Risk screens are an on-site evaluation, consisting of visual evaluation and dust testing to identify whether potential lead- based paint haTards are present. Lead hazard risk assessments are an on-site evaluation including, but not limited to, visual evaluation and dust and soil testing to determine and report the existence, nature, severity, and location of lead haTards.
A lead hazard screen employs limited sampling and a more sensitive hazard identification criteria. To avoid the costs of a full lead hazard risk assessment, lead hazard risk screens may be performed. The lead hazard risk screen can be performed in facilities in good condition where the probability of finding lead hazards is low.
6.6.1 Lead hazard risk screens for Class B facilities in good condition.
Class B facilities in good condition would be considered the types o f facilities that lead hazard risk screens would be performed. These facilities would have the lowest probability o f containing lead hazards among all facilities to be surveyed.
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6.6.2 Lead hazard risk assessments for Class A facilities and selected Class B facilities.
Lead hazard risk screens should not be used in buildings in poor condition, since a full lead hazard risk assessment will usually be needed. Lead hazard risk assessments determine the presence or absence o f lead-based paint barm'ds and suggest appropriate hazard conlrol measures.
6.6.3 Decision logic for selecting risk screen or full risk assessment.
Figure 6.1 provides ASTM E 2052 decision logic indicating when a full risk assessment should be used in lieu of a risk screen. In general, risk screens are used for Class B facilities which have painted surfaces in good condition.
6.6.4 Facility sampling techniques
Different sampling techniques can be utilized based on the owner's knowledge of the facility in question.
6.6.4.1 Targeted sampling for selecting units for risk assessment or screening
Targeted sampling selects dwellings that are most likely to contain leaded paint haTzrds to represent the other dwellings based on information supplied by the owner. Risk assessors should obtain the information from the owner's records (if available) or through interviewing the owner. Targeted dwellings should meet as many o f the following criteria as possible (criteria are listed in order o f importance).
9 Dwellings that contain two or more children between the ages of six months and six years. (Preference should be given to dwellings housing the largest number of children).
9 Dwellings that serve as day-care facilities.
9 Dwellings cited with housing or building code violations within the past year.
9 Dwellings that the ovmer believes are in poor condition.
9 Dwellings prepared for reoceupancy within the past three months.
Table 5.6 in the HUD Guidelines describes the number of dwellings that are needed for targeted sampling. Targeted sampling cannot be used for evaluations of fewer than five similar dwellings. When fewer than five similar dwellings are being evaluated, all units should be sampled. If additional dwellings are needed to meet the minimum sampling number specified in Table 5.6, the risk assessor should select them randomly.
If there are a number o f dwellings that all meet the same criteria, then the dwellings with the largest number of children under the age of six should be selected. (Children tend to cause increased wear and tear on painted surfaces; therefore, dwellings where children reside are more likely to contain leaded dust hazards.) When possible, at least one of the dwellings should have been recently prepared for reoccupancy, since the repainting and other repairs that are often conducted during vacancy can create a leaded dust hazard. However, the risk assessor should not sample only dwellings that have recently been cleaned and repainted, since this would not accurately represent the conditions that exist in the rest o f the dwellings. If there are too many units that all meet the same criteria, the required number should be eliminated randomly.
When determining the number o f targeted dwellings, dwellings that are known to currently house children with elevated blood lead levels should be excluded from the total unless there are more than 10 such units, in which case they should be added to the total. However, it must be noted that these environmental investigations require a different procedure, and the risk assessor may need to coordinate their evaluation with the local health authority.
6.6.4.2 Worst-case sampling
Use worst-case sampling if there is inadequate reliable information from the owner to use targeted sampling. Use visual examinations o f the condition of the facilities, performed by a risk assessor qualified in accordance with Section 17 ofASTM E 2052, to identify the sites with the greatest probability of having lead haTards. Building condition factors that should be determined are listed in Appendix X1 ofASTM E 2052 and outlined in Table 6.1.
Worst-case sampling is normally more costly than targeted sampling because of the need to do the visual examinations. If the examinations are being performed for other reasons, for example as part of a building maintenance program, the additional cost may not apply.
6.6.4.3 Random sampling
Use random sampling methods if there is inadequate information for targeted sampling, if it is more cost-effective than worst-ease sampling, or i f a higher degree of confidence in the results is required.
The random sampling method should be used i f the owner requires a statistically significant degree of confidence about the existence of lead paint hazards. The method for
Table 6.1: Building Condition Factors
1. Building History:
9 Date o f construction and historic status.
9 Maintenance, alteration and renovation history.
9 Known evidence or indication o f use o f lead containing paint.
9 Plans for conslruction work for reasons other than lead hazard control.
2. Present Condition o f Building:
9 Condition o f paint and substrates:
9 Locations and causes o f paint deterioration and damage, and 9 Accumulations o f dust and paint debris.
9 Water damage or known maintenance problems that could cause water damage: weather, condensation, plumbing leaks and spills.
9 Exterior:
9 Condition o f roof, chimneys, and flashing around chimneys and stacks, 9 Condition o f gutters and downspouts and evidence o f leaks from them, 9 Conditions o f windows and doors, including caulking,
9 Condition o f other exterior components,
9 Evidence o f water ponding on horizontal surfaces and inside windows, such as standing water, moss, mildew, or discoloration,
9 Condition o f foundation, and
9 Marks or discoloration indicating past flooding.
9 Interior:
9 Water marks, discoloration, mildewing, or deterioration o f interior surfaces, 9 Deterioration or discoloring o f interior window sills and sashes,
9 Condition o f caulking around tubs and shower enclosures.
9 Evidence o f damaged or leaking plumbing,
9 Lack o f bathroom or stove ventilation, or dryer vent, and
9 Evidence o f recent maintenance, renovation or repair work that disturbed significant areas of painted surfaces.
9 Citations for housing or building code violations within the past year.
3. Occupancy:
9 Number o f children under six and women known to be pregnant, 9 Known degree o f care o f occupants,
9 Usage as day-care facility, and
9 Known prevalence o f Elevated Blood Lead Level cases in the neighborhood.
4. Other Factors:
9 Proximity to potential environmental lead sources,
9 Previous or current industrial occupancies or hobbies that may have produced lead contamination (check with health authority),
9 Site history, source o f soil used for fill, and
9 Bare soil, especially with evidence o f children's use as play area.
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determining the random areas to be tested was previously discussed in Section 6.3.2, and can also be found in Chapter 7 o f the HUD Guidelines.
6.6.4.4 Common use areas
Common use areas should be sampled in accordance with 40 CFR 745 and HUD Guidelines, Chapter 5. Chapter 5 of the HUD Guidelines details collection of dust samples from common areas (multifamily housing only) in low-rise and high-rise buildings. The revised Chapter 7 of the HUD Guidelines considers treating common use areas as a separate group and applying random sampling techniques. It is possible, however, that worst-case sampling will prove more efficient.
6.6.5 Consideration of water testing
I f notice has been provided by the local water authority that lead levels in tap water exceed the EPA Action Level listed in 40 CFR 141, which is currently 15 parts lead per a billion parts o f water, consider testing the water. Test water from wells or private supply wells.