[!] M a s o n r y Standards Joint Con~nittee, Draftt M a s o n r y Limit States Design Standard, The Masonry Society, American Concrete Institute, A m e r i c a n Society of Civil Engineers, April, 1992.
[2] Scrivener, J.C., "Bond of Reinforcement in G r o u t e d Hollow-Unit Ma- sonry: A State-of-the-Art", TCCMAR Report No. 6.2-1, U.S.-Japan C o o r d i n a t e d P r o g r a m for Masonry Building Research, July 1986.
[3] Cheema, T.S., "Anchorage Behavior and Prism Strength of Grouted Concrete Masonry", PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, M a y 1981.
~4J Surer, G.T., Fenton, G.A., "Splice Length Tests of Reinforced Con- crete M a s o n r y Walls", Proceedings of the Third North American Ma- sonry Conference, University of Texas at Arlington, June 1985.
[5] Soric, Z., Tulin, L.G., "Bond & Splices in R e i n f o r c e d Masonry", TCCMAR Report No. 6.2-2, U.S.-Japan Coordinated Program for Ma- sonry B u i l d i n g Research, August 1987.
[6] Soric, Z., Tulin, L.G., "Length of Lap for S p l i c e d Reinforcement in M a s o n r y Structures", Proceedings of the 8th International B r i c k / B l o c k M a s o n r y Conference, Dublin, Ireland, 1988.
[!] Kubota, T., and Kamogawa, N., "On the Lap Joint of Flexural Rein- f o r c e m e n t in Concrete Masonry", Proceedings of the First Joint Technical' C o o r d i n a t i n g Committe# on Masonry Research, U.S.-Japan C o o r d i n a t e d P r o g r a m for Masonry Building Research, Tokyo, 1985.
[8] Watanabe, M., "Bond and Anchorage of Reinforcement in Masonry", P r o c e e d i n g s of the First Joint Technical C o o r d i n a t i n g Con~nittee on M a s o n r y Research, U.S.-Japan Coordinated P r o g r a m for Masonry B u i l d i n g Research, Tokyo, 1985.
[9] Matsumura, A., "Test on Lap Splices of R e l a t i v e l y Large Size Bars in Masonry", Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Joint T e c h n i c a l Coordinating Cormnittee on M a s o n r y Research, Port Ludlow, Washington, 1990.
[IO] A t k i n s o n - N o l a n d & Associates, Preparation of Stack-Bond Masonry Prisms, Boulder, Colorado, May 1985.
[ii] I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e of Building Officials, Uniform Building Code, C h a p t e r 24, "Masonry", Whittier, California, 1988.
[12] A C I - A S C E C o m m i t t e e 530, Buildin~ Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530-88/ASCE 5-88), 1988.
[13] TMS Codes and Standards Cormnittee, Cormnentary to Chapter 24 r Ma- sonry r of the U n i f o r m Building Code 1988 Edition, The Masonry So- ciety, Boulder, Colorado, 1990.
[I_~4] ACI C o m m i t t e e 318, ACI 318-89~ Building Code Requirements for Re- inforced Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 1989.
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Roger D. F l a n a g a n ~, R i c h a r d M. Bennett 2, and James E. Beavers 3
S E I S M I C B E H A V I O R O F U N R E I N F O R C E D H O L L O W C L A Y T I L E I N F I L L E D F R A M E S
REFERENCE= Flanagan, R. D., Bennett, R. M., and Beavers, J. E.,
" S e i s m i c B e h a v i o r o f U n r e i n f o r c e d H o l l o w C l a y T i l e I n f i l l e d F r a m e s , "
Masonry: D e s i q n and Construction, Problems and Repair, A S T M STP 1180, John M. M e l a n d e r and L y n n R. Lauersdorf, Eds., A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y for T e s t i n g and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993.
A B S T R A C T : The U.S. Department of Energy's Y-12 Plant', located in O a k Ridge, Tennessee, is conducting a c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m to e v a l u a t e the seismic capacity of u n r e i n f o r c e d h o l l o w clay t i l e infilled steel frames. T h i s paper summarizes analyses and t h e results of in-situ and laboratory testing. E v a l u a t i o n s of unit tile, mortar, m a s o n r y assemblages, and large-scale b u i l d i n g components are presented.
B u i l d i n g components tested include infilled frames loaded in-plane and out-of-plane.
KEYWORDS: h o l l o w clay tile, infilled frame, m a s o n r y infill, seismic
A typical b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n of older industrial facilities at the Y-12 plant is structural steel framing w i t h infilled u n r e i n f o r c e d hollow clay tile (HCT) walls. Figures 1 and 2 show 200 m m and 330 m m nominal thickness walls built w i t h r u n n i n g bond and u s i n g full w i d t h t i l e units or a staggered c o m b i n a t i o n of t i l e units. T h e H C T h a v e b e e n laid w i t h the cores horizontal, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 13 m m full w i d t h b e d joints, and o n l y face shell m o r t a r in t h e head joints. T h e 330 m m c o m b i n a t i o n walls exhibit no vertical collar joint except occasional m o r t a r that has fallen b e t w e e n t h e tile units.
G i r d e r s and columns that surround the HCT walls are g e n e r a l l y c o n n e c t e d u s i n g simple framing details, Figure 3. A l t h o u g h some rotational resistance is present, the steel frames by t h e m s e l v e s are q u i t e flexible and w e a k u n d e r lateral loads. L i t t l e or no c r o s s - b r a c i n g exists in the buildings w h i c h results in the infilled HCT walls b e c o m i n g the p r i m a r y lateral load r e s i s t i n g mechanism. Figure 4 p r e s e n t s typical
ISenior Engineer, M a r t i n M a r i e t t a Energy Systems, Inc., O a k Ridge,
TN 37831.
~ s s o c i a t e Professor, The U n i v e r s i t y of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2010.
3Director, Center for Natural Phenomena Engineering, M a r t i n M a r i e t t a E n e r g y Systems, Inc., O a k Ridge, TN 37831.
~ a n a g e d by Martin M a r i e t t a Energy Systems, Inc. for the U.S.
D e p a r t m e n t of E n e r g y under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400.
9~
Copyright 9 1993 by ASTM International wwwastm.org
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92 M A S O N R Y : D E S I G N AND CONSTRUCTION, PROBLEMS AND REPAIR c o l u m n - i n f i l l i n t e r f a c e s , w i t h t h e e x a c t d e t a i l s h i d d e n f r o m view.
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S D D D D N D D D r ~ D D D I ii 113 E] D 1~13 IZ] E]I~ IZ]I313 IEI ii S D D ~ N D D D D D ~ !i
200 mm Wall 330 mm Wall
FIG. l - - I n f i l l e d F r a m e FIG. 2 - - W a l l S e c t i o n s
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ANCHOR BOLT
Column to Base Plate
FIG. 3 - - C o n n e c t i o n D e t a i l s FIG. 4 - - C o l u m n I n t e r f a c e
A s p a r t of t h e s a f e t y e v a l u a t i o n of t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s , t h e r e s i s t a n c e t o v a r i o u s n a t u r a l p h e n o m e n a , p a r t i c u l a r l y e a r t h q u a k e , m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d . A r e v i e w of p a s t a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e s t h e s t e e l f r a m i n g m a y n o t b e a d e q u a t e t o r e s i s t s e i s m i c loads. Thus, it is n e c e s s a r y t o c o u n t o n t h e H C T i n f i l l s t o r e s i s t l a t e r a l forces.
O n - s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e 1985 M e x i c o C i t y e a r t h q u a k e i n d i c a t e d t h a t m o d e r n m e d i u m - a n d h i g h - r i s e b u i l d i n g s w i t h n o n s t r u c t u r a l m a s o n r y i n f i l l s p e r f o r m e d b e t t e r t h a n o t h e r w i s e s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e s w i t h o u t i n f i l l s [!]- T h e u n r e i n f o r c e d i n f i l l s w e r e n o t t i e d w e l l i n t o s u r r o u n d i n g frames, b u t a p p e a r e d t o h a v e p r e v e n t e d s t r u c t u r e c o l l a p s e w h i l e s u s t a i n i n g s i g n i f i c a n t d a m a g e . T h i s w a s a t t r i b u t e d t o r e d u c e d i n e r t i a l f o r c e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m s h o r t e r p e r i o d s of v i b r a t i o n of t h e s t i f f e n e d f r a m e s a n d t h e p a r t i c u l a r soil c o n d i t i o n s of t h e region.
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FLANAGAN ET AL. ON HOLLOW CLAY TILE INFILLED FRAMES 93
A r e v i e w of t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e [~] i n d i c a t e s t h a t w h i l e s u b s t a n t i a l r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n c o n d u c t e d o n p l a i n m a s o n r y a n d m a s o n r y i n f i l l e d frames, l i t t l e of t h i s r e s e a r c h i n v o l v e d u n r e i n f o r c e d HCT. O f e q u a l i m p o r t a n c e , a r e v i e w of c u r r e n t m a s o n r y a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s
p r e s e n t s t h e n e e d for m o r e a d v a n c e d c o n s t i t u t i v e m a t e r i a l m o d e l i n g a n d a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e H C T s t r u c t u r a l s y s t e m b e h a v i o r .
T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p a r t of t h e H C T r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m c o n s i s t s of b o t h i n - s i t u a n d l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g . A c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d e t h e s y s t e m a t i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of e x i s t i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n (early 1940s) c o m p l e m e n t e d w i t h l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g o f s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s r e c e n t p o r t i o n s of b o t h l a b o r a t o r y a n d i n - s i t u t e s t i n g a l o n g w i t h p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s of t h e results.
M A T E R I A L S U n i t T i l e
L i g h t r e d b u r n e d c l a y m a s o n r y units, m a n u f a c t u r e d in 1987, w e r e s a m p l e d a n d t e s t e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h A S T M M e t h o d of S a m p l i n g a n d T e s t i n g B r i c k a n d S t r u c t u r a l T i l e (C 67) a n d A S T M T e s t M e t h o d f o r
S p l i t t i n g T e n s i l e S t r e n g t h of M a s o n r y U n i t s (C 1006). T w o s i z e s of h o l l o w c l a y t i l e u n i t s w e r e tested, n o m i n a l l y 100 m m a n d 200 m m w i d t h . F o r t y i n d i v i d u a l t i l e s w e r e sampled, t w e n t y i00 m m a n d t w e n t y 2 0 0 mm.
E a c h s p e c i m e n ' s s i z e a n d v o i d a r e a w a s m e a s u r e d a n d i n i t i a l r a t e of a b s o r p t i o n (suction) d e t e r m i n e d . O f t h e 40 s p e c i m e n s , 20 w e r e t e s t e d t o f a i l u r e to d e t e r m i n e c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h a n d 20 w e r e t e s t e d t o f a i l u r e t o d e t e r m i n e s p l i t t i n g t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h .
T h e r e s u l t s of t h e c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h t e s t s w i t h c o m p a r i s o n t o o t h e r p u b l i s h e d c l a y t i l e s v a l u e s are g i v e n (Table i). T h e o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e t i l e s are g i v e n as t e s t e d w i t h a v e r t i c a l c o m p r e s s i v e load.
T i l e s t e s t e d o n t h e i r e n d (load p a r a l l e l t o cores) a r e d e n o t e d v e r t i c a l a n d t i l e s t e s t e d o n t h e i r e d g e (load p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o cores) a r e d e n o t e d h o r i z o n t a l . C o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s of o t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s , t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a t i o n of e a c h set of c o m p r e s s i v e t e s t r e s u l t s r a n g e d f r o m 5 t o 25 p e r c e n t .
A s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e in c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h o v e r t i m e is i n d i c a t e d (Table I). T h e o l d e s t t e s t d a t a f o u n d in t h e l i t e r a t u r e is f r o m 1918 [~]. T h e E D G e [4] r e s u l t s are f r o m 1 9 4 0 s v i n t a g e t i l e s e x t r a c t e d f r o m w a l l s at Y-12. A d d i t i o n a l r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t u n i t t i l e t e s t i n g a r e p r e s e n t e d (Table 2).
W h i l e t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s of H C T m a n u f a c t u r e h a v e not c h a n g e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , s p e c i f i c f a b r i c a t i o n d e t a i l s , m a t e r i a l a d d i t i v e s a n d p r o c e s s i n g h a v e c h a n g e d d r a m a t i c a l l y . U s e of f i n e r g r a d e d clays, s u p e r i o r b o n d i n g agents, m o r e u n i f o r m l y c o n t r o l l e d kilns, a n d o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g e n h a n c e m e n t s h a v e led t o i n c r e a s e d s t r e n g t h a n d e c o n o m y of c u r r e n t c l a y t i l e p r o d u c t s .
T A B L E I - - H C T C o m p r e s s i v e S t r e n q t h ~kN)
S p e c i m e n C u r r e n t E D G e [~] J o h n s o n & H a t h c o c k &
O r i e n t a t i o n F i n d i n g s M a t t h y s (5] S k i l l m a n [ ~ L
I00 m m H o r i z o n t a l 618 . . . 356
i00 m m V e r t i c a l 1085 712" ... 592
200 m m H o r i z o n t a l 845 ... 463 440
200 m m V e r t i c a l 3037 970" 1081 1134
" V a l u e is t w i c e the a v e r a g e r e p o r t e d s t r e n g t h o f h a l f b l o c k s t e s t e d .
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