why use particle counters for drinking water treatment

... Chapter A B C D E F Applications for Drinking Water Treatment Why Use Particle Counters for Drinking Water Treatment? 15 Cryptosporidium and Giardia 16 Particle Counters and Cryptosporidium ... that are used to measure microscopic particles in water Particle Counters vs Particle Sizers The two main types of instruments used for particle detection in water are particle counters and particle ... concentration of particles Particle sizers not count particles individually They calculate the counts indirectly For drinking water treatment, particle counters are used almost exclusively Particle sizers...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... operating conventional filter; see Figure 2.1 C PARTICLE COUNTERS AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND GIARDIA Particle counters used for drinking water treatment can detect particles down below the size of Cryptosporidium ... PM 16 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO PARTICLE COUNTING At the most basic level, particle counters could not be a more natural fit for drinking water treatment After all, water treatment boils down to two ... PM APPLICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT 25 look at a few of the areas where particle counters may be used to improve the treatment process Flocculation Optimal filter performance is dependent...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... flowmonitoring equipment for a particle counting system Use a constant-head overflow weir for each particle counter, regardless of the flowmetering equipment used Particle counters are designed to ... drinking water is not one of the them Tritech Enterprises of Grants Pass, Oregon, has recently introduced an electronic flowmeter designed specifically for online particle counters used on drinking water ... performance Particle counters require a somewhat specialized calibration, which is described in detail in Chapter 14 Particle counters will hold calibration for over a year in most cases, because...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... organizing principle must be based on the primary purpose for particle counting in drinking water treatment That purpose is the optimization of particle removal throughout the entire course of each ... costs and operational efficiency with the primary goal of particle counting for drinking water treatment; that is, continual optimization of water quality It is also necessary to gauge the commitment ... DATA PRESENTATION The way the particle counter data is presented will bear directly on the usefulness of the data The mass of information produced by the particle counters will easily overwhelm...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... high-concentration raw water sources This is because dilution is straightforward with a grab sampler The larger question of the usefulness of performing particle counting on conventional treatment raw water is ... Particle free” water can be produced with special filters, and is good for final rinses before the sample rinse Note: Store-bought deionized water, or inhouse-produced deionized water is not particle ... chemicals may cause particle coagulation or breakup, thus skewing the data For raw or settled water samples, the lowestconcentration filter effluent sample can be used, if particle- free water is not...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... employed for evaluating particle counter performance are defined and discussed Understanding of these few specification parameters is essential to making informed decisions about particle counters ... arrangement allows for a much higher concentration of particles to be measured because it reduces the effective volume of the flow cell The drawback is that resolution is diminished because particles may ... television.) See Figure 6.1 for a representation of noise as displayed on an oscilloscope This noise level is measured with no particles in the water flowing through the particle counter sensor (This...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... side where the laser enters before passing through the flow cell) must be of a higher grade than the exit window The beam must be tightly focused where it contacts the particles Since the detector ... polished to create the single window piece This softness accounts for the fact that it can be scratched from cleaning, or from contact with particles over a long time period Different grades of sapphire ... nm Laser Diode Particle sensor (Courtesy of L & H Environmental, Inc., Roseburg, OR.) The cell window materials vary in optical quality Small imperfections in the material diffuse the light and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... counter is used primarily for particle counter sensor calibration, but can be used for other applications in drinking water treatment The PHA is used to provide a histogram of all the particles ... that normally corresponds to particles of that size For this reason, particle counters are calibrated at the same flow rate for which they are designed to operate (For those interested in the electronic ... kept within a certain range for the particle counter to size the particles properly Obviously, at the low end, the sample must move at a sufficient velocity for the particles to get through the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... usually inform the operator with an alarm message Some particle counters provide local display of data and alarms These are primarily of use during installation and maintenance The particle counters ... limits of the particle counter C ANALOG INPUTS One of the most useful features of the more-advanced models of particle counters are the auxiliary analog inputs These provide a means for trending ... inputs, and to 20 mA particle counters would have no use for them The number of analog inputs provided will vary from unit to unit Certainly turbidity and loss-of-head are useful inputs and others...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... TO PARTICLE COUNTING D PARTICLE COUNTER COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL In addition to the large amount of data produced for each sample, there are timing and control issues involved Some particle counters ... output from the particle counter will consist of several “strings” of information There are usually four or more particle size ranges, each a separate data point Most particle counters accommodate ... developed for specific projects, then made available through the SCADA vendors or third-party suppliers In the case of particle counters, there may not be readily available drivers Some of the particle...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... is designed for transmitting data sequentially, which is the simplest and most common method This is the type of port used for communicating with particle counters, and is also used for modems ... effect on the particle count data Any number of report formats may be used Some of the particle counting software programs provide user customizable reports These provide a means for operators ... to the Internet for downloading software upgrades Although the plant should be set up for the Internet and e-mail, this is better done on a machine other than the one used for particle counting...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... rated This is unavoidable, and is typical for most drinking water process instruments Some of the earlier particle counters were not packaged properly for water plant environments, but the manufacturers ... reducing it Treatment Process The type of treatment process employed may have a bearing on the type of particle counting system selected Conventional plants with particle counters monitoring raw water ... the potential for problems is greatly increased It is not uncommon to find plants where a particle counter has been filled up with water because of a damaged or leaking fitting When water is passed...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... samplers are rarely purchased for water treatment applications now that the much less expensive portable units are available Several of them are still in use in drinking water plants, so a brief description ... samplers, and are several times more expensive There is no reason for them to be purchased for drinking water applications They are built for heavy-duty © 2001 by CRC Press LLC L1306/frame/pt02 Page ... isolated from any water It is easy to spill water when performing grab samples, and residual liquid will be left in the tubing after the samples have been run Access to the sensor for cleaning is...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... unlike particles naturally occurring in water While not perfectly suited for the application, they provide a constant, high-quality, and reasonably affordable standard for size calibration of particle ... to provide the pulse amplitude for each micron increase in particle size These data are used to program or manually configure the particle size thresholds for the particle counter The sensor noise ... As particle counter technology filters down to smaller drinking water treatment plants, the tendency will be to move to simpler and simpler systems These may be one- or two-channel particle counters...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... GUIDE TO PARTICLE COUNTING this book, a thumbnail sketch of the history of the particle counting manufacturers involved in the water treatment industry follows The first particle counters were used ... provide particle counters for water treatment applications The interest in online particle counting was boosted further when Georgia began strongly encouraging many of its plants to install particle ... Justice forced Pacific Scientific Instruments to sell off the Hiac Royco water treatment particle counting product line to another manufacturer, to prevent a “monopoly” in the drinking water industry...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... 23, 2000 2:15 PM PARTICLE SENSOR CONSTRUCTION 149 ARTI ARTI offers two sensors for drinking water application Each employs a standard aluminum flow cell housing with a monolithic fused silica flow ... fittings IBR uses threaded stainless steel fittings designed for higher pressures This sensor was designed for other applications requiring pressures higher than those found in drinking water plants ... the Chemtrac particle counters Since the Chemtrac flow connections are located outside the NEMA enclosure, the type of fitting employed is less critical, because leaks will not cause any damage...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... the smaller particles, the effective size range is from to around 70 µm This is more than enough for drinking water treatment applications The 2400D counting electronics is not used for calibration ... currently limited to a maximum of 16 size channels in the version configured for the grab sampler ARTI and IBR ARTI and IBR particle counters both employ comparator-type counting electronics Each provides ... Friday, June 23, 2000 2:15 PM 152 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO PARTICLE COUNTING designed to be adjusted routinely The factory should be consulted before changes are attempted Chemtrac The 2400D counting...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... June 23, 2000 2:15 PM 154 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO PARTICLE COUNTING both types of counters are used on the same system These display lights are also used for verifying communications during system configuration ... can be set for 250, 2500, 25,000, or 300,000 for the first channel, and 250, 2500, or 30,000 for the second channel The combination of settings allows for count ranges up to 30,000/ml for the first ... One In all the Met One particle counters, the particle sensors are located inside the NEMA 4X enclosure, allowing for the possibility of sample leakage into the enclosure For this reason, the AC...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... the driver packages that come standard with the SCADA software Unfortunately, the particle counters make use of these commands for other data functions, and so the drivers are not fully compatible ... important from the user’s standpoint Only when the particle counters are to be tied into SCADA or a data collection system does the protocol come into play Only ARTI and Chemtrac use protocols developed ... The standard optomux protocol provides for minimums, maximums, and averages to be transmitted by the field hardware, whereas the SCADA software programs perform these tasks themselves Often these...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... with Insight designed for small systems of seven particle counters or fewer Insight has fewer features (no backwash indication, for example) Vista supports up to 32 particle counters, where VistaNet ... version designed for systems having from 20 to 100 units VistaNet Server will accommodate up to 200 particle counters per server It is designed for large multiplant water systems For simplicity, ... low values for analog inputs WQS provides these for particle counts and log/percent removals as well, while TracWare provides only high alarms for particle counts, and a low alarm for log/percent...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20