probabilistic tree adjoining grammars

... only increases by 1 Thus, simple context-free tree grammars strongly lexicalize tree adjoining grammars and themselves. 1 Introduction Tree adjoining grammars [TAG] (Joshi et al., 1969; Joshi et ... 1992 Tree-adjoining grammars and lexicalized grammars In Maurice Nivat and Andreas Podelski, editors, Tree Au-tomata and Languages North-Holland. Aravind K Joshi and Yves Schabes 1997 Tree-adjoining ... present a detailed intro-duction to trees and tree languages 3 Context-free tree grammars In this section, we recall linear and nondeleting context-free tree grammars [CFTG] (Rounds, 1969; Rounds,

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 18:20

... synchronous tree-adjoining grammars) A tree-adjoining grammar (TAG) is a finite set of initial treesand a finite set of auxiliary trees Our Trang 5T c S S? a S b S S? b S S? initial tree auxiliary tree ... synchronous tree-adjoining grammars (STAGs) in terms of tree transducers (or equivalently, synchronous tree substitution grammars) is developed Essentially, a STAG corresponds to an extended tree transducer ... and grammars on trees Math Systems Theory, 4(3):257–287. Syn-chronous tree-adjoining grammars In Proc Com-putational Linguistics, volume 3, pages 253–258 Stuart M Shieber 2004 Synchronous grammars

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... tree- adjoining grammars To appear in Proceedings of the 14 th International Conference on Com- putational Linguistics Stuart M Shieber and Yves Schabes 1990 Syn- chronous tree-adjoining grammars ... A sample tree-adjoining g r a m m a r red pepper roasted pepper Figure 2: Two trees derived by the g r a m m a r of Figure 1 Trang 3g, % Figure 3: Derivation trees for the derived tree of Figure ... derivation tree is a tree with un- ordered arcs where each node is labeled by an el- ementary tree of a TAG and each arc is labeled by a tree address specifying a node in the parent tree In a

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

... tag parsing algorithms 2 Tree Adjoining Grammars Ta~ is a tree generating formalism introduced in [Joshi et al., 1975] A tag is defined by a finite set of elementary trees that are composed by ... auxiliary tree is called the s p i n e of the auxiliary treẹ An e l e m e n t a r y tree is either an initial tree or an auxiliary treẹ We use a to refer to initial trees a n d / 3 for auxiliary trees ... symbols, S E V/v is the start symbol, I is a finite set of initial trees, A is a finite set of auxiliary trees An i n i t i a l tree is a tree with root labeled by S and internal nodes and leaf nodes

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... define a tree adjoining g r a m m a r as follows A tree adjoining g r a m m a r G is a paw (i,A) where i is a set of initial trees, and A is a set of auxiliary trees A tree a ls an initial tree if ... sententiai tree t i' of G t such t h a t t i' ~ D ( t ; ) , t I ~ I t Obviously, we ca8 derive the tree T, using the initial tree t,, and have • sequence of adjoining operations using the auxiliary trees ... TAGs proceeds - Let ~ be an auxilliary tree and let ~ be n sentential tree as in Fig 5.1 Adjoining ~ at the root of the sub-tree ~ gives us the senteutiaJ tree in Fig 5.1 We eros, now see how the

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 01:21

... "g-derived tree", in the same way as a derivation tree specifies a unique derived tree A g-derived tree is asyntactic tree annotated with morphological information From a g-derivedtree, a post-processing ... text from a g-derivation tree A g-derivation tree specifies a unique g-derived tree, in the same way as aderivation tree specifies a unique derived tree In a g-derived tree, the leavesare lemmas, ... G-derivation trees, g-derived trees and post-processing 2.1 TAG derivation trees / semantic dependency trees I assume that the TAG grammar embedded in G-TAG is made up ofelementary trees sharing

Ngày tải lên: 22/10/2014, 11:27

... source tree is an initial tree without adjoining sites 2 adjoining rules, in which the source tree is an initial tree with at least one adjoining site 3 auxiliary rules, in which the source tree ... learns tree-to-string rules from aligned Treebank-style trees As tree-to-string translation casts decoding as a tree parsing problem rather than parsing, the decoder still runs fast when adjoining ... more powerful syn-chronous grammars to improve machine translation Synchronous tree adjoining grammars (TAG) (Shieber and Schabes, 1990) are a good candidate As a formal tree rewriting system, TAG

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... Trang 1Prefix Probability for Probabilistic Synchronous Context-Free Grammars Mark-Jan Nederhof School of Computer Science University of St Andrews ... synchronous context-free grammars Our framework is fairly gen-eral and relies on the combination of a sim-ple, novel grammar transformation and stan-dard techniques to bring grammars into nor-mal ... models that have been investigated in the literature are based on synchronous rewriting or tree transduc-tion Probabilistic synchronous context-free gram-mars (PSCFGs) are one among the most popular

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... case of match Concerning the PCFG model, grammars, tree binarization and the different tree representations are created with our own scripts, while entity tree parsing is per-formed with the chart ... 4.1 Tree Representations for Extended Named Entities As discussed in (Johnson, 1998), an important point for a parsing algorithm is the representation of trees being parsed Changing the tree ... words and their percola-tion over the tree is called lexicalizapercola-tion The goal of tree lexicalization is to add lexical infor-mation all over the tree This way the probabil-ity of all rules

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:20

... Background: overview flood risk • Reliability analysis: deterministic vs probabilistic • Probabilistic design: Fault tree & reliability analysis • Calculation tools: VaP; OpenFTA • Calculation ... Trang 1Probabilistic design, Fault tree and reliability analysis of Flood defences June 7, 2013 Cong MAI VAN, PhD Water ... loss of function Trang 182 Design approaches: deterministic vs probabilistic • Existing design approach & its shortcomings • Probabilistic design Trang 19Conventional design approachResistance

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2021, 18:29

... Spanning-Tree Protocol Root Bridge Selection Trang 7© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved ICND v2.0—3-7• Spanning-tree transits each port through several different states: Spanning-Tree ... Spanning-Tree Port States Trang 8Spanning-Tree Port States (Cont.)Trang 9© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved ICND v2.0—3-9Spanning-Tree Path Cost Trang 10Spanning-Tree ExampleTrang 11© 2002, Cisco ... ExampleTrang 11© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved ICND v2.0—3-11Spanning-Tree Recalculation Trang 12Spanning-Tree Convergence• Convergence occurs when all the switch and bridge ports have

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2013, 01:27

... of the tree by drawing the outline of the trunk of the tree, and adding its texture Trang 1313 Outline the curved trunk of the tree, which connects the branches to each other and the tree to ... all the branches of the tree, as in Illustrations 09-13 and 09-14 ILLUSTRATION 09-14 Trang 11SHADING REALISTIC TEXTURES The textures of the tree branches, grass, tree trunk, and the shrubbery ... the tree is curved, and is wider at the bottom than the top 14 Add a few smaller branches without foliage close to the base of the tree ILLUSTRATION 09-17 Trang 1415 Add shading to the tree

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... felled some of the largest trees. This happened every year; and the young Fir Tree, that had now grown to a very comely size, trembled at the sight; for the magnificent great trees fell to the earth ... within thee!’ And the Wind kissed the Tree, and the Dew wept tears over him; but the Fir understood it not. When Christmas came, quite young trees were cut down: trees which often were not even as ... year he was another long bit taller; for with fir trees one can always tell by the shoots how many years old they are. ‘Oh! Were I but such a high tree as the others are,’ sighed he. ‘Then I should

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 08:15

... the tree… Trang 12Very muchTrang 13And the tree was happyTrang 14But time went by.Trang 15And the boy grew older.Trang 16And the tree was often alone.Trang 17Then one day the boy came to the tree ... the tree,”but I have no money I have only leaves and apples Take my apples, Boy, and sell them in city Then you will have money and you’ll be happy” Trang 18And so the boy climb up thetree ... away Trang 19But the boy stayed away for a long time…… and the tree was sad And then one day the boy came back and the tree shook with joy and she said, “,”Come, Boy come and climb up

Ngày tải lên: 20/01/2014, 09:20

... childless In front of the house there was a court, in which grew a juniper-tree One winter’s day the wife stood under the tree to peel some apples, and as she was peeling them, she cut her finger, ... another, and first the trees budded in the woods, and soon the green branches grew thickly intertwined, and then the blossoms began to fall Once again the wife stood under the juniper-tree, and it was ... the green grass under the juniper- tree, and she had no sooner done so, then all her sadness seemed to leave her, and she wept no more And now the juniper-tree began to move, and the branches

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 03:20

... A Subtree LEFT SUBTREE OF ROOT NODE Trang 28Nhập môn CTDL và thuật toán 28 Owner Jake Manager Chef Brad Carol Waitress Waiter Cook Helper Joyce Chris Max Len Another Subtree ... Data là kiểu dữ liệu ứng với thông tin lưu tại nút TNODE *pLeft, *pRight; }; typedef TNODE * TREE ; TREE root; Trang 34Nhập môn CTDL và thuật toán 34 Duyệt cây nhị phân • Có 3 kiểu duyệt chính ... trái nhất trên cây con phải làm phân tử thế mạng. Trang 8030 23Trang 81void searchStandFor (TREE &p, TREE &q) Trang 82if (T->Key > X) return delNode (T->pLeft, X);if (T->Key

Ngày tải lên: 25/01/2014, 13:20

... giản hóa, khái quát hóa cây, tăng độ chính xác Trang 6Các bước cơ bản xây dựng cây quyết địnhBuildTree(DataSet,Output) • If all output values are the same in DataSet, return a leaf node that says ... Create and return a non-leaf node with nX children. • The i’th child should be built by calling BuildTree(DSi,Output) Where DSi built consists of all those records in DataSet for which X = ith distinct ... rèn luyện • xây dựng cây quyết định theo cách từ trên xuống Trang 11Thuật toán ID3Function induce_tree(tập_ví_dụ, tập_thuộc_tính) begin if mọi ví dụ trong tập_ví_dụ đều nằm trong cùng một lớp

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 00:20

... is done in [BER 90b] for the probabilistic travelingsalesman problem, the probabilistic minimum spanning tree problem, the probabilisticSteiner tree problem8, the probabilistic vehicle routing ... distinct probabilistic combinatorial optimization problems denoted in the sequel byPROBABILISTIC MAX INDEPENDENT SET1, PROBABILISTIC MAX INDEPENDENT SET2, PROBABILISTIC MAX INDEPENDENT SET3,PROBABILISTIC ... For instance, if it is feasible forPROBABILISTIC MAX INDEPENDENT SET,PROBABILISTIC MIN VERTEX COVERandPROBABILISTIC MIN COLORING, this is not the case for PROBABILISTIC LONGEST PATH, unless particular

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 16:20

... adjoined Most work has been concerned with probabilistic interleaving mod-els [LS91,Seg95,DEP02] In contrast, we propose a probabilistic causal model, a form of probabilistic event structure An event ... important notion of probabilistic test Traditionally, in domain theory a probabilistic process is represented as a uous valuation on the open sets of a domain, i.e., as an element of the probabilisticpowerdomain ... significantly, in a valuation the probabilistic choices at contin-different cells need not be probabilistically independent In the process we are led to amore general definition of probabilistic event structure

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 03:20

... syntax based system, since sub-tree alignment can directly benefit Tree-2-Tree based systems, we apply the sub-tree alignment in a syntax sys-tem based on Synchronous Tree Substitution Grammar (STSG) ... elementary tree3 as a basic translation unit Recent research on tree based systems shows that relaxing the restriction from tree structure to tree sequence structure (Synchronous Tree Sequence ... effec-tiveness of tree kernels in expressing the similarity between tree structures We propose two kinds of BTKs named dependent Bilingual Tree Kernel (dBTK), which takes the sub-tree pair as a

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20