structure and interpretation of computer programs mit press

... approach for the investigation of biological information processing: An examination of the structure and function of computer hard drives and DNA David J D ’Onofrio1,2*, Gary An3 * Correspondence: ... itsassociated proteins and sub-nuclear structure with the structure and function of thecomputer hard drive We identify four essential properties of information for acentralized storage and processing ... infrastructure (RNA and proteins) The structure and function of this information-processing complex are of great interest in the study of both normal cellular functions (such as differentiation and

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 16:20

... effects against α-glucosidase and α-amylase of the flavonoids-rich extract from Scutellaria baicalensis shoots and interpretation of structure–activity relationship of its eight flavonoids by a refined ... such as the position and number of hydroxyls and the number of double bonds on aromatic rings A and B as well as the heterocyclic ring C [38] Figure 3 shows chemical structures of the eight high ... development and pro-gression of diabetes [45] Abnormally high levels of free radicals and simultaneous decline of antioxidant defense mechanisms could lead to damage of cellular organelles and enzymes,

Ngày tải lên: 29/05/2020, 13:53

... struc-tures of these proteins, all tetrameric, showed signifi-cant similarity to the published structures of transthyretin By way of example, a comparison of the structure of S dublin TLP with the structures ... Interruptions in the b-strands A, G and H are also observed in TLP structures as a result of alterations to the formation of hydrogen bonds between strands The carbonyls of residues V104 and P105 (zebrafish ... S dublinTLP and zebrafish TLP are found in the flex-ible portions of strands B and C that protrude towards the solvent and in the conformation of the long loop connecting strands D and E [17] Greater

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 00:20

... equivalent segments of each member of the family of the solution structure of the M domain of human eRF1 The resulting rmsd values (y-axis) and their deviations through the 25 NMR structures are shown ... eRF1 in vitro [20,30], of yeast eRF1 in vivo [3], and of Es coli RF2 both in vivo and in vitro [31,32] For instance, GAQ mutants of both RF1 and RF2 are four to five orders of magnitude less efficient ... N-HSQC spectra of the M domain of human eRF1 The numbering of the residues corresponds to that of the full eRF1 protein (A) The Gly region of the 1 H, 15 N-HSQC spectrum of the M domain of human eRF1

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... in which the b1-strand and b2-strand are adjacent and parallel to each other, and the b¢-strand is adja-cent and antiparallel to the b1-strand (Fig 1) The length and sequence of the variable loop ... a1-helix and a2-helix and the b2-strand of KH1 Intimate contacts between protein and RNA continue across the cusp of the KH1 and KH2 domains C46 binds to the Fig 6 Crystal structures of the first ... different The com-parison is limited, however, because the structure of only one of each type of tandem KH domain has been published Here we compare the structures of the tan-dem KH1–KH2 domains

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... a-helices Residues involved in binding of the cofactor ThDP are located at the C-terminal ends of the b-strands of Dom-c (diphosphates and Mg2+) and of Dom-a¢ of a neighbouring subunit (pyrimidine ... crystal structure of BAL with bound cofac-tor ThDP at 2.6 A˚ resolution, suggest the geometry of the reaction and explain the substrate specificity in structural terms Results and Discussion Structure ... pathways and catalyse a broad range of reactions mainly involving the cleavage and the formation of C–C-bonds For instance, they catalyse nonoxidative and oxidative de-carboxylations of 2-ketoacids,

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... processes overlap and are closelylinked so that the form and structure of the plant evolves as the integration of many consecutive and interactingprocesses THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEREAL ... formation of florets within each spikelet and, later, the regression and death of some florets and spikelets and the death of some tillers This phase is also the time of greatest dry mass increase and ... yellow earthy sand (sandplain), loamy sand over clay (medium) and red-brown earth (heavy land) at Merredin. Table 4.2 – Yield and water use (mm) of old and new wheat cultivars and one barley

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 23:20

... collected at 300 K of single CCP1 and CCP2 and of pair of modules at neutral and acidic pH Doc S1 Intermodule cooperativity in the structure and dynamics of consecutive. ... mainly the b-strands. The loops between strands B and C, known as the ‘hypervariable loop‘, D and E, E and F, F and G, and G and H are particularly tolerant of longer insertions [19]. In multimodular ... with aspartate and ⁄ or glutamate residues. In the light of atomic structures of CCP1 and CCP2 (2qy0 [36] and 1gpz [37]), this perturbation might indicate that in CCP1, the side chain of H335 is fully

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:20

... scan rate of 50 nmÆmin)1with a respond time of 0.25 s, step resolution of 0.1 nm and band width of 1 nm Each spectrum was obtained from the average of four scans Prior to calculation of final ellipiticity, ... Stereoview of NMR structures of DMT1-TM4in SDS micelles and TFE (A) All atoms of 16 final structures of DMT1-TM4 in SDS micelles at pH 6.0 with superimposition over the backbone atoms of residues ... quality of the final structures was accessed using the program ofPROCHECK-NMR[35] Further analysis and visualization of the conformers including calculation of root mean square deviations (rmsds) and

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 16:20

... To understand the role of this part of molecule in the structure and func-tion of small heat shock proteins, we mutated two highly conservative resi-dues (K137 and K141) of human HSP22 and investigated ... the structures of M jannaschii Hsp16.5 and T aestivum Hsp16.9 with the corresponding structures of three human sHsp [30] The elements of the secondary structure of M janna-schii Hsp16.5 and ... b-strands are numbered and the b5 and b7 strands are shown in red and blue, respectively G104 (equivalent to K137 of human HSP22) and R108 (equivalent to K141 of human HSP22) are shown in purple and

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 07:20

... biochemical and biophysical basis of cell structure The structure of a cell is determined primarily by its cytoskeleton, which serves as a scaffold to sup- port the plasma membrane, and as a network of ... measurement of force production in correlation with structure and motility, and we can derive information on the molecular mechanism of movement by single molecule measurements F1-003 The structure of ... conformation of F-actin at various stages of filament growth during polymerization of CaATP-, MgATP-, and MgADP-G-actin Effects of the type of polymerizing salt, filament stabilization by phalloidin, and

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:20

... consists of five b-strands, whereas k Xis features only two regular b-strands and two extended sequence segments [20] Second, the
wing b-sheet of HK022 Xis_C28S consists of three b-strands and is ... Tyr2–Thr4), b-strand 3 (residues Val35–Lys36)and b-strand 4 (residues Tyr41–His44) Residues Asp37–Glu40 form a reverse b-turn T between b-strands 3 and 4 The b-strands 2 (residues Ile30–Phe31) and 5 (residues ... validity of this structure was demonstrated for a wide range of external conditions by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)and NMR spectroscopy Comparison of the selected NOE patterns of

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:21

... the form and function of novel complexes such as HAMLET and ELOA, we have provided new evidence that a loss of native structure can endow proteins and their complexes with distinct and beneficial ... members and enriching our understanding of the basic principles underlying protein self-assembly and acquisition of new functionality HAMLET key features are related to the intrinsic properties of ... radii of HAMLET (Rh= 26.9 A˚), which is intermediate of the hydrodynamic radii of the acidic molten globule state of a-lactalbumin (Rh= 20.9 A˚) and the theoretically extreme expansion state of

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:20

... surface potential of AFP (left) and PAF (right) structures representing the orientation of the side chain lysine resi- dues. Lys9, Lys35 and Lys38 of PAF and Lys9, Lys32 and Arg35 of AFP are the ... of the adjacent Lys9 and Lys39. Similarly, Asp23 stabilizes the juxtaposed Lys15 and Lys17 side chains. The hydrophobic strand b4 is located between Cys43 and Asp46 and, as a central strand of ... [14]. The 3D molecular structure of PAF consists of five b-strands connected by three small loops involving b-turn motifs (loops 1, 2 and 4) and the large loop 3 (Fig. 9). The b-strands create two orthogonally

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 23:20

... shorter than the isofunctional enzymes from other bacteria (Fig 2) Expression of ArCMLE1 Comparison of the sequence of ArCMLE1 with that of the recently published crystal structure of the CMLE from ... is missing in ArCMLE1 Nonetheless, both the tertiary and quaternary structures, and the structure of the active site, are similar to those of Pseudomonas putida 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing ... (ArCMLE1), AY769866; and AtCMLE1, AAF34266. Trang 5Site-directed mutagenesis of ArCMLE1From the crystal structure of the P putida CMLE [6] and sequence comparisons with other members of the fumarase

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 10:20

... Asp99 and Phe102, Met104 and Ile107, and Ser108 and Glu111, which marks the start of aC The entire flexible loop packs between the N-terminal portion of aC and part of the C-lobe (Figs 2A and 3A) ... the structure of Rio2 bound to ATP and Mn2+, the c-phosphate is buried through the ordering and binding of three residues of the N-terminal end of the flexible loop [21] The P-loops of Rio1 and ... and crystallographic refinement statis-tics for both crystal forms are shown in Table 1 The determination of the structure of Rio1 and the availability of the previously determined structure of

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... effects of the anneal-ing time on the growth, structure and luminescence of SRSN films are addressed in ‘Isothermal anneals at 600° C’ and ‘Isothermal anneals at 800°C’ below The electronic structure ... of the film and should not be taken as an indication of Si-O bonding within the bulk of these films Figure 4 compares the silicon L3,2 -edge spectra for PECVD and ICP CVD AD films Both sets of ... likely due to the reduction of excess silicon in the film within close proximity of a Si-nc that has not already been incorpo-rated into the structure and the larger number of addi-tional Si atoms

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... the structure and develop-ment of forest stands were evaluated Th e research results represent 30 years of observations Based on particular site and stand characteristics the prediction of tree ... selected stands with the absence of silver fi r (PRP 6 and 28) virtual underplanting of this species was done and prediction of development after 25 and 50 years performed Th e forest stand diversity ... result of destruction of the ageing stand Table 2 presents growth variables after spontaneous development for the whole stand and beech as dominant tree species Mixed stands Mixed forest stands of

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 10:21

... and for the same average volume class, and as a relative growth (%) The effect of stand structure and tree species composition on different stand parameters was analysed with 2-way analysis of ... stands of birch and spruce in Norway was better than in pure spruce stands How-ever, the proportion of birch should be clearly decreased at the age of 40 yr on fer-tile sites and at the age of ... mixed stands of birch and spruce grew better than pure spruce stands (Otto, 1986). structurally different stands The trees in in conifer stands (Frivold, 1982; Mielikäi-nen, 1985) Mixed stands

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 19:21

... bulk of AcH4-K16 in vivo is likely to be MOF in mammals and Drosophila, and its homologue Sas2 in yeast. MOF is H4-K16 specific and was originally identified in Drosophila as a component of the ... A (1979) Involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the nucleosome and of the salt-dependent superstructures of chromatin. J Cell Biol 83, 403–427. Active chromatin and DNase I hypersensitive ... with binding of both MOF and Tip60 (equivalent to Esa1 in yeast NuA4) [124,130]. However, in human cells depletion of MOF, but not Tip60, results in reduced global levels of AcH4-K16 and defective...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 18:20