We have developed a number of nanostructured materials as candidates for assessing the occurrence of water contamination. These include polyamic acid-
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metal nanoparticle composite membranes, polyoxy-dianiline membranes, sequestered gold, silver or palladium nanoparticles within electroconducting polymers and underpotential deposition of metal fi lms, membranes, and colloids onto solid electrodes. We have also reported the application of these materials for the design of advanced sensors. In that respect, sensors have been developed for endocrine disrupting chemicals, volatile organic compounds, the detection and identifi cation of bacteria based on antibiotic susceptibility, multiarray electrochemical sensor with pattern recognition techniques, as well as for metal enhanced detection of cyanobacteria microcystis (M) 75 spp based on DNA base-pair mismatches. Most of these sensors have shown good-to- excellent pathogen recovery effi ciencies as well as a reasonable effi cacy for sensing contaminants from water in controlled laboratory experiments.
Chemical and biosensors will continue to provide important monitoring, diagnostic and mechanistic solutions to many environmental, clinical, food and security applications; and may open new areas of modern analysis. Despite important progress already achieved, the biosensor market is still relatively small, requiring important fundamental and mechanistic studies in order to fully explore their real potentials. Today, more than 90 percent of commercial biosensors are designated to glucose analysis and few analytes could still be detected [76]. This is mainly a consequence of insuffi cient reliability associated with poor stability of the sensing material, multiple matrix eff ect, and also a dependence upon the physico/chemical parameters and interferences within the transducers. Nevertheless, with respect to rapid environmental analysis, sensitive and selective low-cost determination of a great variety of analytes, no suitable alternative exists for biosensors.
Acknowledgments
The author acknowledges the United States Environmental Protection Agency through the STAR program (RD-83090601 and R825323) and the National Science Foundation (CHE-0513470) for funding. Also acknowledged are the contributions of members of the author’s research group (past and present) at SUNY-Binghamton including Adam Wanekaya, Austin Aluoch, Isaac K’Owino, Samuel Kikandi, Jason Karasinski, Sharin Benda, Syeda Begum, Miriam Masila, Fei Yan, Marc Briemer, Hongwu Xu, Sydney Sheldon, Eugen Yevgheny, and Sean Falvey.
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© 2009 William Andrew Inc.
Detection of Trace Heavy Metal Ions Using Nanostructured Signaling Materials
Yukiko Takahashi 1 and Toshishige M. Suzuki 2
1 Top Runner Incubation Center for Academic-Industry Fusion, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188 Japan 2 Research Center for Compact Chemical Processes, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 4-2-1, Nigatake Sendai, Miyagi, 985-8551 Japan