principles of network operating system ppt

... bandwidths of a flow that is multiplexed at onebuffered switch But is this any use in the context of a network? Clearly, the statistics of theflow change as it passes through switches of the network, ... capacity of thelinks become larger This assumption is realistic in the context of the expanding capacity of today’s broadband networks Using this result we can describe the technology set of the network ... the parameters of the system Suppose there are J types of connection A connection of type r is associated with a route r and connections of this type arrive as a Poisson process of rate ½r and

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... a mean rate of 1=2 kbps Let x denote the sum of the effective bandwidths of all type 1 traffic Let y denote the sum of the mean rates of type 2 traffic Then the constraints of the system are where ... changes, and the operating point of system moves on the boundary of the technology set This changes s and t, therefore the network operator must calculate new tariffs, for the new operating point ... utility of user i is u i xi ; y/ D ai log xi
D .m/ y/xi The interpretation of D .m/ y/ is of the average amount of congestion cost incurred by user i for every unit of flow he sends to the network

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... definite concept of a large-scale system is implicit in these applications, but is particularly evident in such fields as the study of communication networks, computer networks, and neural networks The ... greatly influenced by the architecture of a networks and the ability of few players to control bottleneck resources in parts of the network, such as theaccess New networks should be designed so that ... in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... 0-470-85130-9 Trang 524 NETWORK SERVICES AND CONTRACTSrelated to contracts for network services, focusing on issues of quality of service andperformance.2.1 A classification of network services At ... different networks We see all these things in the Internet.For simplicity, we often refer to a large collection of cooperating networks that provide agiven transport service as ‘the network’ 2.1.1 ... we note that the provision of a service involves not only a flow of information,but also a flow of value Flow of information concerns data transport, whereas flow ofvalue concerns the benefit

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... to deploy This is becausethe total length of the links of the access network is many orders of magnitude greaterthan the size of the backbones of all network operators added together Hence, it ... management of the resources at the nodes of the network typically occurs on slowtimescales (since SLAs should not change frequently) and it is the responsibility of thenetwork manager (or of the ... the equivalent of a circuit-switched telephone network that is implementedover a pure IP network This network receives from a local telephone network, telephonecalls (or any type of circuit-switched

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... prices of $100 for each of the products, resulting in a total revenue of $400 Suppose now that he offers a new product that consists of the bundle of products A and B for a price of ... output of several smaller suppliers at less than the total of their costs. This is due both to production economies of scale (the average cost of production decreases with the quantity of a good ... is the present value of the quality difference of the services provided by networks i and j, and the third term is the present value of the difference in their operating costs Observe

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... premises of the network provider Hence,the network element related cost of the service to the customer includes the cost of thecopper wires (which are not used by others), and of part of the cost of ... some key principles that are closely related to concepts of fairness These include the principles of cost causation (the cost of a service should be related as much as possible to the cost of the ... the cost sharing of a sum of costs is the sum of the cost sharings of the individual costs For example, the cost sharing of an airport runway and terminal is the cost sharing of the runway plus

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... the electricitydistribution network, in which the same network is used to transport electricity for any type of use, instead of there being different networks for each of 110 V, 220 V, 360 V, 12 ... constant, i.e into level sets of g.Ð/, called solution blocks On each of these solution blocks, the value of g.Ð/ is the weighted average of the value of x p/ over the set of prices within the block, ... suppliers In this type of pricing, the price that a provideroffers his customer for service on one side of his network takes account only of onwardcharges from onward networks in providing the

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... may be able to offer lower prices to itscustomers Yet because of interconnection with the large network its customers can reachthe same population of customers as those of the large network A way ... various aspects of the offered services motivates the production of services withdifferent qualities of service These differing services can be realized by dividing a networkinto subnetworks with ... him for his loss of income when he peers with another network Of course it is very difficult to determine this charge In practice, it is often made a function of the accessspeed of the connection

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... in a loss of social welfare, a loss of seller’s revenue and, worst of all, aloss of the seller’s creditability in the market (since a bidder may be awarded a piece ofbandwidth that is of no value ... sell offers, s1  s2 Ð Ð Ð s m and n buy offers, b1½b2½ Ð Ð Ð ½b n Then the number of units that can be traded is the number k such that s k b k , but s kC1 > b kC1 The specification of ... transparent.However, in cases of low competition it can produce poor revenue An analysis of this type of auction is very interesting and points up the many issues of complexity, gaming andauction

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 12:20

... method of partially known system and shows its application result to control of a two-wheeled welding mobile robot The controlled system is designed using Lyapunov stability The effectiveness of ... [17] N Sarkar, X Yun and V Kumar, “Control of Mechanical Systems With Rolling Constrains: Application to Dynamic Control of Mobile Robots”, The Int Journal of Robotics Research, Vol 13, No 1, pp ... 2000 [11] K Tsuchia, T Urakubo and K Tsujita, “A Motion Control of a Two-Wheeled Mobile Robot”, Proc of the 1999 IEEE Int Conf on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol V, pp 690-696, 1999 [12] A

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 13:16

... either of these sets of data, the statisticians would need to take account of other factors that affect attendance— weather, population, size of collection, and so forth—to isolate the effect of ... variable we often want to study is total revenue, the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of the good In any market, total revenue is P  Q, the price of the good times the quantity of the ... the midpoint method gives the same answer regardless of the direc-tion of change, it is often used when calculating the price elasticity of demand be-tween two points In our example, the midpoint

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 11:15

... quantity of money, the velocity of money, and the dollar value of the economy’s output of goods and services Trang 6The price level must rise, the quantity of output must rise, or the velocity of money ... the value of the unit of account falls by half A similar change would occur if the gov-ernment were to reduce the length of the yard from 36 to 18 inches: As a result of the new unit of measurement, ... velocity of money, we divide the nominal value of output (nominal GDP) by the quantity of money If P is the price level (the GDP deflator), Y the quantity of output (real GDP), and M the quantity of

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 11:15

... the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society e q u i t y the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society ... of the producer surplus of all sellers. Quantity of Houses Painted Quantity of Houses Painted Price of House Painting 500 800 $900 0 Supply 600 (b) Price = $800 Price of House Painting 500 800 ... is composed of two parts First, those buy-ers who were already buying Q1of the good at the higher price P1are better off be-cause they now pay less The increase in consumer surplus of existing

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... Demand Supply Price Price Size of tax Size of tax Demand Supply Supply Supply Size of tax Size of tax When supply is relatively inelastic, the deadweight loss of a tax is small. When supply is ... of supply is zero, the landowners bear the entire burden of the tax. Consider next the question of efficiency As we just discussed, the deadweight loss of a tax depends on the elastici-ties of ... result of a triangle depends on the square of its size If we double the size of a tax, for instance, the base and height of the triangle double, so the deadweight loss rises by a factor of 4 If

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... becomes an exporter of a good, domestic producers of the good are better off, and domestic consumers of the good are worse off Price of Steel Price before trade Price after trade of Steel Domestic ... importer of a good, domestic consumers of the good are better off, and domestic producers of the good are worse off ◆ Trade raises the economic well-being of a nation in the sense that the gains of ... the losses of the losers Now that we have completed our analysis of trade, we can better understand one of the Ten Principles of Economics in Chapter 1: Trade can make everyone better off. If Isoland

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... good are better off, and consumers of the good are worse off When a country allows trade and becomes an importer of a good, consumers are better off, and producers are worse off In both cases, ... consumer of the last unit of aluminum bought Similarly, the supply curve reflects the costs of producing aluminum At any given quantity, the height of the supply curve shows the cost of the marginal ... lower trade barriers of their own accord not only profit themselves, but also often induce the laggards to match their example The most potent force for the worldwide freeing of trade, then, is

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... to the system before change strikes. A plan is needed for testing new versions of software. Package systems for software make this process easier, since one can allow several versions of software to ... which replace many of the older Unix equivalents, like ls and cp. GNU software has its own system of installation and set of standards. GNU will also eventually become an operating system in its own right. ... 4 Not all systems distinguish between target and device. On many systems you will find only t or d but not both. 4.6 Installation of the operating system The installation process is one of the most...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 22:21

... There are two types of Windows system with separate software licenses: workstations and servers.Windowscanworkasastand-alonesystemorasaworkstation, integrated into a system of network services. ... mach. Knowing the operating system of a host is not sufficient. We also need to know what kind of resources the host has to offer the network, so that we can later plan 60 CHAPTER 2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS Net ... (255.255.255.0) 72 CHAPTER 2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS 3. What effect does temperature have on computer systems? 4. What is the function of an operating system? (Hint: how do you define an operating system? ) 5. Why...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 22:21

... build software systems which apply certain principles to the problem of management. Network management has, to some extent, been likened to the process of software develop- ment in the System ... competing system to SNMP called COPS-PR [101]. 6.3. NETWORK ADMINISTRATION MODELS 207 6.3 Network administration models The management of clusters of systems leads to the concept of logistic networks. Here ... territory of more intelligent agent systems like cfengine and PIKT. Despite the shortcomings of SNMP for host operations, many operating systems do define their own MIBs for the collection of system...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 22:21