Project specifications are a set o f site specific documents and sometimes drawings used to present the nature, scope, and extent o f a project. There are two basic formats o f
specifications. One a prescriptive specification (some times referred to as means-and-methods specifications) provides step-by-step procedures for the completion o f the work. When prescriptive specifications are used it is the duty o f the
contractor to perform the methods as presente~ the designer is responsible for the effectiveness of the methods prescribed.
The second format for specifications is a referred to as performance specifications. Performance specifications do not prescribe the method to be used to complete the project, rather, they present what must be performed for completion o f the project. Typical project specifications utilize both prescriptive and performance methods.
Specifications are useful on large projects to prevent confusion and aid in the completion o f the project. Specifications may not be necessary for smaller projects. A detailed scope o f work may adequately present the relevant information to
satisfactorily complete the work.
11.6.1 Existing guidance documents and standards Existing guidance documents and standards are useful when developing specifications for a project. Specific methods and procedures are available for performing lead hazard control projects on various components under varying conditions.
These guidance documents and standards may contain a large collection o f procedures, although many may not be applicable to the specific project under consideration. It is important to remember that existing guide specifications and documents should be tailored to the site-specific needs o f a given project.
11.6.1.1 NIBS specifications
The National Institute of Building Sciences has developed a guide specification that can be used to prepare site specific project specifications for lead-based paint baTard control projects. The guide specifications cover interior and exterior projects involving the removal of components coated with lead-based paint, lead-based paint encapsulation, lead-based paint enclosure, lead-based paint removal, and work contracted for the interim conlrol of lead-based paint. When using guide specifications, it is important to edit the document to address the specific criteria for the project.
11.6.1.2 NIBS Operations and Maintenance Manual The National Institute of Building Sciences has developed a manual to be used in homes and buildings when performing operations and maintenance work (O&M) involving lead- based paint. This manual is more appropriate for maintenance projects rather than lead abatement projects. The procedures presented in the manual will assist the user to control lead- contaminated dust from being generated, control the
distribution of the dust, effectively clean up lead-contaminated dust and debris generated by the work activities, and protect the health and safety of the worker and those utilizing the facility.
11.6.1.3 Corps of Engineers specifications
The Corps of Engineers (CoE) have developed a set of guide specifications for use during the construction and renovation of facilities on military installations. The CoE guide specifications are similar in composition to the NIBS specifications, except they address the standards, regulations, and special situations specific to military construction.
11.6.1.4 HUD Guidelines sample specifications
Appendix 7.3 of the HUD Guidelines provides an example of a detailed lead-based paint abatement specification for use on a large public multi-family housing development. The specification provides assistance when developing specifications for work of this nature. The provisions and level of detail oftbe HUD example specification may not be suitable for use on lead-based paint hazard control projects in other facilities under different situations.
11.6.1.5 Other guidance (e.g., SSPC)
The Steel Structure Painting Council (SSPC) has developed guidelines for facility owners, contractors, and persons developing project specifications. Applicable guidelines pertain to paint application, removal of hazardous paints and
the control of dust and debris. The SSPC guidelines focus on steel structures such as bridges and water tanks.
11.6.2 Control measures
Control measures are used to reduce or eliminate the hazards from lead-based paint. Interim control methods are used to make facilities and dwellings lead-safe by temporarily controlling the hazard. Interim control methods need to be continually maintained and require careful monitoring and periodic reevaluation by a certified professional to ensure they continue to be effective.
Abatement is the only permanent control method. Abatement can be accomplished by either removing the lead-paint from the surface or replacing the component to which the paint is applied.
11.6.2.1 HUD Guidelines
The Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing. was developed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to assist property owners, contractors, and governmental agencies reduce lead- based paint exposure hazards to children. The "HUD Guidelines" provide comprehensive, detailed technical information on identifying, evaluating, and controlling lead- based paint hazards in a cost-effective manner. The HUD Guidelines can be obtained for a handling fee by contacting HUD USER at 1-800-245o2691.
11.6.2.2 Applicable ASTM standards
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is a not-for-profit organization, which provides an avenue for those with common interests (producers, users, consumers, and governmental and academic representatives) to meet and develop standards for materials, products, systems, and services.
In the area of lead hazard control, ASTM has developed the Standard Guide for the Selection of Lead Hazard Control Methods for Identified Risks in Residential Housing or Other Properties Frequented by Children. Other ASTM Standards for use when planning and specifying lead hazard control projects are listed below:
E 1553 Standard Practice for Collection of Airborne Particulate Lead During Abatement and Construction Activities
E 1583 Standard Practice for Evaluation Laboratories Engaged in the Determination of Lead in Paint, Dust, Airborne Particulates, and Soil Taken from and Around Buildings and Related Structures
l l - 1 7
9 E 1605 Standard Terminology Relating to Abatement of Hazards from Lead-Based Paint on Buildings and Related Structures
9 E 1727 Standard Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques
9 E 1728 Standard Practice for Field Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques 9 E 1729 Standard Practice for Field Collection of Dried
Paint Samples for Lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques
9 E 1796 Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
9 E 1908 Standard Guide for Sample Selection of Debris Waste from a Building Renovation or Lead Abatement Project for Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Testing for Leachable Lead (Pb)
9 E 1864 Standard for Evaluating quality Systems of Organizations Engaged in Conducting Facility and HaTard Assessments to Determine the Presence and Extent of Lead n Paint, Dust Airborne Particulate, and Soil In and Around Buildings and Related Structures
9 E 1973 Provisional Standard Practice for the Collection of Surface Dust by Air Sampling Pump Vacuum Technique for Subsequent Lead Determination
9 E 2052 Standard Guide for Identification and Management of Lead Hazards in Facilities
ASTM standards may be purchased by contacting ASTM at (610) 832-9500 or through the Internet at www.astm.org.
11.6.3 Encapsulation and enclosure
Encapsulation is a control method which is relatively easy to perform for large surfaces such as walls and ceilings because of the potential ease of containment, cleanup, and protection of adjacent areas and units. Encapsulation provides a cost- effective option for lead hazard control although the long-term effectiveness is not known and currently under study. Properly performed encapsulation should, however, protect facility occupants from the hazards of lead for the period of time in which they occupy a specific unit. In order to extend the useful life of an encapsulant, it is suggested that only encapsulants with a 20-year manufacturer warranty be used.
11.6.3.1 ASTM standards E1795 and E1797 for selection of encapsulation products
The ASTM E 1795 Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings should be consulted when specifying encapsulation as a control method. The E 1795 standard applies to all non-
reinforced liquid applied encapsulation products designed to reduce exposure to lead paint hazards. The standard is specific to encapsulation products, which rely primarily on adhesion for attachment to the surface. This ASTM standard provides minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for single and multi-layer non- reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products. This specification does not address when the non-reinforced liquid encapsulation system should be used and it does not provide guidance on which product should be used. The focus of the Standard is to determine if the encapsulation product selected is performing up to the minimum performance and laboratory test procedures.
The ASTM E 1797 Standard Specification for Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings should be consulted when specifying reinforced liquid coating encapsulation. The E 1797 standard provides the same type of performance testing and laboratory testing information as the E 1795 standard, except the procedures are developed for use on the reinforced encapsulation products.
11.6.3.2 ASTM standard guide E1796 for application of encapsulants
When employing encapsulation as a control method, the ASTM E 1796-96 Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings provides specific direction for application. The standard provides those individuals employing liquid
encapsulants, which rely primarily on adhesion for attachment to the surface, with assistance in selecting an appropriate encapsulation product. The standard also provides direction to determine if a painted surface is suitable for encapsulation, direction in the application of liquid encapsulation products, direction in evaluating the surface after the application of the encapsulation product, and guidance in maintaining the encapsulated surface.
The standard is not all inclusive and should not be used as a training aid for selection, application, and maintenance of the encapsulation system. Rather the standard provides
information to supplement the information provided by the manufacturer of the specific encapsulation product under review.
11.6.4 Plumbing fixtures and solder
Plumbing fixtures and solder may be a source of lead exposure to be addressed when developing lead hazard control
specifications. The focus of controlling hazards from plumbing fixtures and solder is typically one of abatement.
This is generally performed by removing leaded pipes, corroding fixtures, and replacing soldered joints. When addressing these specific types of lead hazards it is important
to investigate the extent of the leaded pipes and solder joints.
Abating these items in the home may not be an adequate means of controlling the harard if the leaded pipe extends to the main water supply line or beyond. Additionally, the designer should be concerned with other safety and health hazards that may arise when performing work of this kind. For example, trenching and shoring may be an issue when
removing and replacing buried water lines.
11.6.5 Replacement materials
During specification preparation, the project designer should consider what materials are acceptable to replace the materials that are being removed. One scenario may be that the facility owner wants the least expensive windows and doors available as their plans are to sell the facility and they wish to
accomplish the lead hazard control work with the least amount of funds possible.
Another situation may be that the designer and facility owner may decide that the only acceptable replacement windows and doors are those with the highest insulation factor. They have determined that the components would pay for themselves after a number of years of energy savings.
Specifications for replacement materials should always state that materials containing lead, asbestos or other hazardous materials should not be used.
11.6.6 Waste disposal
The EPA regulation, Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste (40 CFR 261), affects the disposal of LBP and components coated with LBP. In part, a material is
determined to be hazardous waste if it exhibits one or more of the characteristics which define hazardous waste. The characteristics are ignitability, reactivity, corrosivity, and toxicity. For lead the only characteristic of concern is toxicity.
Representative sample(s) of the waste streams are submitted for analysis by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The TCLP is designed to determine the mobility o f lead in the waste. If the waste is determined to leach greater than or equal to five milligrams per liter lead, the waste is determined to be hazardous waste.
The ASTM E 1908 Standard Guide for Sample Selection of Debris Waste from a Building Renovation or Lead Abatement Project for Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Testing for Leachable Lead (Pb) may be a source to consult when collecting TCLP samples fi'om large waste streams.
11-19
MNL38-EB/Mar. 2000