lexicalized tree adjoining grammars

... only increases by 1 Thus, simple context-free tree grammars strongly lexicalize tree adjoining grammars and themselves. 1 Introduction Tree adjoining grammars [TAG] (Joshi et al., 1969; Joshi et ... 1992 Tree-adjoining grammars and lexicalized grammars In Maurice Nivat and Andreas Podelski, editors, Tree Au-tomata and Languages North-Holland. Aravind K Joshi and Yves Schabes 1997 Tree-adjoining ... present a detailed intro-duction to trees and tree languages 3 Context-free tree grammars In this section, we recall linear and nondeleting context-free tree grammars [CFTG] (Rounds, 1969; Rounds,

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 18:20

... synchronous tree-adjoining grammars) A tree-adjoining grammar (TAG) is a finite set of initial treesand a finite set of auxiliary trees Our Trang 5T c S S? a S b S S? b S S? initial tree auxiliary tree ... synchronous tree-adjoining grammars (STAGs) in terms of tree transducers (or equivalently, synchronous tree substitution grammars) is developed Essentially, a STAG corresponds to an extended tree transducer ... and grammars on trees Math Systems Theory, 4(3):257–287. Syn-chronous tree-adjoining grammars In Proc Com-putational Linguistics, volume 3, pages 253–258 Stuart M Shieber 2004 Synchronous grammars

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... "g-derived tree", in the same way as a derivation tree specifies a unique derived tree A g-derived tree is asyntactic tree annotated with morphological information From a g-derivedtree, a post-processing ... G-derivation trees, g-derived trees and post-processing 2.1 TAG derivation trees / semantic dependency trees I assume that the TAG grammar embedded in G-TAG is made up ofelementary trees sharing ... analysis A g-derivation tree in G-TAG is closer to semantics than a derivation tree in TAG: it is a semanticdependency tree (annotated with syntactic information) A g-derivation tree specifies a unique

Ngày tải lên: 22/10/2014, 11:27

... tag parsing algorithms 2 Tree Adjoining Grammars Ta~ is a tree generating formalism introduced in [Joshi et al., 1975] A tag is defined by a finite set of elementary trees that are composed by ... auxiliary tree is called the s p i n e of the auxiliary treẹ An e l e m e n t a r y tree is either an initial tree or an auxiliary treẹ We use a to refer to initial trees a n d / 3 for auxiliary trees ... symbols, S E V/v is the start symbol, I is a finite set of initial trees, A is a finite set of auxiliary trees An i n i t i a l tree is a tree with root labeled by S and internal nodes and leaf nodes

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... define a tree adjoining g r a m m a r as follows A tree adjoining g r a m m a r G is a paw (i,A) where i is a set of initial trees, and A is a set of auxiliary trees A tree a ls an initial tree if ... sententiai tree t i' of G t such t h a t t i' ~ D ( t ; ) , t I ~ I t Obviously, we ca8 derive the tree T, using the initial tree t,, and have • sequence of adjoining operations using the auxiliary trees ... TAGs proceeds - Let ~ be an auxilliary tree and let ~ be n sentential tree as in Fig 5.1 Adjoining ~ at the root of the sub-tree ~ gives us the senteutiaJ tree in Fig 5.1 We eros, now see how the

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 01:21

... source tree is an initial tree without adjoining sites 2 adjoining rules, in which the source tree is an initial tree with at least one adjoining site 3 auxiliary rules, in which the source tree ... learns tree-to-string rules from aligned Treebank-style trees As tree-to-string translation casts decoding as a tree parsing problem rather than parsing, the decoder still runs fast when adjoining ... more powerful syn-chronous grammars to improve machine translation Synchronous tree adjoining grammars (TAG) (Shieber and Schabes, 1990) are a good candidate As a formal tree rewriting system, TAG

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... Spanning-Tree Protocol Root Bridge Selection Trang 7© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved ICND v2.0—3-7• Spanning-tree transits each port through several different states: Spanning-Tree ... Spanning-Tree Port States Trang 8Spanning-Tree Port States (Cont.)Trang 9© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved ICND v2.0—3-9Spanning-Tree Path Cost Trang 10Spanning-Tree ExampleTrang 11© 2002, Cisco ... ExampleTrang 11© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved ICND v2.0—3-11Spanning-Tree Recalculation Trang 12Spanning-Tree Convergence• Convergence occurs when all the switch and bridge ports have

Ngày tải lên: 08/07/2013, 01:27

... of the tree by drawing the outline of the trunk of the tree, and adding its texture Trang 1313 Outline the curved trunk of the tree, which connects the branches to each other and the tree to ... all the branches of the tree, as in Illustrations 09-13 and 09-14 ILLUSTRATION 09-14 Trang 11SHADING REALISTIC TEXTURES The textures of the tree branches, grass, tree trunk, and the shrubbery ... the tree is curved, and is wider at the bottom than the top 14 Add a few smaller branches without foliage close to the base of the tree ILLUSTRATION 09-17 Trang 1415 Add shading to the tree

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... felled some of the largest trees. This happened every year; and the young Fir Tree, that had now grown to a very comely size, trembled at the sight; for the magnificent great trees fell to the earth ... within thee!’ And the Wind kissed the Tree, and the Dew wept tears over him; but the Fir understood it not. When Christmas came, quite young trees were cut down: trees which often were not even as ... year he was another long bit taller; for with fir trees one can always tell by the shoots how many years old they are. ‘Oh! Were I but such a high tree as the others are,’ sighed he. ‘Then I should

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 08:15

... the tree… Trang 12Very muchTrang 13And the tree was happyTrang 14But time went by.Trang 15And the boy grew older.Trang 16And the tree was often alone.Trang 17Then one day the boy came to the tree ... the tree,”but I have no money I have only leaves and apples Take my apples, Boy, and sell them in city Then you will have money and you’ll be happy” Trang 18And so the boy climb up thetree ... away Trang 19But the boy stayed away for a long time…… and the tree was sad And then one day the boy came back and the tree shook with joy and she said, “,”Come, Boy come and climb up

Ngày tải lên: 20/01/2014, 09:20

... childless In front of the house there was a court, in which grew a juniper-tree One winter’s day the wife stood under the tree to peel some apples, and as she was peeling them, she cut her finger, ... another, and first the trees budded in the woods, and soon the green branches grew thickly intertwined, and then the blossoms began to fall Once again the wife stood under the juniper-tree, and it was ... the green grass under the juniper- tree, and she had no sooner done so, then all her sadness seemed to leave her, and she wept no more And now the juniper-tree began to move, and the branches

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 03:20

... A Subtree LEFT SUBTREE OF ROOT NODE Trang 28Nhập môn CTDL và thuật toán 28 Owner Jake Manager Chef Brad Carol Waitress Waiter Cook Helper Joyce Chris Max Len Another Subtree ... Data là kiểu dữ liệu ứng với thông tin lưu tại nút TNODE *pLeft, *pRight; }; typedef TNODE * TREE ; TREE root; Trang 34Nhập môn CTDL và thuật toán 34 Duyệt cây nhị phân • Có 3 kiểu duyệt chính ... trái nhất trên cây con phải làm phân tử thế mạng. Trang 8030 23Trang 81void searchStandFor (TREE &p, TREE &q) Trang 82if (T->Key > X) return delNode (T->pLeft, X);if (T->Key

Ngày tải lên: 25/01/2014, 13:20

... giản hóa, khái quát hóa cây, tăng độ chính xác Trang 6Các bước cơ bản xây dựng cây quyết địnhBuildTree(DataSet,Output) • If all output values are the same in DataSet, return a leaf node that says ... Create and return a non-leaf node with nX children. • The i’th child should be built by calling BuildTree(DSi,Output) Where DSi built consists of all those records in DataSet for which X = ith distinct ... rèn luyện • xây dựng cây quyết định theo cách từ trên xuống Trang 11Thuật toán ID3Function induce_tree(tập_ví_dụ, tập_thuộc_tính) begin if mọi ví dụ trong tập_ví_dụ đều nằm trong cùng một lớp

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 00:20

... syntax based system, since sub-tree alignment can directly benefit Tree-2-Tree based systems, we apply the sub-tree alignment in a syntax sys-tem based on Synchronous Tree Substitution Grammar (STSG) ... elementary tree3 as a basic translation unit Recent research on tree based systems shows that relaxing the restriction from tree structure to tree sequence structure (Synchronous Tree Sequence ... effec-tiveness of tree kernels in expressing the similarity between tree structures We propose two kinds of BTKs named dependent Bilingual Tree Kernel (dBTK), which takes the sub-tree pair as a

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... fine-grained tree-to-tree translation rules by integrating deep syntactic information in the source and/or target language side(s) These tree-to-tree rules are applicable for forest-tree-to-tree trans-lation ... parsing Bottom-up decoding tree-to-string string-to-tree Figure 1: Illustration of the training and decod-ing processes for tree-to-strdecod-ing and strdecod-ing-to-tree translations f J 1 is ... English parse tree/forest, as well as those in the translation rules Second, we can identify sub-trees in a parse tree/forest that cor-respond to basic units of the semantics, namely sub-trees covering

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... the first large-scale land concession to plant commercial trees granted in 1994 This authorized the concession of land for commercial trees in Champassak to the Asia Tech company from Thailand ... Authority stated in the Meeting on Land Use for Commercial Tree Plantations on 14-15 February 2007 “The issuing of land concessions and leases for tree plantations over large areas and for excessive ... villagers can use therein In the case of the rubber estates in Laos, 555 rubber trees are grown in a one hectare plot Each tree is grown from carefully improved genetic stock to produce the highest

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 04:20

... impacts of industrial tree monocultures Working conditions and health impacts of industrial tree monocultures Trang 2WORKING CONDITIONS AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL TREE MONOCULTURES December ... this problem - Working conditions on tree plantations: A health issue - Chile: What is not said about work in tree plantations - Uruguay: The sad situation of tree plantation workers - Uruguay: ... stage on tree plantations are “hung-up” trees and wind-blown timber Wind-blow Trang 8tends to produce timber under tension, which requires specially adapted cutting techniques Hung-up trees are

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 04:20

... identify trees of TΓ(Q0(P0(X))) with trees of TΓ((Q0× P0)(X)) In other words, when meeting a subtree q(p(x)) with q ∈ Q0, p ∈ P0, and x ∈ X, then we also view this equivalently as the tree hq, ... 12(1):23–41. William C Rounds 1970 Mappings and grammars on trees Mathematical Systems Theory, 4(3):257– 287. Stuart M Shieber 2004 Synchronous grammars as tree transducers In Proc TAG+7, pages 88–95 ... composition The XTOP M computes the tree transformation τM ⊆ TΣ × T∆ Given another XTOP N that computes a tree transformation τN ⊆ T∆× TΓ, we might be interested in the tree transforma-tion computed

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 03:20

... kiếm BSTree void BSTDelete(BSTType &BSTree) { BSTType DelNode = BSTree; while (BSTDeleteNodeTRS(BSTree, DelNode->Key) == 1) DelNode = BSTree; return; } Trang 473 Cây cân bằng (Balanced Tree)3.1 ... SearchTree1(T->pL,k); } Trang 322 Cây nhị phân (Binary Tree)2.3.2.e Huỷ một phần tử có khoá X int DelTree(TREE &T,int k) { if (T==NULL) return 0; if (T->Info>k) return DelTree(T->pL,k); ... phân (Binary Tree)if (k>T->Info) return SearchTree(T->pR,k); else return SearchTree(T->pL,k); } Trang 312 Cây nhị phân (Binary Tree)if (k>T->Info) return SearchTree1(T->pR,k);

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 03:20

... Earth-ship still a year away Besides, I didn't know for sure, till we saw the tree-things around the cabin." The tree-things The trees-that-were-not Gnarled blue trunks, half-hid-den by yellow leaf-needles ... Ted!" "That—that the tree-things think!" "But that's ridiculous!" "Well, unfortunately, no Look, I'm not trying to tell you that terrestrial trees think, too, nor even that ... it, but I know he worried about these three trees on his place And I know he got back from the Meeting in a worried state of mind Then, obviously, the trees moved—grouped themselves around his

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 15:20