane bioenergy systems Biomass and bioenergy, 20, 361–370 Braunbeck, O., Bauen, ... Brazilian electric energy matrix and based on West and Marland (2002), Krauter and Ruthers (2004), and van de Vate (1997), each kWhel generated Table 9.4 Brazilian electricity energy matrix Source ... (1998) Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances in bio-ethanol production and utilization in Brazil Biomass and Bioenergy, 14, 77–81 Marris, E (2006) Drink the best and drive the rest Nature,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... of imprecision and uncertainty arise from non-random (determinate) and random (indeterminate) errors resulting from method, measurement, estimation, and/ or model decisions Non-random errors can ... equation 10.3 BFC Fuel and Net Energy Balance Definitions The BFC energy measure of interest is the Net Energy Balance (NEB): NEB = Total BFC Energy Gain (EG) – Total BFC Energy Loss (EL) = TEG ... no-tilled corn grain: nonrenewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions Biomass Bioenergy, 28, 475–489 Koplow, D 2006 Biofuels at what cost? Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... other means The energy and research sides of conversion of solar radiation to electricity are well discussed and explained in Physics Today (Crabtree and Lewis, 2007) and, with other energy discussion, ... of drought and flood, and possible increased frequency and severity of hurricanes Flooding in central England during summer 2007 and record-breaking floods in parts of India during 2006 and 2007 ... increase demand for electrical energy and liquid fuels, both of which associate with increased emissions of carbon dioxide If physical growth and associated demand growth continue, ultimate demand for...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20

... alternative energy, the following factors need to be considered: energy power and density, timing, energy quality, environmental and social impacts of energy procurement and use, geographic and spatial ... is a ratio and is equal to ‘net energy +1’ Total energy surplus is EROI times the size of the energy investment, minus the investment We will use the terms energy gain, net energy and EROI interchangeably, ... between energy quantity, energy quality, and other inputs and impacts such as land, water, labor, and environmental health (Pimentel et al 2002, Hill et al 2006) When faced with these choices, energy...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 04:20