TIỂU LUẬN chapter 6 the cooperative principle and politeness

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01 Introduction to the Contents of this cooperative principle

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The cooperative principle (CP)

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What is the

cooperative

principle?

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What is the cooperative principle?

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Why must observe the cooperative

principle?

The cooperative principle was broken down into four maxims, which refer to rational or logical principles people observe in order tocommunicate effectively or get their meaning across

 To study the Cooperative principle by Grice

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02 Maxims

The co-operative principle was broken down into four maxims

To make people in the conversation can understand

Not trying to confuse other people

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Maxims of conversation

• Do not say what you believe to be false

• Do not say that for which you lack adequate

• Do not make your contribution more information • Be brief

• Be orderly than is required

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An example of observing maxims

Peter: What’s your name, please?

Tom: My name’s Tom

- Tom answers an exact information

 Quality maxim 

- Tom just tells his name, without extra information

such as age, hobby,…

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Implicature

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WHAT IS IMPLICATURE?

WHAT DOES SHE SAY?

I wan to know whether you are going

to wear that tie

Sentence meaning

WHAT DOES SHE MEAN?

You are not really planning

to go in public wearing thattie, are you?

Speaker meaning orImplicature

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CONVERSATIONAL

IMPLICATURE

Anna: “Wow, today is very hot

Sunny: “Here, the drink!”

CONVENTIONAL IMPLICATURE

“He is an Englishman; he is,

therefore, brave.”

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Politeness

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Eg: Would you mind if…

Could you possibly…Can I ask you to…

Be friendly

Eg: You’re better at this than me

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Minimize benefit to self (maximize cost toself)

Eg: You must come and have dinner with us

We must come and have dinner withyou

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Minimize praise of self (maximize dispraise of self).

Eg: How stupid of me!

How clever of me!

A: It is an interesting exhibition, wasn’t it?

B:Yes, definitely

B: *No, it was very uninteresting

Sympathy Maxim

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Minimize antipathy between self and other

(maximize sympathy between self and

other)

I’m terribly sorry to hear that your cat died

*I’m terribly pleased to hear that your catdied

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Hedges

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What are Hedges ?

As well as exploiting the maxims by obvious flouting, speakers may indicate that they are opting out of a maxim by using a special kind of

what are called hedges, words or phrases telling hearers to disregard one

of the maxims

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For examples:

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School like Maybe

Hedges of maxims

Quality 04

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Relation (or relevance)

Manner

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Hedges in quality maxim

We use hedge in quality maxims when we are saying something not

completely accurate.

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Hedges in quality maxims

For example:

I’m not sure if this is right, but I hear that they have a 3-year-old boy.

I may be mistaken, but I thought I saw them flying to Florida together.

The phrases “I am not sure if this is true” and “I could be mistaken” help the

speaker convey that the information he is giving may be true or false.

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Hedges in quantity

E.g 2:

A: Are they married?

married for more than 10 years.”

=> That is to say, what B telling

A may or may not be true.

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Hedges in quantity maxims:

For examples:

• Hear is a speaker talk about her recent vacation, using hedges in quantity maxims:

E.g.:

As you probably know, I am terrified of dogs.

I want to cut a long story short but if say for short you may not understand what was happening to me that time.

=> I’m going to contravene the quantity maxim.

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Hedges in relation maxims:

• Sometimes the hedges may come at the beginning E.g

I don't know if this is important, but some of the files are missing

Not to change the subject but is this related to the budget?

=> I’m going to contravene the relation maxim

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Hedges in manner maxims:

• Speakers use underlined phrases after noticing that the information they are about

to give is unclear or ambiguous.

For example:

“I’m not sure but ”

“That may be a bit confused but ”

This may be a bit confused, but I was asleep.

I’m not sure if this makes senses, but the car has no lights.

I’m aware that I have been flouting the maxim of manner.

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Thank you for your

attention!!!

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6

Tiêu đề	The Cooperative Principle and Politeness
Tác giả	Kiều Oanh, Trần Trang, Trọng Nhân, Hồng Châu, Thùy Nhung
Người hướng dẫn	Trong Nhan
Thể loại	chapter

Định dạng
Số trang	34
Dung lượng	4,38 MB