Tài liệu 2011 WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS pptx

1.1 Size of the economy 101.2 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and 1.6 Key indicators for other economies 28 1a Use of World Bank data has risen with the launch of t

DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

MoldovaMongoliaMoroccoNicaraguaNigeriaPakistanPapua New GuineaParaguayPhilippinesSamoaSão Tomé and Principe

SenegalSri LankaSudanSwazilandSyrian Arab RepublicThailandTimor-LesteTongaTunisiaTurkmenistanTuvaluUkraineUzbekistanVanuatuVietnamWest Bank and GazaYemen, Rep

Upper middle income

AlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaAzerbaijanBelarusBosnia and Herzegovina

BotswanaBrazilBulgariaChileColombiaCosta RicaCubaDominicaDominican Republic

FijiGabon

GrenadaIran, Islamic Rep

JamaicaKazakhstanLebanonLibyaLithuaniaMacedonia, FYRMalaysiaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMontenegroNamibiaPalauPanamaPeruRomaniaRussian Federation

SerbiaSeychellesSouth Africa

St Kitts and Nevis

St Lucia

St Vincent and the GrenadinesSurinameTurkeyUruguayVenezuela, RB

High income

AndorraArubaAustraliaAustriaBahamas, TheBahrainBarbadosBelgiumBermudaBrunei DarussalamCanadaCayman IslandsChannel IslandsCroatiaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEquatorial GuineaEstoniaFaeroe IslandsFinlandFranceFrench PolynesiaGermanyGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGuam

Hong Kong SAR, China

HungaryIcelandIrelandIsle of ManIsraelItalyJapanKorea, Rep

KuwaitLatviaLiechtensteinLuxembourgMacao SAR, China

MaltaMonacoNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNorthern Mariana Islands

NorwayOmanPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarSan MarinoSaudi ArabiaSingaporeSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTrinidad and TobagoTurks and Caicos IslandsUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesVirgin Islands (U.S.)

Communications Development Incorporated,

2011 WORLD DEVELOPMENT

INDICATORS

for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK

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This volume is a product of the staff of the Development Data Group of the World Bank’s Development Economics Vice Presidency, and the judgments herein do not necessarily refl ect the views of the World Bank’s Board of Execu-tive Directors or the countries they represent

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2011 WORLD DEVELOPMENT

INDICATORS

World Development Indicators 2011, the 15th edition in its current format, aims to provide relevant, high-quality,

inter-nationally comparable statistics about development and the quality of people’s lives around the globe This latest

printed volume is one of a group of products; others include an online dataset, accessible at http://data.worldbank.

org; the popular Little Data Book series; and DataFinder, a data query and charting application for mobile devices.

Fifteen years ago, World Development Indicators was overhauled and redesigned, organizing the data to present an

integrated view of development, with the goal of putting these data in the hands of policymakers, development

spe-cialists, students, and the public in a way that makes the data easy to use Although there have been small changes,

the format has stood the test of time, and this edition employs the same sections as the fi rst one: world view, people,

environment, economy, states and markets, and global links.

Technical innovation and the rise of connected computing devices have gradually changed the way users obtain and

consume the data in the World Development Indicators database Last year saw a more abrupt change: the decision

in April 2010 to make the dataset freely available resulted in a large, immediate increase in the use of the on-line

resources Perhaps more important has been the shift in how the data are used Software developers are now free to

use the data in applications they develop—and they are doing just that We applaud and encourage all efforts to use

the World Bank’s databases in creative ways to solve the world’s most pressing development challenges.

This edition of World Development Indicators focuses on the impact of the decision to make data freely available under

an open license and with better online tools To help those who wish to use and reuse the data in these new ways, the

section introductions discuss key issues in measuring the economic and social phenomena described in the tables

and charts and introduce new sources of data.

World Development Indicators is possible only through the excellent collaboration of many partners who provide the

data that form part of this collection, and we thank them all: the United Nations family, the International Monetary

Fund, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the statistical

offi ces of more than 200 economies, and countless others who make this unique product possible As always, we

welcome your ideas for making the data in World Development Indicators useful and relevant for improving the lives of

people around the world.

Shaida Badiee Director Development Economics Data Group

This book was prepared by a team led by Soong Sup Lee under the management of Neil Fantom and comprising Awatif

Abuzeid, Mehdi Akhlaghi, Azita Amjadi, Uranbileg Batjargal, Maja Bresslauer, David Cieslikowski, Mahyar

Eshragh-Tabary, Shota Hatakeyama, Masako Hiraga, Bala Bhaskar Naidu Kalimili, Buyant Khaltarkhuu, Elysee Kiti, Alison

Kwong, Ibrahim Levent, Johan Mistiaen, Sulekha Patel, William Prince, Premi Rathan Raj, Evis Rucaj, Eric Swanson,

Jomo Tariku, and Estela Zamora, working closely with other teams in the Development Economics Vice Presidency’s

Development Data Group World Development Indicators electronic products were prepared by a team led by Reza

Farivari, consisting of Ramvel Chandrasekaran, Ying Chi, Jean-Pierre Djomalieu, Ramgopal Erabelly, Shelley Fu, Gytis

Kanchas, Ugendran Makhachkala, Vilas Mandlekar, Nacer Megherbi, Parastoo Oloumi, Malarvizhi Veerappan, and

Vera Wen The work was carried out under the direction of Shaida Badiee Valuable advice was provided by Shahrokh

Fardoust.

The choice of indicators and text content was shaped through close consultation with and substantial contributions

from staff in the World Bank’s four thematic networks—Sustainable Development, Human Development, Poverty

Reduction and Economic Management, and Financial and Private Sector Development—and staff of the International

Finance Corporation and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Most important, the team received

substan-tial help, guidance, and data from external partners For individual acknowledgments of contributions to the book’s

content, please see Credits For a listing of our key partners, see Partners.

Communications Development Incorporated (CDI) provided editorial services, led by Meta de Coquereaumont, Bruce

Ross-Larson, and Christopher Trott Jomo Tariku designed the cover, Deborah Arroyo and Elaine Wilson typeset the

book, and Katrina Van Duyn provided proofreading Azita Amjadi and Alison Kwong oversaw the production process

Staff from External Affairs Offi ce of the Publisher oversaw printing and dissemination of the book.

1.1 Size of the economy 10

1.2 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and

1.6 Key indicators for other economies 28

1a Use of World Bank data has risen with the launch of the

Open Data Initiative 1

1b Terms of use for World Bank data 2

1c Access to information at the World Bank 3

1d Progress toward eradicating poverty 4

1e Progress toward universal primary education completion 4

1f Progress toward gender parity 4

1g Progress toward reducing child mortality 5

1h Progress toward improving maternal health 5

1i HIV incidence is remaining stable or decreasing in many

developing countries, but many lack data 5

1j Progress on access to an improved water source 6

1k Progress on access to improved sanitation 6

1l Offi cial development assistance provided by Development

Assistance Committee members 7

1.2a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 1–4 17

1.3a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 5–7 21

1.4a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goal 8 23

Introduction 31

Tables

2.1 Population dynamics 362.2 Labor force structure 402.3 Employment by economic activity 442.4 Decent work and productive employment 482.5 Unemployment 522.6 Children at work 562.7 Poverty rates at national poverty lines 602.8 Poverty rates at international poverty lines 632.9 Distribution of income or consumption 682.10 Assessing vulnerability and security 72

2.14 Education completion and outcomes 882.15 Education gaps by income and gender 92

2a Maternal mortality ratios have declined in all developing

country regions since 1990 312b Maternal mortality ratios have declined fastest

among low- and lower middle-income countries but remain high 312c The births of many children in Asia and Africa go unregistered 322d In Nigeria, children’s births are more likely to be unregistered

in rural areas . .  332e  . . in poor households . .  332f  . . and where the mother has a lower education level 332g Most people live in countries with low-quality cause of death

statistics 342h More countries used surveys for mortality statistics, but civil

registration did not expand 342i Estimates of infant mortality in the Philippines differ by source 352.6a The largest sector for child labor remains agriculture, and the

majority of children work as unpaid family members 592.8a While the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day has

fallen, the number living on $1.25–$2.00 a day has increased 652.8b Poverty rates have begun to fall 65

2.13a There are more overage children among the poor in primary

school in Zambia 872.17a South Asia has the highest number of unregistered births 101

Tables

3.1 Rural population and land use 126

3.2 Agricultural inputs 130

3.3 Agricultural output and productivity 134

3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity 138

3.5 Freshwater 142

3.6 Water pollution 146

3.7 Energy production and use 150

3.8 Energy dependency and effi ciency and carbon dioxide emissions 154

3.9 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions 158

3.16 Contribution of natural resources to gross domestic product 184

3a The 10 countries with the highest natural resource rents are

primarily oil and gas producers 124

3b Countries with negative adjusted net savings are depleting

natural capital without replacing it and are becoming poorer 124

3.2a Nearly 40 percent of land globally is devoted to agriculture 133

3.2b Rainfed agriculture plays a signifi cant role in Sub-Saharan

agriculture where about 95 percent of cropland depends on

precipitation, 2008 133

3.3a The food production index has increased steadily since early

1960, and the index for low-income economies has been

higher than the world average since early 2000 137

3.3b Cereal yield in Sub-Saharan Africa increased between 1990

and 2009 but still is the lowest among the regions 137

threatened 1413.5a Agriculture is still the largest user of water, accounting for

some 70 percent of global withdrawals . .  1453.5b  .  and approaching 90 percent in some developing regions 1453.6a Emissions of organic water pollutants vary among countries

from 1990 to 2007 1493.7a A person in a high-income economy uses more than 14 times

as much energy on average as a person in a low-income economy in

3.7b Fossil fuels are still the primary global energy source in 2008 1533.8a High-income economies depend on imported energy 1573.9a The six largest contributors to methane emissions account

for about 50 percent of emissions 1613.9b The fi ve largest contributors to nitrous oxide emissions

account for about 50 percent of emissions 1613.10a More than 50 percent of electricity in Latin America is

produced by hydropower 1653.10b Lower middle-income countries produce the majority of their

power from coal 1653.11a Urban population is increasing in developing economies,

especially in low and lower middle-income economies 1693.11b Latin America and Caribbean has the greatest share of

urban population, even greater than the high-income economies in 2009 1693.12a Selected housing indicators for smaller economies 1733.13a Biogasoline consumption as a share of total

consumption is highest in Brazil 1773.13b but the United States consumes the most biogasoline 1773.16a Oil dominates the contribution of natural resources in the

Middle East and North Africa 1873.16b Upper middle-income countries have the highest contribution

of natural resources to GDP 187

4.4 Structure of merchandise exports 206

4.5 Structure of merchandise imports 210

4.6 Structure of service exports 214

4.7 Structure of service imports 218

4.8 Structure of demand 222

4.9 Growth of consumption and investment 226

4.10 Toward a broader measure of national income 230

4.11 Toward a broader measure of saving 234

4.12 Central government fi nances 238

4.17 Balance of payments current account 258

4a Differences in GDP growth among developing country regions 189

4b Developing countries are contributing more to global growth 189

4c Economies—both developing and high income—rebounded

4f Revised data for Ghana show a larger share of services in GDP 190

4g Commission on the Measurement of Economic and Social

4.9a GDP per capita is still lagging in some regions 229

4.10a GDP and adjusted net national income in Sub-Saharan Africa,

4.12a Twenty selected economies had a central government debt

to GDP ratio of 65 percent or higher 241

4.13a Interest payments are a large part of government expenses

for some developing economies 245

4.14a Rich economies rely more on direct taxes 249

4.17a Top 15 economies with the largest reserves in 2009 261

Introduction 263

Tables

5.1 Private sector in the economy 2665.2 Business environment: Enterprise Surveys 2705.3 Business environment: Doing Business indicators 2745.4 Stock markets 2785.5 Financial access, stability, and effi ciency 2825.6 Tax policies 2865.7 Military expenditures and arms transfers 2905.8 Fragile situations 2945.9 Public policies and institutions 298

5a The average business in Latin America and the Caribbean

spends about 400 hours a year in preparing, fi ling, and paying business taxes, 2009 2645b Firms in East Asia and the Pacifi c have the lowest business

tax rate, 2010 2645c Two approaches to collecting business environment data:

Doing Business and Enterprise Surveys 2655d People living in developing countries of East Asia and Pacifi c

have more commercial bank accounts than those in other developing country regions, 2009 265

5 STATES AND MARKETS

Tables

6.1 Integration with the global economy 324

6.2 Growth of merchandise trade 328

6.3 Direction and growth of merchandise trade 332

6.4 High-income economy trade with low- and middle-income

economies 335

6.5 Direction of trade of developing economies 338

6.6 Primary commodity prices 341

6.7 Regional trade blocs 344

6.8 Tariff barriers 348

6.9 Trade facilitation 352

6.12 Global private fi nancial fl ows 364

6.13 Net offi cial fi nancial fl ows 368

6.14 Financial fl ows from Development Assistance Committee

6.18 Movement of people across borders 384

6a Source of data for bilateral trade fl ows 3206b Trade in professional services faces the highest barriers 3206c Discrepancies persist in measures of FDI net fl ows 3216d Source of data on FDI 3226e At least 30 percent of remittance infl ows go unrecorded by

the sending economies 3236f Migrants originating from low- and middle-income economies

and residing in high-income economies rose fi vefold over 1960–2000 3236g The ratio of central government debt to GDP has increased

for most economies, 2007–10 3236.3a More than half of the world’s merchandise trade takes place

between high-income economies But low- and middle-income economies’ participation in the global trade has increased in the past 15 years 3346.4a Low-income economies have a small market share in the

global market of various commodities 3376.5a Developing economies are trading more with other

developing economies 3406.6a Primary commodity prices soared again in 2010 3436.7a Global Preferential Trade Agreements Database 3476.11a Ratio of debt services to exports for middle-income economies

have sharply increased in 2009 as export revenues declined 3636.16a Offi cial development assistance from non-DAC donors,

Defi ning, gathering, and disseminating international statistics is a collective effort of many people and

organizations The indicators presented in World Development Indicators are the fruit of decades of work

at many levels, from the fi eld workers who administer censuses and household surveys to the committees and working parties of the national and international statistical agencies that develop the nomenclature, classifi cations, and standards fundamental to an international statistical system Nongovernmental organiza- tions and the private sector have also made important contributions, both in gathering primary data and in organizing and publishing their results And academic researchers have played a crucial role in developing statistical methods and carrying on a continuing dialogue about the quality and interpretation of statistical indicators All these contributors have a strong belief that available, accurate data will improve the quality

of public and private decisionmaking

The organizations listed here have made World Development Indicators possible by sharing their data

and their expertise with us More important, their collaboration contributes to the World Bank’s efforts, and to those of many others, to improve the quality of life of the world’s people We acknowledge our debt and gratitude to all who have helped to build a base of comprehensive, quantitative information about the world and its people.

For easy reference, Web addresses are included for each listed organization The addresses shown were active on March 1, 2011 Information about the World Bank is also provided.

International and government agencies

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) is the primary global climate change data and mation analysis center of the U.S Department of Energy The CDIAC’s scope includes anything that would potentially be of value to those concerned with the greenhouse effect and global climate change, including concentrations of carbon dioxide and other radiatively active gases in the atmosphere, the role of the ter- restrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases, emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, long-term climate trends, the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on vegetation, and the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea levels

infor-For more information, see http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/.

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH is a German government-owned corporation for international cooperation with worldwide operations GIZ’s aim is to positively shape politi- cal, economic, ecological, and social development in partner countries, thereby improving people’s living conditions and prospects.

For more information, see www.giz.de/.

PARTNERS

collects, analyzes, and disseminates information; offers policy and planning advice to governments; and

serves as an international forum for debate on food and agricultural issues

For more information, see www.fao.org/

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre was established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council

and is the leading international body monitoring confl ict-induced internal displacement worldwide The center

contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people

around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of confl icts or human rights

violations.

For more information, see www.internal-displacement.org/.

International Civil Aviation Organization

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, is

respon-sible for establishing international standards and recommended practices and procedures for the technical,

economic, and legal aspects of international civil aviation operations ICAO’s strategic objectives include

enhancing global aviation safety and security and the effi ciency of aviation operations, minimizing the

adverse effect of global civil aviation on the environment, maintaining the continuity of aviation operations,

and strengthening laws governing international civil aviation

For more information, see www.icao.int/.

International Energy Agency

The International Energy Agency (IEA) was founded in 1973/74 with a mandate to facilitate cooperation

among the IEA member countries to increase energy effi ciency, promoting use of clean energy and

technol-ogy, and diversify their energy sources while protecting the environment IEA publishes annual and quarterly

statistical publications covering both OECD and non-OECD countries’ statistics on oil, gas, coal, electricity

and renewable sources of energy, energy supply and consumption, and energy prices and taxes IEA also

con-tributes in analysis of all aspects of sustainable development globally and provides policy recommendations.

For more information, see www.iea.org/.

International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, seeks the promotion

of social justice and internationally recognized human and labor rights ILO helps advance the creation of

decent jobs and the kinds of economic and working conditions that give working people and business people

a stake in lasting peace, prosperity, and progress As part of its mandate, the ILO maintains an extensive statistical publication program

For more information, see www.ilo.org/.

International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization of 187 member countries established

to promote international monetary cooperation, a stable system of exchange rates, and the balanced sion of international trade and to foster economic growth and high levels of employment The IMF reviews national, regional, and global economic and fi nancial developments; provides policy advice to member countries; and serves as a forum where they can discuss the national, regional, and global consequences

expan-of their policies.

The IMF also makes fi nancing temporarily available to member countries to help them address balance

of payments problems Among the IMF’s core missions are the collection and dissemination of high-quality macroeconomic and fi nancial statistics as an essential prerequisite for formulating appropriate policies The IMF provides technical assistance and training to member countries in areas of its core expertise, including the development of economic and fi nancial data in accordance with international standards.

For more information, see www.imf.org/.

International Telecommunication Union

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the leading UN agency for information and tion technologies ITU’s mission is to enable the growth and sustained development of telecommunications and information networks and to facilitate universal access so that people everywhere can participate in, and benefi t from, the emerging information society and global economy A key priority lies in bridging the so-called Digital Divide by building information and communication infrastructure, promoting adequate capacity building, and developing confi dence in the use of cyberspace through enhanced online security ITU also concentrates on strengthening emergency communications for disaster prevention and mitigation For more information, see www.itu.int/.

communica-National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent U.S government agency whose mission is to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; and to secure the national defense NSF’s goals—discovery, learning, research infrastructure, and stewardship—provide an integrated strategy to advance the frontiers of knowledge, cultivate a world-class, broadly inclusive science and engineering workforce, expand the scientifi c literacy of all citizens, build the nation’s research capabil- ity through investments in advanced instrumentation and facilities, and support excellence in science and engineering research and education through a capable and responsive organization.

For more information, see www.nsf.gov/.

nomic development, and contribute to growth in world trade With active relationships with some 100 other

countries, it has a global reach It is best known for its publications and statistics, which cover economic

and social issues from macroeconomics to trade, education, development, and science and innovation

The Development Assistance Committee (DAC, www.oecd.org/dac/) is one of the principal bodies through

which the OECD deals with issues related to cooperation with developing countries The DAC is a key forum

of major bilateral donors, who work together to increase the effectiveness of their common efforts to

sup-port sustainable development The DAC concentrates on two key areas: the contribution of international

development to the capacity of developing countries to participate in the global economy and the capacity

of people to overcome poverty and participate fully in their societies.

For more information, see www.oecd.org/.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) conducts research on questions of confl ict

and cooperation of importance for international peace and security, with the aim of contributing to an

under-standing of the conditions for peaceful solutions to international confl icts and for a stable peace SIPRI’s

main publication, SIPRI Yearbook, is an authoritive and independent source on armaments and arms control

and other confl ict and security issues.

For more information, see www.sipri.org/.

Understanding Children’s Work

As part of broader efforts to develop effective and long-term solutions to child labor, the International Labour

Organization, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World Bank initiated the joint interagency

research program “Understanding Children’s Work and Its Impact” in December 2000 The Understanding

Children’s Work (UCW) project was located at UNICEF’s Innocenti Research Centre in Florence, Italy, until

June 2004, when it moved to the Centre for International Studies on Economic Growth in Rome.

The UCW project addresses the crucial need for more and better data on child labor UCW’s online

data-base contains data by country on child labor and the status of children.

For more information, see www.ucw-project.org/.

United Nations

The United Nations currently has 192 member states The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in

its charter, are to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations;

to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems and in

promot-ing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a center for harmonizpromot-ing the actions of

nations in attaining these ends.

For more information, see www.un.org/.

United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Global Urban Observatory

The Urban Indicators Programme of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme was established to address the urgent global need to improve the urban knowledge base by helping countries and cities design, collect, and apply policy-oriented indicators related to development at the city level

With the Urban Indicators and Best Practices programs, the Global Urban Observatory is establishing a worldwide information, assessment, and capacity-building network to help governments, local authorities, the private sector, and nongovernmental and other civil society organizations

For more information, see www.unhabitat.org/

United Nations Children’s Fund

The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) works with other UN bodies and with governments and governmental organizations to improve children’s lives in more than 190 countries through various programs

non-in education and health UNICEF focuses primarily on fi ve areas: child survival and development, basic education and gender equality (including girls’ education), child protection, HIV/AIDS, and policy advocacy and partnerships.

For more information, see www.unicef.org/.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly in the fi eld of trade and development Its mandate is to accelerate economic growth and development, particularly in developing countries UNCTAD discharges its mandate through policy analysis; intergovernmental deliberations, consensus building, and negotiation; monitoring, implementation, and follow-up; and technical cooperation

For more information, see www.unctad.org/.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations

The United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations contributes to the most important function of the United Nations—maintaining international peace and security The department helps countries torn by confl ict to create the conditions for lasting peace The fi rst peacekeeping mission was established in 1948 and has evolved to meet the demands of different confl icts and a changing political landscape Today’s peacekeepers undertake a wide variety of complex tasks, from helping build sustainable institutions of gov- ernance, to monitoring human rights, to assisting in security sector reform, to disarmaming, demobilizing, and reintegrating former combatants.

For more information, see www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/.

United Nations Educational, Scientifi c, and Cultural Organization, Institute for Statistics

The United Nations Educational, Scientifi c, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes international cooperation among member states and associate members in education, science, culture, and communications The UNESCO Institute for Statistics is the organization’s

United Nations Environment Programme

The mandate of the United Nations Environment Programme is to provide leadership and encourage

partner-ship in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and people to improve their

quality of life without compromising that of future generations

For more information, see www.unep.org/.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization was established to act as the central coordinating

body for industrial activities and to promote industrial development and cooperation at the global, regional,

national, and sectoral levels Its mandate is to help develop scientifi c and technological plans and programs

for industrialization in the public, cooperative, and private sectors

For more information, see www.unido.org/.

United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Crime

The United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Crime was established in 1977 and is a global leader in the fi ght

against illicit drugs and international crime The offi ce assists member states in their struggle against illicit

drugs, crime, and terrorism by helping build capacity, conducting research and analytical work, and

assist-ing in the ratifi cation and implementation of relevant international treaties and domestic legislation related

to drugs, crime, and terrorism.

For more information, see www.unodc.org/.

The UN Refugee Agency

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) is mandated to lead and coordinate international action to protect refugees

and resolve refugee problems worldwide Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of

refugees UNHCR also collects and disseminates statistics on refugees

For more information, see www.unhcr.org/.

Upsalla Confl ict Data Program

The Upsalla Confl ict Data Program has collected information on armed violence since 1946 and is one of

the most accurate and well used data sources on global armed confl icts Its defi nition of armed confl ict is

becoming a standard in how confl icts are systematically defi ned and studied In addition to data collection

on armed violence, its researchers conduct theoretically and empirically based analyses of the causes,

escalation, spread, prevention, and resolution of armed confl ict.

For more information, see www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/.

World Bank

The World Bank is a vital source of fi nancial and technical assistance for developing countries The World Bank is made up of two unique development institutions owned by 187 member countries—the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)  and the International Development Association (IDA) These institutions play different but collaborative roles to advance the vision of an inclusive and sustainable globalization The IBRD focuses on middle-income and creditworthy poor countries, while IDA focuses on the poorest countries Together they provide low-interest loans, interest-free credits, and grants to developing countries for a wide array of purposes, including investments in education, health, public administration, infrastructure, fi nancial and private sector development, agriculture, and environmental and natural resource management The World Bank’s work focuses on achieving the Millennium Development Goals by working with partners to alleviate poverty

For more information, see http://data.worldbank.org/.

World Health Organization

The objective of the World Health Organization (WHO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health It is responsible for providing leadership

on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries, and monitoring and assessing health trends.

For more information, see www.who.int/.

World Intellectual Property Organization

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated

to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system, which rewards ity, stimulates innovation, and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest WIPO carries out a wide variety of tasks related to the protection of IP rights These include developing international IP laws and standards, delivering global IP protection services, encouraging the use of IP for economic development, promoting better understanding of IP, and providing a forum for debate.

creativ-For more information, see www.wipo.int/.

World Tourism Organization

The World Tourism Organization is an intergovernmental body entrusted by the United Nations with ing and developing tourism It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a source of tourism know-how

promot-For more information, see www.unwto.org/.

disputes, reviewing national trade policies, assisting developing countries in trade policy issues—through

technical assistance and training programs—and cooperating with other international organizations At the

heart of the system—known as the multilateral trading system—are the WTO’s agreements, negotiated and

signed by a large majority of the world’s trading nations and ratifi ed by their parliaments

For more information, see www.wto.org/.

Private and nongovernmental organizations

Containerisation International

Containerisation International Yearbook is one of the most authoritative reference books on the container

industry The information can be accessed on the Containerisation International Web site, which also provides

a comprehensive online daily business news and information service for the container industry

For more information, see www.ci-online.co.uk/.

DHL

DHL provides shipping and customized transportation solutions for customers in more than 220 countries

and territories It offers expertise in express, air, and ocean freight; overland transport; contract logistics

solutions; and international mail services.

For more information, see www.dhl.com/.

International Institute for Strategic Studies

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) provides information and analysis on strategic trends

and facilitates contacts between government leaders, business people, and analysts that could lead to better

public policy in international security and international relations The IISS is a primary source of accurate,

objective information on international strategic issues.

For more information, see www.iiss.org/.

International Road Federation

The International Road Federation (IRF) is a nongovernmental, not-for-profi t organization whose mission is

to encourage and promote development and maintenance of better, safer, and more sustainable roads and

road networks Working together with its members and associates, the IRF promotes social and economic

benefi ts that fl ow from well planned and environmentally sound road transport networks It helps put in

place technological solutions and management practices that provide maximum economic and social returns

from national road investments The IRF works in all aspects of road policy and development worldwide with

governments and fi nancial institutions, members, and the community of road professionals

For more information, see www.irfnet.org/.

Netcraft

Netcraft provides Internet security services such as antifraud and antiphishing services, application testing, code reviews, and automated penetration testing Netcraft also provides research data and analysis on many aspects of the Internet and is a respected authority on the market share of web servers, operating systems, hosting providers, Internet service providers, encrypted transactions, electronic commerce, script- ing languages, and content technologies on the Internet.

For more information, see http://news.netcraft.com/.

PricewaterhouseCoopers

PricewaterhouseCoopers provides industry-focused services in the fi elds of assurance, tax, human resources, transactions, performance improvement, and crisis management services to help address client and stake- holder issues.

For more information, see www.pwc.com/.

Standard & Poor’s

Standard & Poor’s is the world’s foremost provider of independent credit ratings, indexes, risk evaluation,

investment research, and data S&P’s Global Stock Markets Factbook draws on data from S&P’s Emerging

Markets Database (EMDB) and other sources covering data on more than 100 markets with comprehensive market profi les for 82 countries Drawing a sample of stocks in each EMDB market, Standard & Poor’s calculates indexes to serve as benchmarks that are consistent across national boundaries

For more information, see www.standardandpoors.com/.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre

The World Conservation Monitoring Centre provides information on the conservation and sustainable use of the world’s living resources and helps others to develop information systems of their own It works in close collaboration with a wide range of people and organizations to increase access to the information needed for wise management of the world’s living resources

For more information, see www.unep-wcmc.org/.

impediments to growth so that strategies to achieve sustainable economic progress, reduce poverty, and

increase prosperity can be developed The WEF’s competitiveness reports range from global coverage, such

as Global Competitiveness Report, to regional and topical coverage, such as Africa Competitiveness Report,

The Lisbon Review, and Global Information Technology Report.

For more information, see www.weforum.org/.

World Resources Institute

The World Resources Institute is an independent center for policy research and technical assistance on

global environmental and development issues The institute provides—and helps other institutions provide—

objective information and practical proposals for policy and institutional change that will foster

environmen-tally sound, socially equitable development The institute’s current areas of work include trade, forests,

energy, economics, technology, biodiversity, human health, climate change, sustainable agriculture, resource

and environmental information, and national strategies for environmental and resource management.

For more information, see www.wri.org/.

The tables are numbered by section and display the

identifying icon of the section Countries and

econo-mies are listed alphabetically (except for Hong Kong

SAR, China, which appears after China) Data are

shown for 155 economies with populations of more

than 1 million, as well as for Taiwan, China, in selected

tables Table 1.6 presents selected indicators for 58

other economies—small economies with populations

between 30,000 and 1 million and smaller

econo-mies if they are members of the International Bank

for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or, as it

is commonly known, the World Bank Data for these

economies are included on the World Development

Indicators CD-ROM and the World Bank’s Open Data

website at data.worldbank.org/

The term country, used interchangeably with

economy, does not imply political independence, but

refers to any territory for which authorities report

separate social or economic statistics When

avail-able, aggregate measures for income and regional

groups appear at the end of each table

Indicators are shown for the most recent year or

period for which data are available and, in most tables,

for an earlier year or period (usually 1990 or 1995 in

this edition) Time-series data for all 213 economies

are available on the World Development Indicators

CD-ROM and at data.worldbank.org/

Known deviations from standard defi nitions or

breaks in comparability over time or across countries

are either footnoted in the tables or noted in About

the data When available data are deemed to be

too weak to provide reliable measures of levels and

trends or do not adequately adhere to international

standards, the data are not shown

Aggregate measures for income groups

The aggregate measures for income groups include

213 economies (the economies listed in the main

tables plus those in table 1.6) whenever data are

available To maintain consistency in the aggregate

measures over time and between tables, missing

data are imputed where possible The aggregates

are totals (designated by a t if the aggregates include

gap-fi lled estimates for missing data and by an s, for simple totals, where they do not), median values (m), weighted averages (w), or simple averages (u) Gap

fi lling of amounts not allocated to countries may result

in discrepancies between subgroup aggregates and overall totals For further discussion of aggregation

methods, see Statistical methods

Aggregate measures for regions

The aggregate measures for regions include only low- and middle-income economies including econo-mies with populations of less than 1 million listed

in table 1.6

The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank’s analytical regions and may differ from common geographic usage For regional classifi ca-tions, see the map on the inside back cover and the list on the back cover fl ap For further discussion of

aggregation methods, see Statistical methods.

Statistics

Data are shown for economies as they were stituted in 2009, and historical data are revised to refl ect current political arrangements Exceptions are noted throughout the tables

con-Additional information about the data is provided

in Primary data documentation That section

sum-marizes national and international efforts to improve basic data collection and gives country-level informa-tion on primary sources, census years, fi scal years, statistical methods and concepts used, and other

background information Statistical methods provides

technical information on some of the general tions and formulas used throughout the book

calcula-Data consistency, reliability, and comparability

Considerable effort has been made to standardize the data, but full comparability cannot be assured, and care must be taken in interpreting the indicators

Many factors affect data availability, comparability, and reliability: statistical systems in many develop-ing economies are still weak; statistical methods, coverage, practices, and defi nitions differ widely; and cross-country and intertemporal comparisons involve

complex technical and conceptual problems that not be resolved unequivocally Data coverage may not be complete because of special circumstances affecting the collection and reporting of data, such

can-as problems stemming from confl icts

For these reasons, although data are drawn from sources thought to be the most authoritative, they should be construed only as indicating trends and characterizing major differences among economies rather than as offering precise quantitative mea-sures of those differences Discrepancies in data

presented in different editions of World Development

Indicators refl ect updates by countries as well as

revisions to historical series and changes in odology Thus readers are advised not to compare

meth-data series between editions of World Development

Indicators or between different World Bank

publica-tions Consistent time-series data for 1960–2009

are available on the World Development Indicators

CD-ROM and at data.worldbank.org/

Except where otherwise noted, growth rates are

in real terms (See Statistical methods for information

on the methods used to calculate growth rates.) Data for some economic indicators for some economies are presented in fi scal years rather than calendar

years; see Primary data documentation All dollar fi

g-ures are current U.S dollars unless otherwise stated The methods used for converting national currencies

are described in Statistical methods

Country notes

• Unless otherwise noted, data for China do not

include data for Hong Kong SAR, China; Macao SAR, China; or Taiwan, China

• Data for Indonesia include Timor-Leste through

1999 unless otherwise noted

• Montenegro declared independence from Serbia

and Montenegro on June 3, 2006 Where able, data for each country are shown separately However, for the Serbia listing, some indicators continue to include data for Montenegro through 2005; these data are footnoted in the tables Moreover, data from 1999 onward for Serbia for most indicators exclude data for Kosovo, 1999

avail-USERS GUIDE

Bank member on June 29, 2009; available data are

shown separately for Kosovo in the main tables

• Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist on October

10, 2010 Curaçao and St Maarten became

countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Bonaire, St Eustatius, and Saba became special

municipalities of the Netherlands

Classifi cation of economies

For operational and analytical purposes the World

Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is

gross national income (GNI) per capita (calculated

by the World Bank Atlas method) Every economy

is classifi ed as low income, middle income

(subdi-vided into lower middle and upper middle), or high

income For income classifi cations see the map on

the inside front cover and the list on the front cover

fl ap Low- and middle-income economies are

some-times referred to as developing economies The term

is used for convenience; it is not intended to imply

that all economies in the group are experiencing

similar development or that other economies have

reached a preferred or fi nal stage of development

Note that classifi cation by income does not

neces-sarily refl ect development status Because GNI per

capita changes over time, the country composition

of income groups may change from one edition of

World Development Indicators to the next Once the

classifi cation is fi xed for an edition, based on GNI

per capita in the most recent year for which data are

available (2009 in this edition), all historical data

presented are based on the same country grouping

Low-income economies are those with a GNI per

capita of $995 or less in 2009 Middle-income

econ-omies are those with a GNI per capita of more than

$995 but less than $12,196 Lower middle-income

and upper middle-income economies are separated

at a GNI per capita of $3,945 High-income

econo-mies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,196 or

Symbols

means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calculated because of missing data in the years shown

0 or 0.0

means zero or small enough that the number would round to zero at the displayed number of decimal places

/

in dates, as in 2003/04, means that the period of time, usually 12 months, straddles two calendar years and refers to a crop year, a survey year, or a

means less than

Data presentation conventions

• A blank means not applicable or, for an

aggre-gate, not analytically meaningful

• A billion is 1,000 million.

• A trillion is 1,000 billion.

• Figures in italics refer to years or periods other

than those specifi ed or to growth rates calculated for less than the full period specifi ed

• Data for years that are more than three years

from the range shown are footnoted

The cutoff date for data is February 1, 2011

WORLD

VIEW

“Our aim is for open data, open knowledge, and open solutions.”

—Robert Zoellick, Georgetown University, September 2010

W orld Development Indicators provides a comprehensive selection of national and

international data that focus attention on critical development issues, facilitate

research, encourage debate and analysis of policy options, and monitor

prog-ress toward development goals Organized around six themes—world view, people,

environment, economy, states and markets, and glo bal links—the book contains

more than 800 indicators for 155 economies with a population of 1 million people

or more, together with relevant aggregates The online database includes more than

1,100 indicators for 213 economies, with many time series extending back to 1960.

In 2010, to improve the impact of the indicators and

to provide a platform for others to use the data to

solve pressing development challenges, the World

Development Indicators database and many other

public databases maintained by the World Bank

were made available as open data: free of charge,

in accessible nonproprietary formats on the World

Wide Web This year, the fi rst part of the

introduc-tion to the World View secintroduc-tion provides an overview

of the initiative, the impact of moving to an open

data platform, a brief survey of the global open data

movement, and an examination of its relevance to

development The second part reviews progress

toward the Millennium Development Goals—whose

target date of 2015 is now just four years away.

The World Bank Open Data Initiative

The Open Data Initiative is a new strategy for

reach-ing data users and a major change in the Bank’s

business model for data, which had previously been

a subscription-based model for licensing data

ac-cess and use, using a network of university

librar-ies, development agenclibrar-ies, and private fi rms, and

free access provided through the World Bank’s

Public Information Centers and depository libraries

At the time of the open data announcement there

were around 140,000 regular users of the

subscrip-tion database annually—a substantial number for a

highly specialized data product But providing free

and easier access to the databases has had an

im-mediate and lasting impact on data use Since April

2010 the new data website—http://data.worldbank.

org—has recorded well over 20 million page views

And at the time of printing this edition of World velopment Indicators, it provides data to more than

De-100,000 unique visitors each week, three times as many as before (fi gure 1a).

Making the World Development Indicators and other databases free was only the fi rst step in creat- ing an open data environment Open data should mean that users can access and search public datasets at no cost, combine data from different sources, add data and select data records to include

or exclude in derived works, change the format or structure of the data, and give away or sell any prod- ucts they create For the World Bank, this required designing new user interfaces and developing new search tools to more easily fi nd and report the data

It also required a new license defi ning the terms of

Weekly unique visitors to http://data.worldbank.org (thousands)

0255075100125

January2011October

2010July

2010April

2010January

2010

April 2010Launch of theOpen Data Initiative

Recess period for

US and Europeanacademic teachinginstitutions

Use of World Bank data has risen with

Source: World Bank staff calculations from Omniture data.

use for data (box 1b) And it required new ing to promote the use and reuse of data To reach out to new audiences and communities of data users, the World Bank organized a global

think-“Apps for Development” competition—one of the fi rst of its kind—inviting developers to cre- ate new applications for desktop computers

or mobile devices using World Bank datasets,

including World Development Indicators data.

Open data and open government

Advocates of greater transparency in public agencies—the open government movement—

have been among the most vocal proponents

of open data Likewise, those seeking bases to build new applications have supported freedom of information laws and unrestricted access to data created by public agencies

data-Opening public databases empowers people because data are essential for monitoring the performance of governments and the impact of public policies on citizens.

For advocates of open data, governments are vast repositories of statistical and nonsta- tistical information with unrealized potential for creative applications The political, philosophi- cal, and economic impulses for open data and open government are often linked One advo- cate of open data writes, “The term ‘Open Data’

refers to the philosophical and cal approach to the democratization of data

methodologi-enabling citizens to access and create value through the reuse of public sector information” (Rahemtulla 2011).

The Sunlight Foundation, a U.S.-based civil society organization, describes its goals as

“improving access to government information

by making it available online, indeed redefi ning

‘public’ information as meaning ‘online,’ and . .  creating new tools and websites to enable indi- viduals and communities to better access that information and put it to use. . .  We want to catalyze greater government transparency by engaging individual citizens and communities— technologists, policy wonks, open government advocates, and ordinary citizens —demanding policies that will enable all of us to hold govern- ment accountable” (http://sunlightfoundation com/about/).

Digital information and communication technologies permitting dissemination of large amounts of data at little or no cost have strengthened the argument for providing free access to public sector information Pollock (2010) estimates the direct benefi t to the U.K public of providing free access to public sec- tor information that was previously sold to be

£1.6–£6 billion, 4–15 times the forgone sales revenues of £400 million Additional indirect benefi ts come from new products and services using open datasets or complementary prod- ucts and services and from reducing the trans- action costs to data users and reusers.

Open data and open government initiatives have progressed farther in rich countries than in developing ones This may refl ect a lack of polit- ical will or popular demand, but it often refl ects

a lack of technical capacity and resources to make data available in accessible formats A study commissioned by the Transparency and Accountability Initiative (Hogge 2010) identifi ed three drivers behind the success of the U.K and U.S data.gov initiatives:

• Civil society, particularly a small and vated group of “civic hackers” responsible for developing grassroots political engage- ment websites.

moti-• An engaged and well resourced “middle layer” of skilled government bureaucrats.

• A top-level mandate, motivated by an side force (in the United Kingdom) or a refreshed political administration hungry for change (in the United States).

out-Statistical offi ces exemplify the “middle layer” of a government bureaucracy, uniquely

Why do open data need to be licensed? Because a license conveys certain rights to the

licensee—in this case, the data user—while protecting the interests of the licensor If there

is no explicit license attached to a dataset, users may be uncertain of their rights Can they

republish these data? Can they include them in a new dataset along with data from other

sources? Can they give them away or resell them?

Intellectual property laws differ by country In an international environment where data are

published on the World Wide Web, it may not be clear what law applies Lacking a license,

a cautious data user would assume that he or she should seek permission of the dataset

owner or publisher, creating a real or imagined impediment to using the data A license can

help encourage data use by making clear exactly what is permitted, true even for free data

Use of data in the World Bank’s Data Catalog is governed by the Terms of Use of Datasets

posted at http://data.worldbank.org The terms follow the general model of the Creative

Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0) and the Open

Data Commons Attribution License (www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0) These

licenses require users to acknowledge the original source when they publish or reuse the

data, particularly important for World Development Indicators, where many datasets are

obtained from sources such as specialized UN and international agencies The terms of

use impose some further limitations, still within the spirit of an open data license: users

may not claim endorsement by the World Bank or use its name or logos without permission

Acknowledging data sources is good practice, regardless of the terms of a license

Iden-tifying sources makes it possible for others to locate the same or similar data And credit

to data producers or publisher recognizes their effort and encourages them to continue

The World Bank’s Terms of Use for Datasets provide a suggested form of attribution:

The World Bank: Dataset name: Data source

The information for completing this form of attribution is available in the metadata

sup-plied with data downloaded from http://data.worldbank.org

the data become “local” and much more sible and relevant to project stakeholders The data are open and available directly to software developers though an application programming interface and through an interactive web-based application called Mapping for Results (http://

acces-maps.worldbank.org).

In keeping with the philosophy of the Open Data Initiative, the Mapping for Results appli- cation uses the dataset of geo-located project activities and combines the data with sub- national human and social development indica- tors, such as child mortality rates, poverty inci- dence, malnutrition, and population measures

But even more value may lie in what other researchers and software developers might do with the data, combining them with their own data or with data from other sources, perform- ing their own analysis, or providing applications that help citizens and benefi ciaries connect directly with the project during implementation, through feedback or other mechanisms.

Countdown to the Millennium Development Goals in 2015

There are four years to the target date for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The MDGs have focused the world’s attention on the living conditions of billions of people who live in poor and developing countries and on the need to improve the quality, frequency, and timeliness of the statistics used to track their progress Progress toward the MDGs has been marked by slow changes in outcome indicators and by improvements in data availability.

World Development Indicators has

moni-tored global and regional trends in poverty reduction, education, health, and the envi- ronment since 1997 After the UN Millennium

Summit in 2000, World Development Indicators

began closely tracking the progress of countries

skilled in collecting and organizing large

data-sets But even they may lack the motivation or

resources to make their products freely

avail-able to the public unless they enjoy full support

from the top.

In developing countries aid donors can act

as fourth driver by providing technical

assis-tance and funding for open data projects and by

modeling transparency in their own practices

The International Aid Transparency Initiative—

the World Bank is a founding member—aims to

create a global repository of information on aid

fl ows, starting from the commitment of

fund-ing from donors and continufund-ing through its

dis-bursement to recipient countries, the allocation

of aid money in national budgets, the

procure-ment of goods and services, and the

measure-ment of results.

To fulfi ll the initiative’s goal of providing a

complete accounting of aid to the citizens of

donor and developing countries will require

cooperation among donors and recipients

Terminology and coding systems must be

standardized and agreements reached on

everything from the timing of reports to the

mechanisms for posting and accessing the

datasets In many cases donor governments

and international agencies will have to change

their rules on access to information to provide

full transparency to their aid programs (box 1c)

For more information on the initiative, see www.

aidtransparency.net.

Mapping for results—making data

not just accessible but useful

The new Access to Information Policy and the

Open Data Initiative provide much greater

ac-cess to the World Bank Group’s knowledge

resources than before But accessible

informa-tion is not the same as usable informainforma-tion

Proj-ect documents contain a wealth of data about

planned activities—for instance, on their

loca-tion But it may be diffi cult for many interested

parties, such as project benefi ciaries, citizen

groups, and civil society organizations, to

ex-tract and visualize relevant data from long texts

or tables.

To help solve this problem, the World Bank,

on a pilot basis, has started to provide

geo-location codes along with data and information

about the projects that it supports The

objec-tive is to improve aid effecobjec-tiveness through

enhanced transparency and accountability of

project activities Location information makes

Opening the World Bank’s databases is part of a broader effort to introduce greater ency in the World Bank’s operations, and a new policy on information disclosure went into effect on July 1, 2010 Besides formalizing the Open Data Initiative, the Access to Informa-tion Policy (www.worldbank.org/wbaccess) establishes the principle that the World Bank will disclose any information in its possession that is not on a specifi c list of exceptions

transpar-In the past, only documents selected for disclosure were available to the public The new policy reverses the process and presumes that most information is disclosable Exceptions include personal information and staff records, internal deliberations and administrative matters, and information received in confi dence from clients and third parties Some docu-ments with restricted access are subject to a declassifi cation schedule, ensuring that they will become available to the public in due course A process for requesting documents has also been established that allows users to search for documents by country and topic in seven languages

against the targets selected for the MDGs The MDGs highlight important outcomes, but the focus on this limited set of indicators should not obscure the fact that development is a com- plex process whose course is determined in part by geographic location, historical circum- stances, institutional capacity, and uncontrol- lable events such as weather and natural disas- ters Success or failure, while not arbitrary or entirely accidental, still has a large component

of chance.

This review employs the same assessment

method that World Development Indicators has

used since 2004 to track progress of countries toward the time-bound and quantifi ed targets

of the MDGs Countries are “on track” if their past progress equals or exceeds the rate of change necessary to reach an MDG target A few countries have already reached their tar- gets They are counted as having achieved the goal, although some may slip back Countries making less than necessary progress are “off track,” or “seriously off track” if their past rate progress would not allow them to reach the tar- get even in another 25 years The remaining countries do not have suffi cient data to evalu- ate their progress—in some cases because there are no data for the benchmark period of 1990–99 and in others because more recent data are missing But the situation is improv-

ing: starting from the earliest World ment Indicators progress assessments in 2004

Develop-(based on data for 1990–2002), the number

of countries with insuffi cient data has fallen, enhancing our picture of progress toward the MDGs.

For more information on the work of the World Bank and its partners to achieve the MDGs, see www.worldbank.org/mdgs, which includes a link to the World Bank’s MDG eAtlas.

Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

The number of people living on less than $1.25

a day fell from 1.8 billion in 1990 to 1.4 billion

in 2005 New global and regional estimates,

to become available later in 2011, are likely to show a continuation of past trends, although the fi nancial crisis of 2008 and the recent surge

in food prices will have slowed progress in some countries Because household income and ex- penditure surveys are expensive and time con- suming, they are not conducted frequently and there are often diffi culties in making reliable comparisons over time or across countries

10050050100

2011

144 countries2004

140 countries

Share of countries making progress toward full completion of primary education (percent)

Reached target On trackOff track Insufficient Seriously off track data

Progress toward universal

Source: World Bank staff estimates.

10050050100

2011

144 countries2004

140 countries

Share of countries making progress toward gender parity in primary and secondary education (percent)

Reached On tracktarget Off trackSeriously off trackInsufficient data

Progress toward

Source: World Bank staff estimates.

10050050100

2011

144 countries2004

140 countries

Share of countries making progress toward reducing extreme poverty

by half (percent)

Reached target On trackOff track Insufficient Seriously off track data

Progress toward

Source: World Bank staff estimates.

For 140 developing countries, fi gure 1d

com-pares the progress assessments in 2005 and

in 2011, based on available data Forty-three

countries are on track or have reached the

tar-get of cutting the extreme poverty rate in half,

twice as many as in 2005 They include China,

Brazil, and the Russian Federation India, with

more than 400 million people living in poverty

lags behind, but with faster economic growth

may well reach the 2015 target.

Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education

The goal of providing universal primary

educa-tion has proved surprisingly hard to achieve

Completion rates measure the proportion of

children enrolled in the fi nal year of primary

ed-ucation after adjusting for repetition In 2011,

49 countries had achieved or were on track to

achieve 100 percent primary completion rates,

only three more than in 2004, and the number

of countries seriously off track has increased,

especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (fi gure 1e)

There are more and better data, but the goal

remains elusive.

Goal 3 Promote gender equality

Gender equality and empowering women foster

progress toward all the Millennium Development

Goals Equality of educational opportunities,

measured by the ratio of girls’ to boys’

enroll-ments in primary and secondary education, is a

starting point Since the 2004 assessment, the

number of countries on track to reach the

tar-get has increased steadily, driven by rising

en-rollments of girls, and the number of countries

without suffi cient data to measure progress has

dropped (fi gure 1f).

Goal 4 Reduce child mortality

Of 144 countries with data in February 2011,

11 had achieved a two-thirds reduction in their

under-fi ve child mortality rate, and another 25

were on track to do so (fi gure 1g) This is

re-markable progress since 2004, but more than

100 countries remain off track, and only a few

of them are likely to reach the MDG target by

2015 Measuring child mortality is the product

of a successful collaboration of international

statisticians By bringing together the most

reliable data from multiple sources and

apply-ing appropriate estimation methods,

consis-tent time series comparable across countries

are available for monitoring this important

in-dicator More information about data sources

10050050100

2011

144 countries2004

140 countries

Share of countries making progress toward providing skilled attendants at births (percent)

Reached On tracktarget Off trackSeriously off trackInsufficient data

Progress toward

Source: World Bank staff estimates.

No dataIncidence

decreased bymore than 25%

StableIncidence

increased bymore than 25%

Change in HIV incidence rate, 2001–09 (number of developing countries)

0255075100

HIV incidence is remaining stable

or decreasing in many developing

Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.

10050050100

2011

144 countries2004

140 countries

Share of countries making progress toward reducing under-five child mortality by two-thirds (percent)

Reached On tracktarget Off trackSeriously off trackInsufficient data

Progress toward

Source: World Bank staff estimates.

and estimation methods is available at www.

childmortality.org.

Goal 5 Improve maternal health

Reliable measurements of maternal mortality are diffi cult to obtain Many national estimates are not comparable over time or across coun- tries because of differences in methods and estimation techniques Consistently modeled estimates that became available only recently show that 30 countries are on track to achieve

a three-quarter reduction in their maternal tality ratio and that 94 are off track or seriously off track Figure 1h compares the availability of skilled birth attendants, a critical factor for re- ducing maternal and infant deaths, using data

mor-from the 2004 and 2011 World Development

Indicators While the number of countries

se-riously off track has increased, the number without adequate data has decreased, and the number providing skilled attendants at birth has risen 35 percent.

Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

When the MDGs were formulated, the HIV/AIDS epidemic was spreading rapidly, engulfi ng many poor countries in Southern Africa Data on the extent of the epidemic were derived from sen- tinel sites and limited reporting through health systems The goal refers to halting and reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS Under the circumstanc-

es it was impossible to set time-bound tifi ed targets Now the statistical record is be-

quan-ginning to improve UNAIDS, in its 2010 Report

on the Global AIDS Epidemic, estimates that the

annual number of new HIV infections has fallen

21 percent since its peak in 1997 (fi gure 1i) But reliable estimates of incidence are available for only 60 developing countries and do not include Brazil, China, and the Russian Federation.

Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability

Reversing environmental losses and ensuring

a sustainable fl ow of services from the Earth’s resources have many dimensions: preserving forests, protecting plant and animal species, reducing carbon emissions, and limiting and adapting to the effects of climate change Im- proving the built environment is also important The MDGs set targets for reducing the propor- tion of people without access to safe water and sanitation by half The ability to measure prog- ress toward both targets has improved signifi - cantly since 2004, and almost half the develop- ing countries with suffi cient data are on track

to meet the water target (fi gure 1j) Progress in providing access to sanitation has been slower: almost half the countries are seriously off track (fi gure 1k).

Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development

Partnership between high-income and ing economies, fundamental to achieving the MDGs, rests on four pillars: reducing external debt of developing countries, increasing their access to markets in OECD countries, realizing the benefi ts of new technologies and essential drugs, and providing fi nancing for development programs in the poorest countries Following

develop-10050050100

2011

144 countries2004

140 countries

Share of countries making progress toward improved sanitation (percent)

Reached target On trackOff track Insufficient Seriously off track data

Progress on access

Source: World Bank staff estimates.

10050050100

2011

144 countries2004

140 countries

Share of countries reducing proportion of population without access to an improved water source by half (percent)

Reached On tracktarget Off trackSeriously off trackInsufficient data

Progress on access to

Source: World Bank staff estimates.

the adoption of the MDGs, the International

Conference on Financing for Development in

2002 urged developed countries “to make

con-crete efforts toward the target of 0.7 percent of

gross national income [GNI] as offi cial

develop-ment assistance to developing countries.”

Since then many countries have increased

their offi cial development assistance, but few

have reached the target of 0.7 percent (fi

g-ure 1l) In 2009, fi ve countries provided more

than 0.7 percent of their GNI as aid, but their

share of total aid was only 15 percent The

larg-est share of total aid was provided by 10 donors

that gave 0.3–0.7 percent of their GNI The

larg-est single donor, the United States, provided

0.21 percent of its GNI as offi cial development

assistance.

050100150

20092000

Official development assistance provided,

by share of GNI (2009 $ billions)

0.7% GNI or more0.3% to <0.7% GNI0.2% to <0.3% GNI

Millennium Development Goals

Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Target 1.A Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of

people whose income is less than $1 a day

1.1 Proportion of population below $1 purchasing power parity (PPP) a day1

1.2 Poverty gap ratio [incidence × depth of poverty]

1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption Target 1.B Achieve full and productive employment and decent

work for all, including women and young people

1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed 1.5 Employment to population ratio

1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) a day 1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

Target 1.C Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of

people who suffer from hunger

1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age 1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education

Target 2.A Ensure that by 2015 children everywhere, boys and

girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of

primary schooling

2.1 Net enrollment ratio in primary education 2.2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary education

2.3 Literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-olds, women and men

Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 3.A Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary

education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of

education no later than 2015

3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector

3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

Goal 4 Reduce child mortality

Target 4.A Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the

under-five mortality rate

4.1 Under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant mortality rate 4.3 Proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles

Goal 5 Improve maternal health

Target 5.A Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015,

the maternal mortality ratio

5.1 Maternal mortality ratio 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Target 5.B Achieve by 2015 universal access to reproductive

5.6 Unmet need for family planning

Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Target 6.A Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the

HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs

Target 6.C Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the

incidence of malaria and other major diseases

6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria 6.7 Proportion of children under age five sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets

6.8 Proportion of children under age five with fever who are treated with appropriate antimalarial drugs

6.9 Incidence, prevalence, and death rates associated with tuberculosis

6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course

The Millennium Development Goals and targets come from the Millennium Declaration, signed by 189 countries, including 147 heads of state and government, in September 2000 (www.

un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm) as updated by the 60th UN General Assembly in September 2005 The revised Millennium Development Goal (MDG) monitoring framework shown here, including new targets and indicators, was presented to the 62nd General Assembly, with new numbering as recommended by the Inter-agency and Expert Group on MDG Indicators at its 12th meeting on 14 November 2007 The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole They represent a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries “to create an environment—at the national and global levels alike—which is conducive to development and the elimination of poverty.” All indicators should be disaggregated by sex and urban-rural location as far as possible

loss of environmental resources per $1 GDP (PPP)

7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits 7.5 Proportion of total water resources used

7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected 7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction

Target 7.B Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a

significant reduction in the rate of loss

Target 7.C Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without

sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic

Target 7.D Achieve by 2020 a significant improvement in the

lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums2

Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development

Target 8.A Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable,

nondiscriminatory trading and financial system

(Includes a commitment to good governance,

development, and poverty reduction—both

nationally and internationally.)

Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing states.

Official development assistance (ODA)

8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national income 8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water, and sanitation)

8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied

8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes

8.5 ODA received in small island developing states as a proportion of their gross national incomes

Market access

8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty

8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries

8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their GDP

8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity

Debt sustainability

8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)

8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) 8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

Target 8.B Address the special needs of the least developed

countries

(Includes tariff and quota-free access for the least

developed countries’ exports; enhanced program of

debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC)

and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more

generous ODA for countries committed to poverty

reduction.)

Target 8.C Address the special needs of landlocked

developing countries and small island developing

states (through the Programme of Action for

the Sustainable Development of Small Island

Developing States and the outcome of the 22nd

special session of the General Assembly)

Target 8.D Deal comprehensively with the debt problems

of developing countries through national and

international measures in order to make debt

sustainable in the long term

Target 8.E In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies,

provide access to affordable essential drugs in

developing countries

8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis

Target 8.F In cooperation with the private sector, make

available the benefits of new technologies,

especially information and communications

8.14 Telephone lines per 100 population 8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population 8.16 Internet users per 100 population

1 Where available, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used for monitoring country poverty trends

2 The proportion of people living in slums is measured by a proxy, represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of these characteristics: lack of access to improved water supply, lack of access to improved sanitation, overcrowding (3 or more persons per room), and dwellings made of nondurable material

Afghanistan 30 652 46 9.1 125 310 207 25.1a 860a 201 40.8 37.1Albania 3 29 115 12.6 114 4,000 116 27.3 8,640 106 2.5 2.1Algeria 35 2,382 15 154.2 49 4,420 112 283.2a 8,110a 110 2.1 0.6Angola 18 1,247 15 69.4 63 3,750 123 96.1 5,190 131 0.7 –1.9Argentina 40 2,780 15 304.1 29 7,550 85 567.5 14,090 76 0.9 –0.1Armenia 3 30 108 9.5 124 3,100 131 16.7 5,410 128 –14.4 –14.6Australia 22 7,741 3 957.5 15 43,770 23 842.3 38,510 24 1.3 –0.8Austria 8 84 101 388.5 25 46,450 17 321.3 38,410 25 –3.9 –4.2Azerbaijan 9 87 106 42.5 76 4,840 106 79.2 9,020 101 9.3 8.0Bangladesh 162 144 1,246 93.5 57 580 189 250.6 1,550 181 5.7 4.3Belarus 10 208 48 53.7 68 5,560 100 123.1 12,740 88 1.4 1.6Belgium 11 31 356 488.4 19 45,270 20 395.0 36,610 32 –2.8 –3.5Benin 9 113 81 6.7 138 750 182 13.5 1,510 183 3.8 0.6Bolivia 10 1,099 9 16.1 105 1,630 155 41.9 4,250 146 3.4 1.6Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 51 74 17.7 103 4,700 107 33.0 8,770 105 –2.9 –2.7Botswana 2 582 3 12.2 117 6,260 92 25.0 12,840 87 –3.7 –5.1Brazil 194 8,515 23 1,564.2 8 8,070 83 1,968.0 10,160 98 –0.6 –1.5Bulgaria 8 111 70 46.0 73 6,060 95 100.6 13,260 84 –4.9 –4.5Burkina Faso 16 274 58 8.0 133 510 190 18.4 1,170 193 3.5 0.1Burundi 8 28 323 1.2 186 150 213 3.3 390 211 3.5 0.6Cambodia 15 181 84 9.7 123 650 185 27.0 1,820 176 –1.9 –3.5Cameroon 20 475 41 23.2 93 1,190 162 42.8 2,190 169 2.0 –0.3Canada 34 9,985 4 1,416.4 10 41,980 28 1,257.7 37,280 29 –2.5 –3.7Central African Republic 4 623 7 2.0 177 450 195 3.3 750 207 2.4 0.5Chad 11 1,284 9 6.7 139 600 187 13.0 1,160 194 –1.6 –4.2Chile 17 756 23 160.7 48 9,470 75 227.7 13,420 81 –1.5 –2.5China 1,331 9,600 143 4,856.2 3 3,650 125 9,170.1 6,890 119 9.1 8.5Hong Kong SAR, China 7 1 6,721 221.1 37 31,570 40 311.9 44,540 18 –2.8 –3.1Colombia 46 1,142 41 227.8 36 4,990 103 392.5 8,600 107 0.8 –0.6Congo, Dem Rep 66 2,345 29 10.6 121 160 211 19.6 300 212 2.7 0.0Congo, Rep 4 342 11 7.7 135 2,080 147 11.2 3,040 157 7.6 5.6Costa Rica 5 51 90 28.7 86 6,260 92 50.0a 10,930a 95 –1.5 –2.8Côte d’Ivoire 21 322 66 22.5 95 1,070 168 34.5 1,640 179 3.6 1.2Croatia 4 57 79 61.0 66 13,770 65 85.1 19,200 65 –5.8 –5.8

Czech Republic 10 79 136 181.6 43 17,310 57 251.1 23,940 59 –4.2 –4.8Denmark 6 43 130 326.5 28 59,060 9 214.4 38,780 23 –4.9 –5.5Dominican Republic 10 49 209 45.9 74 4,550 110 81.9a 8,110a 110 3.5 2.0Ecuador 14 256 55 54.1 67 3,970b 118 110.4 8,100 112 0.4 –0.7Egypt, Arab Rep 83 1,001 83 172.1 45 2,070 148 471.2 5,680 126 4.6 2.8

El Salvador 6 21 297 20.8 100 3,370 127 39.6a 6,420a 121 –3.5 –4.0Eritrea 5 118 50 1.6 180 320 207 2.9a 580a 210 3.6 0.6Estonia 1 45 32 18.9 102 14,060 63 25.6 19,120 66 –14.1 –14.1Ethiopia 83 1,104 83 27.2 89 330 206 77.3 930 200 8.7 5.9Finland 5 338 18 245.3 33 45,940 19 188.3 35,280 34 –8.0 –8.4France 63c 549c 114c 2,750.9 5 42,620 25 2,191.2 33,950 36 –2.6 –3.2Gabon 1 268 6 10.9 120 7,370 86 18.4 12,450 89 –1.0 –2.7Gambia, The 2 11 171 0.7 196 440 196 2.3 1,330 186 4.6 1.8Georgia 4 70 61 11.1d 118 2,530d 140 20.6d 4,700d 137 –3.9d –4.0d

Germany 82 357 235 3,476.1 4 42,450 26 3,017.3 36,850 31 –4.7 –4.5Ghana 24 239 105 28.4 87 1,190e 162 36.6 1,530 182 4.7 2.5Greece 11 132 88 327.7 27 29,040 42 325.0 28,800 46 –2.0 –2.4Guatemala 14 109 131 37.2 81 2,650 138 64.1a 4,570a 139 0.6 –1.9Guinea 10 246 41 3.8 162 370 202 9.5 940 199 –0.3 –2.6Guinea-Bissau 2 36 57 0.8 194 510 190 1.7 1,060 196 3.0 0.7Haiti 10 28 364 f 2.9 1.3Honduras 7 112 67 13.5 111 1,800 153 27.7a 3,710a 148 –1.9 –3.8

area Population density

Gross national income,

Atlas method

Gross national income per capita,

Atlas method

Purchasing power parity gross national income

Gross domestic product

millions

thousand

sq km

people per sq km $ billions Rank $ Rank $ billions

Hungary 10 93 112 130.1 51 12,980 66 191.3 19,090 67 –6.3 –6.2India 1,155 3,287 389 1,405.7 11 1,220 160 3,786.3 3,280 154 9.1 7.7Indonesia 230 1,905 127 471.0 20 2,050 149 855.0 3,720 147 4.5 3.4Iran, Islamic Rep 73 1,745 45 330.6 26 4,530 111 836.5 11,470 94 1.8 0.5Iraq 31 438 72 69.7 62 2,210 146 105.0 3,330 151 4.2 1.6Ireland 4 70 65 197.1 39 44,280 22 147.0 33,040 38 –7.1 –7.6Israel 7 22 344 192.0 40 25,790 46 201.0 27,010 52 0.8 –1.0Italy 60 301 205 2,114.5 7 35,110 35 1,919.2 31,870 41 –5.0 –5.7Jamaica 3 11 249 12.4 116 4,590 109 19.5a 7,230a 117 –3.0 –3.5Japan 128 378 350 4,857.2 2 38,080 32 4,265.3 33,440 37 –5.2 –5.1Jordan 6 89 67 23.7 92 3,980b 117 34.1 5,730 125 2.3 –0.1Kazakhstan 16 2,725 6 110.0 55 6,920 89 164.0 10,320 97 1.2 –0.2Kenya 40 580 70 30.3 84 760 181 62.5 1,570 180 2.6 –0.1Korea, Dem Rep 24 121 199 f Korea, Rep 49 100 503 966.6 13 19,830 54 1,328.0 27,240 51 0.2 –0.1Kosovo 2 11 166 5.9 143 3,240 129 4.0 3.4Kuwait 3 18 157 117.0 50 43,930 10 143.5 53,890 6 4.4 1.9

Kyrgyz Republic 5 200 28 4.6 153 870 179 11.7 2,200 167 2.3 1.5Lao PDR 6 237 27 5.6 146 880 178 13.9 2,200 167 6.4 4.5Latvia 2 65 36 27.9 88 12,390 68 39.7 17,610 71 –18.0 –17.6Lebanon 4 10 413 34.1 82 8,060 84 56.6 13,400 82 9.0 8.2Lesotho 2 30 68 2.0 175 980b 175 3.7 1,800 178 0.9 0.0Liberia 4 111 41 0.7 197 160 211 1.2 290 213 4.6 0.3Libya 6 1,760 4 77.2 61 12,020 71 105.3a 16,400a 74 2.1 0.1Lithuania 3 65 53 38.1 80 11,410 72 57.8 17,310 72 –15.0 –14.6Macedonia, FYR 2 26 81 9.0 128 4,400 113 22.2 10,880 96 –0.7 –0.8Madagascar 20 587 34 8.5 131 430 200 19.5 990 197 –3.7 –6.2Malawi 15 118 162 4.4 156 290 210 11.9 780 206 7.6 4.7Malaysia 27 331 84 201.8 38 7,350 87 376.6 13,710 78 –1.7 –3.3Mali 13 1,240 11 8.9 129 680 184 15.4 1,190 189 4.3 1.9Mauritania 3 1,031 3 3.3 166 990 174 6.4 1,940 173 –1.1 –3.3Mauritius 1 2 628 9.2 127 7,250 88 16.9 13,270 83 2.1 1.6Mexico 107 1,964 55 962.1 14 8,960 78 1,506.3 14,020 77 –6.5 –7.5Moldova 4 34 110 5.6g 145 1,560g 157 10.7g 3,010g 158 –6.5g –6.4g

Mongolia 3 1,564 2 4.4 157 1,630 155 8.9 3,330 151 –1.6 –2.7Morocco 32 447 72 89.9h 58 2,770h 136 143.1h 4,400h 143 4.9h 3.6h

Mozambique 23 799 29 10.0 122 440 196 20.1 880 201 6.3 4.0Myanmar 50 677 77 f Namibia 2 824 3 9.3 126 4,270 114 13.8 6,350 122 –0.8 –2.7Nepal 29 147 205 13.0 113 440 196 34.7 1,180 191 4.7 2.8Netherlands 17 42 490 801.1 16 48,460 15 657.0 39,740 22 –4.0 –4.5New Zealand 4 268 16 124.3 53 28,810 43 120.0 27,790 48 –0.4 –1.5Nicaragua 6 130 48 5.7 144 1,000 171 14.6a 2,540a 163 –5.6 –6.9Niger 15 1,267 12 5.2 148 340 204 10.3 680 209 1.0 –2.9Nigeria 155 924 170 184.7 42 1,190 162 321.0 2,070 170 5.6 3.2Norway 5 324 16 408.5 24 84,640 3 267.5 55,420 8 –1.6 –2.8

Pakistan 170 796 220 169.8 46 1,000 171 454.7 2,680 162 3.6 1.4Panama 3 75 46 22.7 94 6,570 91 42.1a 12,180a 91 2.4 0.8Papua New Guinea 7 463 15 7.9 134 1,180 165 15.2a 2,260a 166 4.5 2.1Paraguay 6 407 16 14.3 108 2,250 145 28.1 4,430 142 –3.8 –5.5Peru 29 1,285 23 122.4 54 4,200 115 236.7 8,120 109 0.9 –0.3Philippines 92 300 308 164.6 47 1,790 154 325.6 3,540 149 1.1 –0.7Poland 38 313 125 467.6 21 12,260 69 697.9 18,290 69 1.7 1.6Portugal 11 92 116 232.9 35 21,910 51 256.1 24,080 57 –2.6 –2.7Puerto Rico 4 9 447 i Qatar 1 12 122 i 8.6 –1.3

area Population density

Gross national income,

Atlas method

Gross national income per capita,

Atlas method

Purchasing power parity gross national income

Gross domestic product

millions

thousand

sq km

people per sq km $ billions Rank $ Rank $ billions

Romania 21 238 93 178.9 44 8,330 81 312.4 14,540 75 –8.5 –8.4Russian Federation 142 17,098 9 1,324.4 12 9,340 76 2,599.4 18,330 68 –7.9 –7.8Rwanda 10 26 405 4.9 150 490 193 11.3 1,130 195 4.1 1.2Saudi Arabia 25 2,000j 13 436.9 23 17,210 58 609.8 24,020 58 0.6 –1.7Senegal 13 197 65 13.1 112 1,040 170 22.7 1,810 177 2.2 –0.4Serbia 7 88 83 43.9 75 6,000 96 85.6 11,700 93 –3.0 –2.6Sierra Leone 6 72 80 1.9 178 340 204 4.5 790 205 4.0 1.5Singapore 5 1 7,125 185.7 41 37,220 33 248.3 49,780 11 –1.3 –4.2Slovak Republic 5 49 113 87.4 60 16,130 60 119.8 22,110 63 –6.2 –6.4Slovenia 2 20 101 48.1 72 23,520 49 54.1 26,470 53 –7.8 –8.8Somalia 9 638 15 f South Africa 49 1,219 41 284.3 31 5,760 97 495.6 10,050 99 –1.8 –2.8Spain 46 505 92 1,476.2 9 32,120 39 1,447.2 31,490 43 –3.6 –4.5Sri Lanka 20 66 324 40.4 77 1,990 151 95.8 4,720 136 3.5 2.8Sudan 42 2,506 18 51.5 70 1,220 160 84.1 1,990 171 4.5 2.2Swaziland 1 17 69 2.9 167 2,470 143 5.7 4,790 134 1.2 –0.3Sweden 9 450 23 454.4 22 48,840 14 353.9 38,050 28 –5.1 –6.0Switzerland 8 41 193 505.8 18 65,430 8 364.1 47,100 14 –1.9 –3.0Syrian Arab Republic 21 185 115 50.9 71 2,410 144 97.3 4,620 138 4.0 1.5Tajikistan 7 143 50 4.8 151 700 183 13.5 1,950 172 3.4 1.7Tanzania 44 947 49 21.4k 97 500k 192 57.9k 1,360k 184 6.0k 3.0k

Thailand 68 513 133 254.7 32 3,760 122 517.5 7,640 115 –2.2 –2.8Timor-Leste 1 15 76 2.7 169 2,460 141 5.2a 4,730a 133 1.9 –1.3Togo 7 57 122 2.9 168 440 196 5.6 850 203 2.5 0.0Trinidad and Tobago 1 5 261 22.4 96 16,700 59 33.4a 24,970a 55 –3.0 –3.4Tunisia 10 164 67 38.9 78 3,720 124 81.4 7,810 113 3.1 2.1Turkey 75 784 97 652.4 17 8,720 79 1,009.8 13,500 80 –4.7 –5.8Turkmenistan 5 488 11 17.5 104 3,420 126 35.7a 6,980a 118 8.0 6.6Uganda 33 241 166 15.2 106 460 194 39.0 1,190 189 7.1 3.6Ukraine 46 604 79 128.9 52 2,800 135 284.4 6,180 123 –15.1 –14.6United Arab Emirates 5 84 55 i –0.7 –3.2United Kingdom 62 244 256 2,558.1 6 41,370 29 2,217.4 35,860 33 –4.9 –5.6United States 307 9,832 34 14,233.5 1 46,360 18 14,011.0 45,640 16 –2.6 –3.5Uruguay 3 176 19 30.2 85 9,010 77 43.1 12,900 86 2.9 2.5Uzbekistan 28 447 65 30.6 83 1,100 167 80.9a 2,910a 159 8.1 6.3Venezuela, RB 28 912 32 286.4 30 10,090 74 346.9 12,220 90 –3.3 –4.8Vietnam 87 331 281 87.7 59 1,000b 171 243.6 2,790 161 5.3 4.0West Bank and Gaza 4 6 672 l Yemen, Rep 24 528 45 25.0 90 1,060 169 55.0 2,330 165 3.8 0.8Zambia 13 753 17 12.5 115 960 176 16.5 1,280 187 6.4 3.8Zimbabwe 13 391 32 4.6 154 360 203 5.7 5.2

East Asia & Pacifi c 1,944 16,302 123 6,148.6 3,163 11,712.8 6,026 7.4 6.6Europe & Central Asia 404 23,549 18 2,745.8 6,793 5,097.0 12,609 –5.8 –6.1Latin America & Carib 572 20,394 28 4,011.3 7,007 5,888.7 10,286 –1.9 –3.0Middle East & N Africa 331 8,778 38 1,190.2 3,597 2,617.6 7,911 3.4 1.6South Asia 1,568 5,131 329 1,735.4 1,107 4,658.7 2,972 8.1 6.5Sub-Saharan Africa 840 24,242 36 944.2 1,125 1,722.2 2,051 1.7 –0.7

Euro area 327 2,583 128 12,723.2 38,872 11,127.6 33,997 –4.1 –4.5

a Based on regression; others are extrapolated from the 2005 International Comparison Program benchmark estimates b Included in the aggregates for lower middle-income economies based on earlier data c Excludes the French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion d Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia e Included in the aggregates for low-income economies based on earlier data f Estimated to be low income ($995 or less) g Excludes Transnistria h Includes Former Spanish Sahara i Estimated to be

area Population density

Gross national income,

Atlas method

Gross national income per capita,

Atlas method

Purchasing power parity gross national income

Gross domestic product

millions

thousand

sq km

people per sq km $ billions Rank $ Rank $ billions

Population, land area, income, and output are basic

measures of the size of an economy They also

provide a broad indication of actual and potential

resources Population, land area, income (as

mea-sured by gross national income, GNI), and output

(as measured by gross domestic product, GDP) are

therefore used throughout World Development

Indica-tors to normalize other indicaIndica-tors

Population estimates are generally based on

extrapolations from the most recent national

cen-sus For further discussion of the measurement of

population and population growth, see About the data

for table 2.1

The surface area of an economy includes inland

bodies of water and some coastal waterways

Sur-face area thus differs from land area, which excludes

bodies of water, and from gross area, which may

include offshore territorial waters Land area is

par-ticularly important for understanding an economy’s

agricultural capacity and the environmental effects

of human activity (For measures of land area and

data on rural population density, land use, and

agri-cultural productivity, see tables 3.1–3.3.)

Innova-tions in satellite mapping and computer databases

have resulted in more precise measurements of land

and water areas

GNI measures total domestic and foreign value

added claimed by residents GNI comprises GDP

plus net receipts of primary income (compensation

of employees and property income) from nonresident

sources The World Bank uses GNI per capita in U.S

dollars to classify countries for analytical purposes

and to determine borrowing eligibility For defi nitions

of the income groups in World Development

Indica-tors, see Users guide For discussion of the

useful-ness of national income and output as measures of

productivity or welfare, see About the data for tables

4.1 and 4.2

When calculating GNI in U.S dollars from GNI

reported in national currencies, the World Bank

fol-lows the World Bank Atlas conversion method, using

a three-year average of exchange rates to smooth

the effects of transitory fl uctuations in exchange

rates (For further discussion of the World Bank Atlas

method, see Statistical methods.)

Because exchange rates do not always refl ect

differences in price levels between countries,

the table also converts GNI and GNI per capita

estimates into international dollars using

purchas-ing power parity (PPP) rates PPP rates provide

a standard measure allowing comparison of real

levels of expenditure between countries, just as

conventional price indexes allow comparison of real values over time

PPP rates are calculated by simultaneously paring the prices of similar goods and services among a large number of countries In the most recent round of price surveys conducted by the Inter-national Comparison Program (ICP), 146 countries and territories participated in the data collection, including China for the fi rst time, India for the fi rst time since 1985, and almost all African countries

com-The PPP conversion factors presented in the table come from three sources For 45 high- and upper middle-income countries conversion factors are provided by Eurostat and the Organisation for Eco-nomic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with PPP estimates for 34 European countries incorpo-rating new price data collected since 2005 For the remaining 2005 ICP countries the PPP estimates are extrapolated from the 2005 ICP benchmark results, which account for relative price changes between each economy and the United States For countries that did not participate in the 2005 ICP round, the PPP estimates are imputed using a statistical model

More information on the results of the 2005 ICP

is available at www.worldbank.org/data/icp

All 213 economies shown in World Development

Indicators are ranked by size, including those that

appear in table 1.6 The ranks are shown only in table 1.1 No rank is shown for economies for which numerical estimates of GNI per capita are not pub-lished Economies with missing data are included in the ranking at their approximate level, so that the rel-ative order of other economies remains consistent

• Population is based on the de facto defi nition of

population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin The values shown are midyear

estimates See also table 2.1 •  Surface area is

a country’s total area, including areas under inland

bodies of water and some coastal waterways

• Pop-ulation density is midyear pop• Pop-ulation divided by land

area in square kilometers • Gross national income

(GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident

pro-ducers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts

of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad Data are in current

U.S dollars converted using the World Bank Atlas

method (see Statistical methods) • GNI per capita is

GNI divided by midyear population GNI per capita in

U.S dollars is converted using the World Bank Atlas

method • Purchasing power parity (PPP) GNI is GNI

converted to international dollars using PPP rates An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI that a U.S dollar has in the United States

• Gross domestic product (GDP) is the sum of value

added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation

of output Growth is calculated from constant price

GDP data in local currency • GDP per capita is GDP

divided by midyear population

Size of the economy

Data sources

Population estimates are prepared by World Bank

staff from a variety of sources (see Data sources

for table 2.1) Data on surface and land area are from the Food and Agriculture Organization (see

Data sources for table 3.1) GNI, GNI per capita,

GDP growth, and GDP per capita growth are mated by World Bank staff based on national accounts data collected by World Bank staff during economic missions or reported by national statis-tical offi ces to other international organizations such as the OECD PPP conversion factors are estimates by Eurostat/OECD and by World Bank staff based on data collected by the ICP